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{{Short description|Development of web sites and apps}}
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{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Original research|date=May 2022}}
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'''Web development''' is the work involved in developing a [[Web site|website]] for the [[Internet]] ([[World Wide Web]]) or an [[intranet]] (a private network).<ref name="Techopedia.com">{{Cite web |title=What is Web Development? - Definition from Techopedia |url=https://www.techopedia.com/definition/23889/web-development |access-date=2018-12-07 |website=Techopedia.com |language=en}}</ref> Web development can range from developing a simple single [[Static Web page|static page]] of [[plain text]] to complex [[web application]]s, [[electronic business]]es, and [[social network service]]s. A more comprehensive list of tasks to which Web development commonly refers, may include [[Web engineering]], [[Web design]], [[Web content development]], client liaison, [[Client-side scripting|client-side]]/[[server-side scripting]], [[Web server]] and [[network security]] configuration, and [[e-commerce]] development.
Among Web professionals, "Web development" usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building Web sites: writing [[Markup language|markup]] and [[Computer programming|coding]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Jennifer |title=Web Design: Introductory |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2017 |pages=27}}</ref> Web development may use [[content management system]]s (CMS) to make content changes easier and available with basic technical skills.
For larger organizations and businesses, Web development teams can consist of hundreds of people ([[Web developer]]s) and follow standard methods like [[Agile software development|Agile methodologies]] while developing Web sites.<ref name="Techopedia.com" /> Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or contracting developer, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a [[graphic designer]] or [[information systems]] technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort between departments rather than the ___domain of a designated department. There are three kinds of Web developer specialization: [[Front-end Web development|front-end developer]], back-end developer, and full-stack developer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Northwood |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvd6DwAAQBAJ
== Evolution of the World Wide Web and web development ==
=== Origin/ Web 1.0 ===
[[Tim Berners-Lee]] created the [[World Wide Web]] in 1989 at CERN.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=A short history of the Web |url=https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web/short-history-web |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref>
The primary goal in the development of the Web was to fulfill the automated information-sharing needs of academics affiliated with institutions and various global organizations. Consequently, [[HTML]] was developed in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WebD2: A Brief History of HTML |url=https://www.washington.edu/accesscomputing/webd2/student/unit1/module3/html_history.html#:~:text=The%20first%20version%20of%20HTML,official%20standard%20in%20December%201999. |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.washington.edu}}</ref>
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=== Web 2.0 ===
[[Web 2.0]], a term popularised by [[Dale Dougherty]], then vice president of O'Reilly, during a 2004 conference with Media Live, marks a shift in internet usage, emphasizing interactivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web 2.0 |url=http://www.paulgraham.com/web20.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www.paulgraham.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-28 |title=How Web 2.0 Works |url=https://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-20.htm |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us}}</ref>
Web 2.0 introduced increased user engagement and communication. It evolved from the static, read-only nature of Web 1.0 and became an integrated network for engagement and communication. It is often referred to as a user-focused, read-write online network.<ref name="Soni-2023" />
In the realm of Web 2.0 environments, users now have access to a platform that encourages sharing activities such as creating music, files, images, and movies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Heather |date=2022-05-01 |title=Web 2.0 Explained: Everything You Need To Know |url=https://history-computer.com/web-2-0/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=History-Computer |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109091721/https://history-computer.com/web-2-0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The architecture of Web 2.0 is often considered the "backbone of the internet," using standardized [[XML]] (Extensible Markup Language) tags to authorize information flow from independent platforms and [[online database]]s.<ref name="Soni-2023" />
=== Web 3.0 ===
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Web 3.0 aims to turn the web into a sizable, organized database, providing more functionality than traditional search engines. Users can customize navigation based on their preferences, and the core ideas involve identifying data sources, connecting them for efficiency, and creating user profiles.<ref name="Soni-2023" />
This version is sometimes also known as [[Semantic Web]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Du |first1=Xiaofeng |title=Semantic Service Description Framework for Address |date=2009 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-78578-3_35 |work=Information Systems Development |pages=1033–1045 |editor-last=Barry |editor-first=Chris |access-date=2023-11-30 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-78578-3_35 |isbn=978-0-387-78577-6 |last2=Song |first2=William |last3=Munro |first3=Malcolm |editor2-last=Lang |editor2-first=Michael |editor3-last=Wojtkowski |editor3-first=Wita |editor4-last=Conboy |editor4-first=Kieran|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
=== Evolution of web development technologies ===
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* Static HTML Pages (1990s)
* Introduction of [[CSS]] (late 1990s)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-17 |title=20 Years of CSS |url=https://www.w3.org/Style/CSS20/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=W3C}}</ref>
* [[JavaScript]] and Dynamic HTML (1990s - early 2000s)<ref>{{Cite web |title=JavaScript History |url=https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_history.asp
* [[Ajax (programming)|AJAX]] (1998)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-23 |title= |url=http://www.alexhopmann.com/xmlhttp.htm |access-date=2023-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623125327/http://www.alexhopmann.com/xmlhttp.htm |archive-date=2007-06-23 }}</ref>
* Rise of [[Content management system]]s (CMS) (mid-2000s)
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* [[Microservices]] and [[API|API-driven development]] (2010s - present)
* [[Progressive web app]]s (PWAs) (2010s - present)
* [[
* [[WebAssembly]] (Wasm) (2010s - present)
* [[Serverless computing]] (2010s - present)
* [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] and [[
Web development in future will be driven by advances in
== Web development life cycle ==
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The web development life cycle is a method that outlines the stages involved in building websites and web applications. It provides a structured approach, ensuring optimal results throughout the development process.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
A typical Web Development process can be divided into 7 steps
=== Analysis ===
Debra Howcraft and John Carroll proposed a methodology in which web development process can be divided into sequential steps. They mentioned different aspects of analysis.<ref name="Howcroft-2000">{{Cite journal |last1=Howcroft |first1=Debra |last2=Carroll |first2=John |date=2000 |title=A proposed methodology for web development. |journal=Ecis 2000 Proceedings |url=https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2000/73/}}</ref>
Phase one involves crafting a web strategy and analyzing how a website can effectively achieve its goals. Keil et al.'s research<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keil |first1=Mark |last2=Cule |first2=Paul E. |last3=Lyytinen |first3=Kalle |last4=Schmidt |first4=Roy C. |date=November 1998 |title=A framework for identifying software project risks |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=76–83 |doi=10.1145/287831.287843 |issn=0001-0782|doi-access=free }}</ref> identifies the primary reasons for software project failures as a lack of top management commitment and misunderstandings of system requirements. To mitigate these risks, Phase One establishes strategic goals and objectives, designing a system to fulfill them. The decision to establish a web presence should ideally align with the organization's corporate information strategy.
The analysis phase can be divided into 3 steps-▼
* Development of a web strategy
* Defining objectives
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During this phase, the previously outlined objectives and available resources undergo analysis to determine their feasibility. This analysis is divided into six tasks, as follows:
* '''Technology analysis:''' Identification of all necessary technological components and tools for constructing,
* '''Information analysis:''' Identification of user-required information, whether static (web page) or dynamic (pulled "live" from a database server).
* '''Skills analysis:''' Identification of the diverse skill sets necessary to complete the project.
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=== Planning: sitemap and wireframe ===
It is crucial for [[web developer]]s to be engaged in formulating a plan and determining the optimal architecture and selecting the [[Software framework|frameworks]].{{
Key aspects in this step are-▼
* [[Sitemaps|Sitemap]] creation
* [[Website wireframe|Wireframe]] creation
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The following step, design testing, focuses on early, low-cost testing to identify inconsistencies or flaws in the design. This entails comparing the website's design to the goals and objectives outlined in the first three steps. Phases One and Two involve an iterative loop in which objectives in the Objectives Document are revisited to ensure alignment with the design. Any objectives that are removed are added to the Wish List for future consideration.<ref name="Howcroft-2000" />
Key aspects in this step are
* [[Page layout]]s
* Review
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Additional testing is carried out, including integration, stress, [[scalability]], load, resolution, and [[cross-browser compatibility]]. When the approval is given, the website is pushed to the server via [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]], completing the development process.
Key aspects in this step are
* Test Lost Links
* Use code validators
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== Key technologies in web development ==
Developing a fundamental knowledge of [[client-side]] and [[server-side]] dynamics is crucial.{{
The goal of [[Front-end web development|front-end development]] is to create a website's [[user interface]] and visual components that users may interact with directly. On the other hand, [[Frontend and backend|back-end development]] works with databases, server-side logic, and application functionality. Building reliable and user-friendly online applications requires a comprehensive approach, which is ensured by collaboration between front-end and back-end engineers.
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==== Technologies ====
The 3 core technologies for front-
* '''HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
* '''CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)
▲* '''HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)-''' [[HTML]] provides the structure and organization of content on a webpage.
* '''JavaScript
▲* '''CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)-''' Responsible for styling and layout, [[CSS]] enhances the presentation of HTML elements, making the application visually appealing.
▲* '''JavaScript-''' It is used to add interactions to the web pages. Advancement in [[JavaScript]] has given rise to many popular front- end frameworks like React, Angular and Vue.js etc.
==== User interface design ====
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==== State management ====
Managing the
=== Back-end development ===
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* '''Key-value stores:''' [[Key–value database|Key-value stores]] store data as pairs of keys and values. They are simple and efficient for certain types of operations, like [[Cache (computing)|caching]]. Examples: [[Redis]], [[Amazon DynamoDB|DynamoDB]].
* '''Column-family stores:''' [[Column-oriented DBMS|Column-family stores]] organize data into columns instead of rows, making them suitable for large-scale [[distributed systems]] and analytical workloads. Examples''':''' [[Apache Cassandra]], [[Apache HBase|HBase]].
* '''Graph databases:''' [[Graph database]]s are designed to represent and query data in the form of graphs. They are effective for handling relationships and network-type data. Examples
* '''In-memory databases:'''
* '''Time-series databases:''' [[Time series database|Time-series databases]] are optimized for handling time-stamped data, making them suitable for applications that involve tracking changes over time. Examples: [[InfluxDB]], OpenTSDB.
* '''NewSQL databases:''' [[NewSQL]] databases aim to provide the scalability of NoSQL databases while maintaining the [[ACID]] properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) of traditional relational databases. Examples: [[Spanner (database)|Google Spanner]], [[CockroachDB]].
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===== Types of APIs =====
* '''[[Web API]]s:''' These are APIs that are accessible over the internet using standard web protocols such as HTTP. RESTful APIs are a common type of web API.
* '''Library APIs:''' These APIs provide pre-built functions and procedures that developers can use within their code.
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Some popular server-side languages are:
# '''PHP:''' [[PHP]] is a widely
# '''Python:''' [[Python (programming language)|Python]] is a versatile, high-level programming language used for a variety of purposes, including server-side web development. Frameworks like [[Django (web framework)|Django]] and [[Flask (web framework)|Flask]] make it easy to build web applications in Python.
# '''Ruby:''' [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] is an object-oriented programming language, and it is commonly used for web development. [[Ruby on Rails]] is a popular web framework that simplifies the process of building web applications.
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# '''C# (C Sharp):''' [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] is a programming language developed by Microsoft and is commonly used in conjunction with the [[.NET Framework|.NET]] framework for building web applications on the Microsoft stack.
# '''ASP.NET:''' [[ASP.NET]] is a web framework developed by Microsoft, and it supports languages like C# and [[Visual Basic (.NET)|VB.NET]]. It simplifies the process of building dynamic web applications.
# '''Go (Golang):''' [[Go (programming language)|Go]] is a statically
# '''Perl:''' [[Perl]] is a versatile scripting language often used for web development. It is known for its powerful [[Text processing|text-processing]] capabilities.
# '''Swift:''' Developed by Apple, [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]] is used for server-side development in addition to iOS and macOS app development.
# '''Lua:''' [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] is used for some embedded web servers, e.g. the configuration pages on a [[router (computing)|router]], including [[OpenWRT]].
==== Security measures ====
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