Earthquake and Félix Guattari: Difference between pages

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{{Otheruses1|the natural seismic phenomenon}}

{{Infobox_Philosopher |

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An '''earthquake''' is a [[phenomenon]] that results from the sudden release of stored energy in the [[Earth]]'s [[crust (geology)|crust]] that creates [[seismic wave]]s. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or displacement of the ground and sometimes [[tsunamis]], which may lead to loss of life and destruction of property.

image_name = Guattari2.jpg|

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Earthquakes may occur naturally or as a result of human activities. In its most generic sense, the word ''earthquake'' is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural [[phenomenon]] or an event caused by humans—that generates [[seismic wave]]s.

name = Pierre-Félix Guattari|

[[Image:Quake epicenters 1963-98.png|thumb|350px|Global earthquake [[epicenter]]s, 1963&ndash;1998]]

birth = [[April 30]], [[1930]] ([[Villeneuve-les-Sablons]], [[Oise]], [[France]])|

death = [[August 29]], [[1992]] ([[La Borde clinic]], [[Cour-Cheverny]], [[France]])|

school_tradition = [[Psychoanalysis]], [[Autonomism]] |

main_interests = [[Psychoanalysis]], [[Politics]], [[Ecology]], [[Semiotics]]|

influences = [[Freud]], [[Lacan]], [[Gregory Bateson|Bateson]], [[Sartre]], [[Hjelmslev]]|

influenced = [[Eric Alliez]], [[Michael Hardt]], [[Brian Massumi]], [[Antonio Negri]] |

notable_ideas = [[assemblage]], [[desiring machine]], [[deterritorialization]], [[ecosophy]], [[schizoanalysis]]|

}}

'''Pierre-Félix Guattari''' ([[April 30]], [[1930]] – [[August 29]], [[1992]]) was a [[France|French]] [[militant]], institutional [[psychotherapist]] and [[philosopher]], a founder of both [[schizoanalysis]] and [[ecosophy]]. Guattari is best known for his intellectual collaborations with [[Gilles Deleuze]], most notably ''[[Anti-Oedipus]]'' (1972) and ''[[A Thousand Plateaus]]'' (1980).

==Biography==

==Types of earthquakes==

=== Clinic of La Borde ===

===Naturally occurring earthquakes===

Born in Villeneuve-les-Sablons, [[Oise]], [[France]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Guattari was encouraged by psychiatrist [[Jean Oury]] towards the practice of [[psychiatry]], becoming impassioned from 1950 towards that field.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Due to his frustrations with the theories and methods of French [[psychoanalyst]] [[Jacques Lacan]] — who both taught and analysed Guattari in the 1950s – Guattari became convinced that he needed to continue exploring as vast an array of domains as possible ([[philosophy]], [[ethnology]], [[linguistics]], [[architecture]], etc.,) in order to better define the orientation, delimitation and psychiatric efficacy of the practice. Guattari would later proclaim that psychoanalysis is "the best [[capitalist]] drug" because in it desire is confined to a couch: desire, in Lacanian psychoanalysis, is an energy that is contained rather than one that, if freed, could militantly engage itself in something different. He continued this research, collaborating in Jean Oury's private clinic of [[La Borde clinic|La Borde]] at Court-Cheverny, one of the main centers of institutional psychotherapy at the time. La Borde was a venue for conversation amongst innumerable students of philosophy, psychology, ethnology, and [[social work]]. La Borde was Félix Guattari's principal anchoring until he died of a heart attack in [[1992]].

{{unreferenced|section|date=December 2006}}

Most naturally occurring earthquakes are related to the tectonic nature of the [[Earth]]. Such earthquakes are called ''tectonic earthquakes''. The Earth's [[lithosphere]] is a patchwork of plates in slow but constant motion caused by the heat in the Earth's [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] and [[Planetary core|core]]. [[Plate tectonics|Plate]] boundaries grind past each other, creating frictional [[Stress (physics)|stress]]. When the frictional stress exceeds a critical value, called ''local strength'', a sudden Ariel is so so so so so so so so so COOL!!!! occurs is called the ''[[fault plane]]''. When the failure at the fault plane results in a violent displacement of the Earth's [[Crust (geology)|crust]], the elastic [[Strain (materials science)|strain]] energy is released and [[seismic waves]] are radiated, thus causing an earthquake. This process of strain, stress, and failure is referred to as the [[Elastic-rebound theory]]. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake [[Rock fracture|fracture]] growth and is converted into heat. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available potential energy, though these losses are negligible.<ref name="USGS1">{{cite web | last = Spence | first = William | coauthors = S. A. Sipkin, G. L. Choy | title = Measuring the Size of an Earthquake | publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] | date = [[1989]] | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/measure.php|accessdate = 2006-11-03 }}</ref>

=== 1960s to 1970s ===

Earthquakes occurring at boundaries of tectonic plates are called ''[[interplate earthquake]]s'', while the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called ''[[intraplate earthquake]]s''.

From 1955 to 1965, Félix Guattari animated the [[trotskyist]] group ''Voie Communiste'' ("Communist Way"). He would then support [[anticolonialist]] struggles as well as the Italian ''[[Autonomists]]''. Guattari also took part in the movement of the psychological G.T., which gathered many psychiatrists at the beginning of the sixties and created the Association of Institutional Psychotherapy in November [[1965]]. It was at the same time that he founded, along with other militants, the F.G.E.R.I. (Federation of Groups for Institutional Study & Research) and its review research, working on philosophy, mathematics, psychoanalysis, education, architecture, ethnology, etc. The F.G.E.R.I. came to represent aspects of the multiple political and cultural engagements of Félix Guattari: the Group for Young Hispanics, the Franco-Chinese Friendships (in the times of the popular communes), the opposition activities with the wars in [[Algerian War of Independence|Algeria]] and Vietnam, the participation in the M.N.E.F., with the U.N.E.F., the policy of the offices of psychological academic aid (B.A.P.U.), the organisation of the University Working Groups (G.T.U.), but also the reorganizations of the training courses with the Centers of Training to the Methods of Education Activities (C.E.M.E.A.) for psychiatric male nurses, as well as the formation of Friendly Male Nurses (Amicales d'infirmiers) (in [[1958]]), the studies on architecture and the projects of construction of a day hospital of for "students and young workers".

The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at depths not exceeding a few tens of kilometers. In [[Subduction|subduction zones]], where older and colder [[oceanic crust]] descends beneath another tectonic plate, earthquakes may occur at much greater depths (up to hundreds of kilometers). These seismically active areas of subduction are known as [[Wadati-Benioff zone]]s. [[Deep focus earthquake]]s are another phenomenon associated with a subducting slab. These are earthquakes that occur at a depth at which the subducted [[lithosphere]] should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep focus earthquakes is faulting caused by [[olivine]] undergoing a [[phase transition]] into a [[spinel]] structure.<ref name="olivine">{{cite journal

| last = Greene

| first = H. W.

| authorlink =

| coauthors = Burnley, P. C.

| title = A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes

| journal = Nature

| volume = 341

| issue =

| pages = 733-737

| publisher =

| date = [[26 October]], [[1989]]

| url =

| doi = 10.1038/341733a0

| id =

| accessdate = 2006-11-03 }}</ref>

Guattari was involved in the [[events of May 1968]], starting from the [[Movement of March 22]]. It was in the aftermath of 1968 that Guattari met [[Gilles Deleuze]] at the [[University of Vincennes]] and began to lay the ground-work for the soon to be infamous ''[[Anti-Oedipus]]'' (1972), which [[Michel Foucault]] described as "an introduction to the non-fascist life" in his preface to the book. Throughout his career it may be said that his writings were at all times correspondent in one fashion or another with sociopolitical and cultural engagements. In 1967, he appeared as one of the founders of OSARLA (Organization of solidarity and Aid to the Latin-American Revolution). It was with the head office of the F.G.E.R.I. that he met, in [[1968]], [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], [[Jean-Jacques Lebel]], and [[Julian Beck]]. In [[1970]], he created C.E.R.F.I. (Center for the Study and Research of Institutional Formation), which takes the direction of the Recherches review. In 1977, he created the CINEL for "new spaces of freedom" before joining in the 1980s the [[ecological]] movement with his "[[ecosophy]]".

Earthquakes may also occur in volcanic regions and are caused by the movement of [[magma]] in [[volcano]]es. Such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions.

=== 1980s to 1990s ===

A recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of [[earthquake storm]], where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the [[North Anatolian Fault]] in Turkey in the 20th Century, the half dozen large earthquakes in [[New Madrid]] in 1811-1812, and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East and in the Mojave Desert.

In his last book, ''Chaosmose'' ([[1992]]), the topic of which is already partially developed in ''What is Philosophy?'' (1991, with Deleuze), Félix Guattari takes again his essential topic: the question of subjectivity. "How to produce it, collect it, enrich it, reinvent it permanently in order to make it compatible with mutant Universes of value?" This idea returns like a leitmotiv, from ''Psychanalyse and transversality'' (a regrouping of articles from [[1957]] to [[1972]]) through ''Années d'hiver'' ([[1980]] - [[1986]]) and ''Cartographies Schizoanalytique'' ([[1989]]). He insists on the function of "a-signification", which plays the role of support for a subjectivity in act, starting from four parameters: "significative and [[semiotic]] flows, Phylum of Machinic Propositions, Existential Territories and Incorporeal Universes of Reference."

In 1995, the posthumous release ''Chaosophy'' featured Guattari's first collection of essays and interviews focuses on the French anti-psychiatrist and theorist's work as director of the experimental La Borde clinic and collaborator of philosopher Gilles Deleuze. ''Chaosophy'' is a groundbreaking introduction to Guattari's theories on "schizo-analysis", a process meant to replace [[Sigmund Freud]]'s interpretation with a more pragmatic, experimental, and collective approach rooted in reality. Unlike Freud, Guattari believes that [[schizophrenia]] is an extreme mental state co-existent with the capitalist system itself. But capitalism keeps enforcing [[neurosis]] as a way of maintaining normality. Guattari's post-Marxist vision of capitalism provides a new definition not only of mental illness, but also of micropolitical means of subversion. It includes key essays such as "Balance-Sheet Program for Desiring Machines," cosigned by Deleuze (with whom he coauthored Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus), and the provocative "Everybody Wants To Be a Fascist."

===Induced earthquakes===

{{unreferenced|section|date=December 2006}}

''Soft Subversions'' is another collection of Félix Guattari's essays, lectures, and interviews traces the militant anti-psychiatrist and theorist's thought and activity throughout the 1980s ("the winter years"). Concepts such as "micropolitics," "schizoanalysis," and "becoming-woman" open up new horizons for political and creative resistance in the "postmedia era." Guattari's energetic analyses of art, cinema, youth culture, economics, and power formations introduce a radically inventive thought process engaged in liberating subjectivity from the standardizing and homogenizing processes of global capitalism.

Some earthquakes have [[anthropogenic]] sources, such as extraction of minerals and fossil fuel from the Earth's crust, the removal or injection of fluids into the crust, reservoir-induced seismicity, massive explosions, and collapse of large buildings. Seismic events caused by human activity are referred to by the term ''[[induced seismicity]]''. They however are not strictly earthquakes and usually show a different seismogram than earthquakes that occur naturally.

== Bibliography ==

A rare few earthquakes have been associated with the build-up of large masses of water behind [[dam]]s, such as the [[Kariba Dam]] in [[Zambia]], [[Africa]], and with the injection or extraction of fluids into the Earth's crust (e.g. at certain [[geothermal power]] plants and at the [[Rocky Mountain Arsenal]]). Such earthquakes occur because the strength of the Earth's crust can be modified by fluid pressure. Earthquakes have also been known to be caused by the removal of [[natural gas]] from subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern [[Netherlands]]. The world’s largest reservoir-induced earthquake occurred on [[December 10]] 1967 in the Koyna region of western Maharashtra in India. It had a magnitude of 6.3 on the [[Richter scale]]. However, the U.S. geological survey reported the magnitude of 6.8.<ref>

=== Works published in English ===

{{cite web

| url=http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/ict/india.html

| title=A Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Map of India and Adjoining Regions

| author=S C Bhatia, M Ravi Kumar and H K Gupta

| publisher=Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program

| accessdate=2006-08-14

}}</ref>

*''Molecular Revolution: Psychiatry and Politics'' (1984). Trans. Rosemary Sheed. Selected essays from ''Psychanalyse et transversalité'' (1972) and ''La révolution moléculaire'' (1977).

The detonation of powerful [[explosive]]s, such as [[Effects of nuclear explosions|nuclear explosions]], can cause low-magnitude ground shaking. Thus, the 50-megaton nuclear bomb code-named [[Tsar Bomba|Ivan]] detonated by the [[Soviet Union]] in 1961 created a seismic event comparable to a magnitude 7 earthquake, producing the [[seismic wave|seismic shock]] so powerful that it was measurable even on its third passage around the Earth. In an effort to promote [[Nuclear proliferation|nuclear non-proliferation]], the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] uses the tools of [[seismology]] to detect illicit activities such as [[nuclear weapon]]s tests. The [[List of countries with nuclear weapons|nuclear nations]] routinely monitor each other's activities through networks of interconnected [[seismometer]]s, which allow to precisely locate the source of an explosion.

*''Les Trois écologies'' (1989). Trans. ''The Three Ecologies.'' Partial translation by Chris Turner (Paris: Galilee, 1989), full translation by Ian Pindar and Paul Sutton (London: The Athlone Press, 2000).

*''Chaosmose'' (1992). Trans. ''Chaosmosis: an ethico-aesthetic paradigm'' (1995).

*''Chaosophy'' (1995), ed. Sylvere Lotringer. Collected essays and interviews.

*''Soft Subversions'' (1996), ed. Sylvere Lotringer. Collected essays and interviews.

*''The Guattari Reader'' (1996), ed. Gary Genosko. Collected essays and interviews.

*''Ecrits pour L'Anti-Œdipe'' (2004), ed. Stéphane Nadaud. Trans. ''The Anti-Œdipus Papers'' (2006). Collection of texts written between 1969 and 1972.

*''Chaos and Complexity'' (Forthcoming 2008, MIT Press). Collected essays and interviews.

In collaboration with [[Gilles Deleuze]]:

Sports games have been known to inadvertently produce [[microearthquake]]s. This phenomenon was first seen in 1988 with the [[Earthquake Game]] at [[Louisiana State University]], in which fans stamped their feet and jumped up and down vigorously enough to have the effect register on the campus seismograph.

*''Capitalisme et Schizophrénie 1. L'Anti-Œdipe'' (1972). Trans. ''[[Anti-Oedipus]]'' (1977).

Earthquakes happen every day around the world, but most of them go unnoticed and cause no damage. Large earthquakes however can cause serious destruction. They may be caused by the ground shaking, a tidal wave or [[tsunami]], fire or by gas or petrol leaks. Most large earthquakes are accompanied by other, smaller ones that can occur either before or after the 'main shock'. The power of an earthquake covers a large area, but in a very large earthquake, it can even cover the whole planet. Scientists can locate the point from which the earthquake started. That point is called its focus or hypocenter. The ___location on the surface of the earth directly Ariel is so COOL!

*''Kafka: Pour une Littérature Mineure'' (1975). Trans. ''Kafka: Toward a Theory of Minor Literature'' (1986).

*''Rhizome: introduction'' (Paris: Minuit, 1976). Trans. "Rhizome," in ''Ideology and Consciousness'' 8 (Spring, 1981): 49-71. This is an early version of what became the introductory chapter in ''Mille Plateaux.''

*''Capitalisme et Schizophrénie 2. Mille Plateaux'' (1980). Trans. ''[[A Thousand Plateaus]]'' (1987).

*''On the Line'' (1983). Contains translations of "Rhizome," and "Politics" ("Many Politics") by Deleuze and Parnet.

*''Nomadology: The War Machine.'' (1986). Translation of "Plateau 12," ''Mille Plateaux.''

*''Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?'' (1991). Trans. ''What Is Philosophy?'' (1996).

Other collaborations:

== Measuring earthquakes ==

{{main|Seismic scale}}

Since seismologists cannot directly observe rupture in the Earth's interior, they rely on geodetic measurements and numerical experiments to analyze [[seismic wave]]s and accurately assess severity of earthquakes. The severity of an earthquake can be measured in terms of '''magnitude''' and '''intensity'''. For that seismologists use two fundamentally different but equally important types of scales. The original force or energy of an earthquake is measured on a ''magnitude scale''. The [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]] is a well known example of a magnitude scale. The second type of scale measures the intensity of shaking occurring at any given point on the Earth's surface. These scales are referred to as ''intensity scales''. The [[Mercalli intensity scale]], which measures the effects of the [[seismic wave]]s, is an example of a commonly used intensity scale.

*''Les nouveaux espaces de liberté'' (1985). Trans. ''Communists Like Us'' (1990). With [[Antonio Negri]].

The non-specialized media will often refer to the magnitudes of earthquakes as being reported on the [[Richter scale]]. However, the magnitudes reported nowadays are actually on the [[moment magnitude scale]]. This is because the older Richter scale is not well-suited to accurately measure earthquakes with magnitudes over 6.8.

*''Micropolitica: Cartografias do Desejo'' (1986). Trans. ''Molecular Revolution in Brazil'' (Forthcoming October 2007, MIT Press). With Suely Rolnik.

*''The party without bosses'' (2003), by Gary Genosko. Features a 1982 conversation between Guattari and [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], the current [[President of Brazil]].

=== Works untranslated into English ===

The analyses of earthquake severity allow scientists to estimate the locations and likelihoods of future earthquakes, helping identify areas of greatest hazard and ensure safety of people and infrastructure located in such areas.

Note: Many of the essays found in these works have been individually translated and can be found in the English collections.

*''Psychanalyse et transversalité. Essais d'analyse institutionnelle'' (1972).

*''La révolution moléculaire'' (1977, 1980). The 1980 version (éditions 10/18) contains substantially different essays from the 1977 version.

*''L'inconscient machinique. Essais de Schizoanalyse'' (1979).

*''Les années d'hiver, 1980-1985'' (1986).

*''Cartographies schizoanalytiques'' (1989).

Other collaborations:

==Seismic maps==

[[image:Nisqually_Earthquake_ShakeMAp_Mon_13_2003.jpg|thumb|200px|Right|An isoseismal map created by the [[Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network]] showing the instrument-recorded intensities of the [[2001 Nisqually earthquake]] of [[February 28]] [[2001]].]]

*''L’intervention institutionnelle'' (Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Payot, n. 382 - 1980). On [[institutional pedagogy]]. With Jacques Ardoino, G. Lapassade, Gerard Mendel, Rene Lourau.

[[image:Nisqually_Community_Internet_Intensity_Map_for_the_Nisqually_Earthquake_FEB_2281854_ciim.gif|thumb|200px|Right|A Community Internet Intensity Map generated by the [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] showing the intensity of shaking felt by humans during the Nisqually earthquake; locality divisions are by [[ZIP Code]].]]

*''Pratique de l'institutionnel et politique'' (1985). With [[Jean Oury]] and Francois Tosquelles.

*(it) ''Desiderio e rivoluzione. Intervista a cura di Paolo Bertetto'' (Milan: Squilibri, 1977). Conversation with Franco Berardi (Bifo) and Paolo Bertetto.

=== Select secondary sources ===

To show the extent of various levels of seismic effects within a particular locality, seismologists compile special maps called '''isoseismal maps'''. An isoseismal map uses contours to outline areas of equal value in terms of ground shaking intensity, ground surface [[Soil liquefaction|liquefaction]], shaking amplification, or other seismic effects. Typically, these maps are created by combining historical instrument-recorded data with responses to postal questionnaires that are sent to each post office near the earthquake and to a sparser sample of post offices with increasing distance from the earthquake. This way of preparing a seismic hazard map can take months to complete. In contrast to the old method, a newer method of information collection takes advantage of the Internet to generate initial hazard maps almost instantly. Data are received through a questionnaire on the Internet answered by people who actually experienced the earthquake, reducing the process of preparing and distributing a map for a particular earthquake from months to minutes.

*[[Éric Alliez]], ''La Signature du monde, ou Qu'est-ce que la philosophie de Deleuze et Guattari'' (1993). Trans. ''The Signature of the World: Or, What is Deleuze and Guattari's Philosophy?'' (2005).

Seismic hazard maps have many applications. They are used by insurance companies to set insurance rates for properties located in earthquake-risky areas, by civil engineers to estimate the stability of hillsides, by organizations responsible for the safety of nuclear waste disposal facilities, and also by [[building code]]s developers as the basis of design requirements.

*Gary Genosko, ''Félix Guattari: An Aberrant Introduction'' (2002).

*Gary Genosko (ed.), ''Deleuze and Guattari: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers, Volume 2: Guattari'' (2001).

In [[building code]]s, the shaking-hazard maps are converted into '''seismic zone maps''', which are used for [[seismic analysis]] of structural components of buildings. The seismic zone maps depict seismic hazards as zones of different risk levels. Such zones are typically designated as Seismic Zone 0, Seismic Zone 1, Seismic Zone 2 and so on. The seismic zone maps usually show the severity of expected earthquake shaking for a particular level of probability, such as the levels of shaking that have a 1-in-10 chance of being exceeded in a 50-year period. Buildings and other structures must be designed with adequate strength to withstand the effects of probable seismic ground motions within the Seismic Zone where the building or structure is being constructed.

==Size and frequency of occurrence==

Small earthquakes occur every day all around the world, and often multiple times a day in places like [[California]] and [[Alaska]] in the U.S., as well as [[Indonesia]], [[Azores]] in [[Portugal]] and [[Japan]].<ref>

{{cite web

| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/

| title=Earthquake Hazards Program

| publisher=[[USGS]]

| accessdate=2006-08-14

}}</ref> Large earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being [[Gutenberg-Richter law|exponential]]; namely, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. For example, it has been calculated that the average recurrence for the [[United Kingdom]] can be described as follows:

*an earthquake of 3.7 or larger every year

*an earthquake of 4.7 or larger every 10 years

*an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years.

The number of earthquake reporting stations increased from about 350 in [[1931]] to about 4,000 today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past -- currently, about 35 per day worldwide. This does not necessarily mean that the number of earthquakes has increased, however. The [[USGS]] estimates that, since [[1900]], there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0-7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable.<ref>

{{cite web

| title=Common Myths about Earthquakes

| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=6&faqID=110

| publisher=[[USGS]]

| accessdate=2006-08-14

}}</ref> In fact, in recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has actually decreased. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the USGS.<ref>

{{cite web

| title=Earthquake Facts and Statistics: Are earthquakes increasing?

| url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html

| publisher=[[USGS]]

| accessdate=2006-08-14

}}</ref>

Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000 km-long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the '''[[Pacific Ring of Fire|circum-Pacific seismic belt]]''', also known as the '''Pacific Ring of Fire''', which for the most part bounds the [[Pacific Plate]].<ref>

{{cite web

| title=Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics: Where do earthquakes occur?

| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=11&faqID=95

| publisher=[[USGS]]

| accessdate=2006-08-14

}}</ref><ref>

{{cite web

| url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/glossary.php?termID=150

| title=Visual Glossary - Ring of Fire

| accessdate=2006-08-14

}}</ref> Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as along the [[Himalayan Mountains]].

==Effects/impacts of earthquakes==

There are many effects of earthquakes including, but not limited to the following:

*Fire, as seen in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (Although many fires were deliberately started by residents to claim on their insurance, as they were not covered against earthquake damage)

*[[Tsunami]]s, as seen in the 2004 Sumatran earthquake

*Landslides

*Collapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings which may lead to collapse in a future earthquake

*Disease

*Lack of basic necessities

*Human loss of life

*Higher insurance premiums

*General property damage

*Road and bridge damage

==Preparation for earthquakes==

*[[Emergency preparedness]]

*[[Household seismic safety]]

*[[Seismic retrofit]]

*[[Earthquake prediction]]

==Specific fault articles==

*[[Alpine Fault]]

*[[Calaveras Fault]]

*[[Hayward Fault Zone]]

*[[North Anatolian Fault Zone]]

*[[New Madrid Fault Zone]]

*[[Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault]]

*[[San Andreas Fault]]

*[[Great Sumatran fault]]

*[[Cascadia subduction zone]]

==Wikipedia articles on major earthquakes==

===Pre-20th Century===

*[[Basel earthquake]] (1356). Major earthquake that struck Central Europe in 1356.

*[[Shaanxi Earthquake]] (1556). Deadliest known earthquake in history, estimated to have killed 830,000 in [[China]].

*[[Dover Straits earthquake of 1580]] (1580).

*[[Cascadia Earthquake]] (1700).

*[[Kamchatka earthquakes]] (1737 and 1952).

*[[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Lisbon earthquake]] (1755), one of the most destructive and deadly earthquakes in history, killing between 60,000 and 100,000 people.

*[[New Madrid Earthquake]] (1811) and another tremor (1812), both struck the small Missouri town, reportedly to been the strongest ever in [[North America]] and made the [[Mississippi River]] temporarily change its course.

*[[Fort Tejon earthquake|Fort Tejon Earthquake]] (1857). Estimated Richter Scale above 8, said the strongest earthquake in Southern California history.

*[[Owens Valley earthquake]] (1872). Might been strongest ever measured in California with an estimated Richter Scale of 8.1 said [[seismologists]].

*[[Charleston earthquake]] (1886). Largest earthquake in the southeastern United States, killed 100.

*[[Assam earthquake of 1897]] (1897). Large earthquake that destroyed all masonry structures, measuring more than 8 on the Richter scale.

===20th Century===

*[[1906 San Francisco Earthquake|San Francisco Earthquake]] (1906). Between 7.7 and 8.3 magnitudes; killed approximately 3,000 people and caused around $400 million in damage; most devastating earthquake in California and U.S. history.

*[[1923 Great Kanto earthquake|Great Kantō earthquake]] (1923). On the Japanese island of [[Honshū]], killing over 140,000 in [[Tokyo]] and environs.

*[[Napier earthquake]] (1931). 256 dead.

*[[1933 Long Beach earthquake]]

*[[Assam earthquake of 1950]] (1950). Earthquake in [[Assam]], India measures 8.6M.

*[[Kamchatka earthquakes]] (1952 and 1737).

*[[Great Kern County earthquake]] (1952). This was second strongest tremor in Southern California history, epicentered 60 miles North of Los Angeles. Major damage in [[Bakersfield, California]] and [[Kern County, California]], while it shook the Los Angeles area.

*[[Quake Lake]] (1959) Formed a lake in southern Montana, USA

*[[Great Chilean Earthquake]] (1960). Biggest earthquake ever recorded, 9.5 on Moment magnitude scale, and generated [[tsunami]]s throughout the Pacific ocean.

*[[Good Friday Earthquake]] (1964) In Alaska, it was the third biggest earthquake recorded, measuring 9.2M. and generated tsunamis throughout the Pacific ocean.

*[[1970 Ancash earthquake|Ancash earthquake]] (1970). Caused a [[landslide]] that buried the town of [[Yungay, Peru]]; killed over 40,000 people.

*[[Sylmar earthquake]] (1971). Caused great and unexpected destruction of freeway bridges and flyways in the [[San Fernando Valley]], leading to the first major [[seismic retrofit]]s of these types of structures, but not at a sufficient pace to avoid the next California freeway collapse in 1989.

*[[Managua earthquake]] (1972), which killed more than 10,000 people and destroyed 90% of the city. The earthquake took place on [[December 23]] 1972 at midnight.

*[[Frioul earthquake]] (1976), Which killed more than 2.000 people in Northern Italy on the 6th of May

*[[Tangshan earthquake]] (1976). The most destructive earthquake of modern times. The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that two or three times that number died.

*[[Guatemala]] (1976). Causing 23,000 deaths, 77,000 injuries and the destruction of more than 250,000 homes.

*[[Coalinga, California earthquake]] (1983). 6.5 on the Richter scale on a section of the San Andreas Fault. Six people killed, downtown [[Coalinga, California]] devastated and oil field blazes.

*[[Great Mexican Earthquake]] (1985). Killed over 6,500 people (though it is believed as many as 30,000 may have died, due to missing people never reappearing.)

*[[Great San Salvador Earthquake]] (October 10, 1986). Killed over 1,500 people.

*[[Whittier Narrows earthquake]] (1987).

*[[Leninakan Earthquake|Armenian earthquake]] (1988). Killed over 25,000.

*[[Loma Prieta earthquake]] (1989). Severely affecting [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]], [[San Francisco]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] in [[California]]. This is also called the [[World Series]] Earthquake. It struck as the [[World Series]] was just getting underway. Revealed necessity of accelerated seismic retrofit of road and bridge structures.

*[[Luzon Earthquake]] (1990). On [[16 July]] 1990, an earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale struck the island of [[Luzon, Philippines]].

*[[Landers, California earthquake]] (1992). Serious damage in the small town of [[Yucca Valley, California]] and was felt across 10 states in Western U.S. Another tremor measured 6.4 struck 3 hours later and felt across Southern California.

*[[1994 Northridge Earthquake|Northridge, California earthquake]] (1994). Damage showed seismic resistance deficiencies in modern low-rise apartment construction.

*[[Great Hanshin earthquake]] (1995). Killed over 6,400 people in and around [[Kobe]], [[Japan]].

*[[Chi-Chi earthquake]] (1999) Also called the 921 earthquake. Struck [[Taiwan]] on [[September 21]] 1999. Over 2,000 people killed, destroyed or damaged over ten thousand buildings. Caused world computer prices to rise sharply.

*[[1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake|İzmit earthquake]] (1999) Killed over 17,000 in northwestern Turkey.

*[[Hector Mine|Hector Mine earthquake]] (1999). 7.1 on the Richter scale, epicentered 30 miles east of [[Barstow, California]], widely felt in California and [[Nevada]].

*[[Düzce earthquake]] (1999)

===21st Century===

*[[2000 Baku earthquake|Baku earthquake]] (2000).

*[[Nisqually Earthquake]] (2001).

*[[2001 El Salvador earthquakes|El Salvador earthquakes]] (2001). 7.9 ([[13 January]]) and 6.6 ([[13 February]]) magnitudes, killed more than 1,100 people.

*[[2001 Gujarat Earthquake|Gujarat Earthquake]] ([[26 January]] 2001).

*[[2002 Dudley earthquake|Dudley Earthquake]] (2002).

*[[Bam, Iran#2003 earthquake|Bam Earthquake]] (2003). Over 40,000 people are reported dead.

*[[Parkfield earthquake|Parkfield, California earthquake]] (2004). Not large (6.0), but the most anticipated and intensely instrumented earthquake ever recorded and likely to offer insights into predicting future earthquakes elsewhere on similar slip-strike fault structures.

*[[2004 Chuetsu Earthquake|Chuetsu Earthquake]] (2004).

*[[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Indian Ocean Earthquake]] (26 December 2004). One of the largest earthquakes in recorded history, registering a moment magnitude of 9.1-9.3. Epicentered off the coast of the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Sumatra]], this massive tremor triggered a series of gigantic [[tsunami]]s that smashed onto the shores of a number of nations, causing more than 229,000 fatalities. It is regarded as one of the worst [[natural disasters]] ever to have hit the planet.

*[[2005 Sumatran earthquake|Sumatran Earthquake]] (2005).

*[[2005 Fukuoka earthquake|Fukuoka earthquake]] (2005).

*[[2005 Kashmir earthquake|Kashmir earthquake]] (2005). Killed over 79,000 people. Many more at risk from the Kashmiri winter. -update needed.

*[[2005 Lake Tanganyika earthquake|Lake Tanganyika earthquake]] (2005).

*[[May 2006 Java earthquake]] (2006).

*[[July 2006 Java earthquake|July 2006 7.7 magnitude Java earthquake]] which triggered [[tsunami]]s (2006).

*[[July 2006 6.3 magnitude Java earthquake]] (2006).

*[[July 2006 6.6 magnitude Celebes earthquake]] (2006).

*[[August 2006 5.9 magnitude Michoacan earthquake]] (2006).

*[[September 2006 6.0 magnitude Gulf of Mexico earthquake]] (2006).

*[[2006 Hawaii earthquake|October 2006 6.6 magnitude Kona, Hawaii earthquake]] (2006).

*[[2006 Kuril Islands earthquake|November 2006 8.1 magnitude north of Japan]] (2006).

*[[2006 Hengchun earthquake|December 26, 2006, 7.2 magnitude, southwest of Taiwan]] (2006).

==See also==

{{wiktionarypar|earthquake}}

*[[Catastrophe modeling]]

*[[Cryoseism]]

*[[Earthquake insurance]]

*[[Earthquake lights]]

*[[Earthquake weather]]

*''[[Earthquake (film)|Earthquake (1974 disaster film)]]''

*[[Elastic-rebound theory]]

*[[Geophysics]]

*[[HurriQuake]] environment nail

*[[Interplate earthquake]]

*[[Intraplate earthquake]]

*[[List of earthquakes]]

*[[List of tectonic plates]]

*[[Megathrust earthquake]]

*[[Mercalli intensity scale]]

*[[Moonquake]]

*[[Plate tectonics]]

*[[Richter magnitude scale]]

*[[Seismic scale]]

*[[Seismic wave]]

*[[Seismograph]]

*[[Seismology]]

*[[Tsunami]]

*The [[VAN method]] to predict earthquakes

==References==

<div class="references-small">

<references />

</div>

== External links ==

{{commons|Earthquake}}

===Educational===

*[http://earthquakedb.com Earthquake Information] - detailed statistics and integrated with Google Maps and Google Earth

*[http://www.whoi.edu/institutes/doei/viewTopic.do?o=read&id=120 Earthquake Information from the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute], [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]

*[http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq1/ ''Earthquakes''] — an educational booklet by Kaye M. Shedlock & Louis C. Pakiser

*[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/ USGS Earthquake FAQs]

*[http://www.earthquakecountry.info/ earthquakecountry.info] Answers to FAQs about Earthquakes and Earthquake Preparedness

*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,1121610,00.html Interactive guide: Earthquakes] - an educational presentation by [[Guardian Unlimited]]

*[http://www.geowall.org Geowall] — an educational 3D presentation system for looking at and understanding earthquake data (click on the Visualizations menu entry)

*[http://www.sciencecourseware.com/VirtualEarthquake/ Virtual Earthquake] - educational site explaining how epicenters are located and magnitude is determined

*[http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/locating.html Geo.Mtu.Edu] — Another site showing how to locate an earthquake's epicenter

*[http://science.howstuffworks.com/earthquake.htm HowStuffWorks — How Earthquakes Work]

*[http://www.projectshum.org/NaturalDisasters/earthquake.html Natural Disasters - Earthquake] - geological information for kids

*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1561/science_technology/earthquakes_and_tsunamis/ CBC Digital Archives — Canada's Earthquakes and Tsunamis]

*[http://www.territorioscuola.com/tsodp/dmoz.php3?browse=/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geophysics/Earthquakes/ Earthquakes Educational Resources - TerritorioScuola ODP]

===Seismological data centers===

====Europe====

*[http://www.emsc-csem.org/ European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC)]

*[http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon/seismon/globmon.html Global Seismic Monitor at GFZ Potsdam]

*[http://tsunami.geo.ed.ac.uk/local-bin/quakes/mapscript/demo_run.pl Global Earthquake Report &ndash; chart]

*[http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html Earthquakes in Iceland during the last 48 hours]

*[http://www.ingv.it Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy]

*[http://www.ingv.it/DISS/ Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), Central Mediterranean]

====United States====

*[http://www.eqnet.org/ EQNET: Earthquake Information Network]

*[http://neic.usgs.gov/ The U.S. National Earthquake Information Center]

*[http://www.data.scec.org/ Southern California Earthquake Data Center]

*[http://www.scec.org The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)]

*[http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/ Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country] An Earthquake Science and Preparedness Handbook produced by SCEC

*[http://www.data.scec.org/recenteqs/Quakes/quakes0.html Recent earthquakes in California and Nevada ]

*[http://rev.seis.sc.edu Seismograms for recent earthquakes via REV, the Rapid Earthquake Viewer]

*[http://www.iris.edu Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)], earthquake database and software

*[http://www.iris.edu/seismon/ IRIS Seismic Monitor] - world map of recent earthquakes

*[http://www.iris.edu/seismo/ SeismoArchives] - seismogram archives of significant earthquakes of the world

===Seismic scales===

*[http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb5/pb53/projekt/ems/ The European Macroseismic Scale]

===Scientific information===

* {{cite web

| url=http://simscience.org/crackling/Advanced/Earthquakes/GutenbergRichter.html

| title=Earthquake Magnitudes and the Gutenberg-Richter Law

| publisher=[http://simscience.org/index.html SimScience]

| accessdate=2006-08-14

}}

* {{cite journal

| author=Hiroo Kanamori, Emily E. Brodsky

| title=The Physics of Earthquakes

| journal=Physics Today

| year=2001

| month=June

| volume=54

| issue=6

| pages=34

| url=http://www.physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-6/p34.html

}}

===Miscellaneous=External links==

*[http://www.revue-chimeres.org/guattari/guattari.html Chimeres site on Guattari (in French)]

*[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/earthquake/ PBS NewsHour - Predicting Earthquakes]

*[http://neicmultitudes.usgssamizdat.govnet/neis/eqlists/10maps_world_Guattari-Felix_.html USGSMultitudes &ndash;page Largeston earthquakesGuattari (in the world since 1900French)]

*[http://www.armageddononline.org/earthquake.php The Destruction of Earthquakes] - a list of the worst earthquakes ever recorded

*[http://www.losangelesearthquakes.com Los Angeles Earthquakes plotted on a Google map]

*[http://www.em-dat.net the EM-DAT International Disaster Database]

*[http://www.earthquakearchive.com Earthquake Newspaper Articles Archive]

*[http://www.petquake.org PetQuake.org]- official PETSAAF system which relies on strange or atypical animal behavior to predict earthquakes.

* [http://www.quakeprediction.com Earthquake Prediction - Updated Daily]

*[http://carlogesualdo.altervista.org/pagine/terremoto_irpinia_1980.htm A series of earthquakes in southern Italy - November 23 1980, Gesualdo ]

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