Jovito Salonga and Félix Guattari: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox_Philosopher |

|+ style="font-size: larger;" | '''Jovito Salonga'''

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| colspan="2" style="text-align: cenmter;" | [[Image:Salonga.gif|140px|center|Jovito Salonga]]

region = Western Philosophy|

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era = [[20th-century philosophy]]|

| colspan="2" | <center>'''President of the Senate of the Philippines'''<br>[[1987]]&ndash;[[1992]]</center>

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| colspan="2" | <center>'''Senator of the Philippines'''<br>[[1965]]&ndash;[[1972]], [[1987]]&ndash;[[1992]]</center>

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| colspan="2" | <center>'''Representative, 2nd District of Rizal'''<br>[[1961]]&ndash;[[1965]]</center>

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! Political party:

| [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]

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! Born:

| [[June 22]], [[1920]]<br>[[Pasig City|Pasig]], [[Rizal Province|Rizal]]

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! Spouse:

| Lydia Busuego

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'''Jovito "Jovy" Salonga''', (born [[June 22]], [[1920]]) is a Philippine senator, oustanding statesman, brilliant lawyer, and a leading oppositionist to the Marcos regime from 1972, when Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law until 1986, when Marcos was deposed as a result of a bloodless revolution ([[1986 EDSA Revolution]]).

image_name = Guattari2.jpg|

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== Early life and education ==

name = Pierre-Félix Guattari|

birth = [[April 30]], [[1930]] ([[Villeneuve-les-Sablons]], [[Oise]], [[France]])|

death = [[August 29]], [[1992]] ([[La Borde clinic]], [[Cour-Cheverny]], [[France]])|

school_tradition = [[Psychoanalysis]], [[Autonomism]] |

main_interests = [[Psychoanalysis]], [[Politics]], [[Ecology]], [[Semiotics]]|

influences = [[Freud]], [[Lacan]], [[Gregory Bateson|Bateson]], [[Sartre]], [[Hjelmslev]]|

influenced = [[Eric Alliez]], [[Michael Hardt]], [[Brian Massumi]], [[Antonio Negri]] |

notable_ideas = [[assemblage]], [[desiring machine]], [[deterritorialization]], [[ecosophy]], [[schizoanalysis]]|

}}

'''Pierre-Félix Guattari''' ([[April 30]], [[1930]] – [[August 29]], [[1992]]) was a [[France|French]] [[militant]], institutional [[psychotherapist]] and [[philosopher]], a founder of both [[schizoanalysis]] and [[ecosophy]]. Guattari is best known for his intellectual collaborations with [[Gilles Deleuze]], most notably ''[[Anti-Oedipus]]'' (1972) and ''[[A Thousand Plateaus]]'' (1980).

==Biography==

'''''Humble beginnings'''''

=== Clinic of La Borde ===

Born in Villeneuve-les-Sablons, [[Oise]], [[France]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Guattari was encouraged by psychiatrist [[Jean Oury]] towards the practice of [[psychiatry]], becoming impassioned from 1950 towards that field.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Due to his frustrations with the theories and methods of French [[psychoanalyst]] [[Jacques Lacan]] — who both taught and analysed Guattari in the 1950s – Guattari became convinced that he needed to continue exploring as vast an array of domains as possible ([[philosophy]], [[ethnology]], [[linguistics]], [[architecture]], etc.,) in order to better define the orientation, delimitation and psychiatric efficacy of the practice. Guattari would later proclaim that psychoanalysis is "the best [[capitalist]] drug" because in it desire is confined to a couch: desire, in Lacanian psychoanalysis, is an energy that is contained rather than one that, if freed, could militantly engage itself in something different. He continued this research, collaborating in Jean Oury's private clinic of [[La Borde clinic|La Borde]] at Court-Cheverny, one of the main centers of institutional psychotherapy at the time. La Borde was a venue for conversation amongst innumerable students of philosophy, psychology, ethnology, and [[social work]]. La Borde was Félix Guattari's principal anchoring until he died of a heart attack in [[1992]].

=== 1960s to 1970s ===

Jovito Salonga was born poor in a remote barrio in [[Pasig City]] on June 22, 1920. His father was a [[Presbyterian]] pastor, his mother a market vendor. The youngest of five brother, he worked his way through college and law school as a proofreader in the publishing firm of his eldest brother Isayas. During his senior year at the College of Law at the University of the Philippines (U.P.), he quit his job to prepare for the bar exam. However, because of the advent of World War II, he postponed taking the bar until 1944--which he topped with a grade point average of 95.3%.

From 1955 to 1965, Félix Guattari animated the [[trotskyist]] group ''Voie Communiste'' ("Communist Way"). He would then support [[anticolonialist]] struggles as well as the Italian ''[[Autonomists]]''. Guattari also took part in the movement of the psychological G.T., which gathered many psychiatrists at the beginning of the sixties and created the Association of Institutional Psychotherapy in November [[1965]]. It was at the same time that he founded, along with other militants, the F.G.E.R.I. (Federation of Groups for Institutional Study & Research) and its review research, working on philosophy, mathematics, psychoanalysis, education, architecture, ethnology, etc. The F.G.E.R.I. came to represent aspects of the multiple political and cultural engagements of Félix Guattari: the Group for Young Hispanics, the Franco-Chinese Friendships (in the times of the popular communes), the opposition activities with the wars in [[Algerian War of Independence|Algeria]] and Vietnam, the participation in the M.N.E.F., with the U.N.E.F., the policy of the offices of psychological academic aid (B.A.P.U.), the organisation of the University Working Groups (G.T.U.), but also the reorganizations of the training courses with the Centers of Training to the Methods of Education Activities (C.E.M.E.A.) for psychiatric male nurses, as well as the formation of Friendly Male Nurses (Amicales d'infirmiers) (in [[1958]]), the studies on architecture and the projects of construction of a day hospital of for "students and young workers".

Guattari was involved in the [[events of May 1968]], starting from the [[Movement of March 22]]. It was in the aftermath of 1968 that Guattari met [[Gilles Deleuze]] at the [[University of Vincennes]] and began to lay the ground-work for the soon to be infamous ''[[Anti-Oedipus]]'' (1972), which [[Michel Foucault]] described as "an introduction to the non-fascist life" in his preface to the book. Throughout his career it may be said that his writings were at all times correspondent in one fashion or another with sociopolitical and cultural engagements. In 1967, he appeared as one of the founders of OSARLA (Organization of solidarity and Aid to the Latin-American Revolution). It was with the head office of the F.G.E.R.I. that he met, in [[1968]], [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], [[Jean-Jacques Lebel]], and [[Julian Beck]]. In [[1970]], he created C.E.R.F.I. (Center for the Study and Research of Institutional Formation), which takes the direction of the Recherches review. In 1977, he created the CINEL for "new spaces of freedom" before joining in the 1980s the [[ecological]] movement with his "[[ecosophy]]".

'''''Genuine WW II hero'''''

=== 1980s to 1990s ===

A few months after the Japanese invasion in December 1941, Salonga went underground and engaged in anti-Japanese activities. In April 1942, he was captured and tortured by the Japanese Military Police in Pasig in the presence of his aging father. He was transferred to Fort Santiago and several other prisons where he was subjected to further persecution. On June 11, 1942, he was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor by the Japanese and incarcerated at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, a place where he mingled with murderers and thieves. By a stroke of good fortune, he was pardoned on the Foundation Day of Japan (Kigen Setsu) in 1943.

In his last book, ''Chaosmose'' ([[1992]]), the topic of which is already partially developed in ''What is Philosophy?'' (1991, with Deleuze), Félix Guattari takes again his essential topic: the question of subjectivity. "How to produce it, collect it, enrich it, reinvent it permanently in order to make it compatible with mutant Universes of value?" This idea returns like a leitmotiv, from ''Psychanalyse and transversality'' (a regrouping of articles from [[1957]] to [[1972]]) through ''Années d'hiver'' ([[1980]] - [[1986]]) and ''Cartographies Schizoanalytique'' ([[1989]]). He insists on the function of "a-signification", which plays the role of support for a subjectivity in act, starting from four parameters: "significative and [[semiotic]] flows, Phylum of Machinic Propositions, Existential Territories and Incorporeal Universes of Reference."

'''''American education'''''

In 1995, the posthumous release ''Chaosophy'' featured Guattari's first collection of essays and interviews focuses on the French anti-psychiatrist and theorist's work as director of the experimental La Borde clinic and collaborator of philosopher Gilles Deleuze. ''Chaosophy'' is a groundbreaking introduction to Guattari's theories on "schizo-analysis", a process meant to replace [[Sigmund Freud]]'s interpretation with a more pragmatic, experimental, and collective approach rooted in reality. Unlike Freud, Guattari believes that [[schizophrenia]] is an extreme mental state co-existent with the capitalist system itself. But capitalism keeps enforcing [[neurosis]] as a way of maintaining normality. Guattari's post-Marxist vision of capitalism provides a new definition not only of mental illness, but also of micropolitical means of subversion. It includes key essays such as "Balance-Sheet Program for Desiring Machines," cosigned by Deleuze (with whom he coauthored Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus), and the provocative "Everybody Wants To Be a Fascist."

After passing the bar, he went back to the U.P. College of Law where he earned an LL.B in 1946. He traveled to the U.S. when he won a scholarship to attend [[Harvard]] for his master’s degree. Recommended by Harvard professor Manley Hudson to Yale Law School, he was awarded a fellowship to [[Yale University]] where he earned a doctorate (JSD) in 1949. He however turned down their offer of a faculty position because he felt he should take part in his country's post-war reconstruction. He was honored with the Ambrose Gherini prize for writing the best paper in international law. In February, 1948, he married Lydia Busuego in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

''Soft Subversions'' is another collection of Félix Guattari's essays, lectures, and interviews traces the militant anti-psychiatrist and theorist's thought and activity throughout the 1980s ("the winter years"). Concepts such as "micropolitics," "schizoanalysis," and "becoming-woman" open up new horizons for political and creative resistance in the "postmedia era." Guattari's energetic analyses of art, cinema, youth culture, economics, and power formations introduce a radically inventive thought process engaged in liberating subjectivity from the standardizing and homogenizing processes of global capitalism.

Salonga returned to the Philippines and engaged in the teaching and practice of law. He authored several books on corporate law and international law, and was appointed Dean of the College of Law, Far Eastern University (F.E.U.) in 1956.

== Political careerBibliography ==

=== Works published in English ===

*''Molecular Revolution: Psychiatry and Politics'' (1984). Trans. Rosemary Sheed. Selected essays from ''Psychanalyse et transversalité'' (1972) and ''La révolution moléculaire'' (1977).

'''''Congress'''''

*''Les Trois écologies'' (1989). Trans. ''The Three Ecologies.'' Partial translation by Chris Turner (Paris: Galilee, 1989), full translation by Ian Pindar and Paul Sutton (London: The Athlone Press, 2000).

*''Chaosmose'' (1992). Trans. ''Chaosmosis: an ethico-aesthetic paradigm'' (1995).

*''Chaosophy'' (1995), ed. Sylvere Lotringer. Collected essays and interviews.

*''Soft Subversions'' (1996), ed. Sylvere Lotringer. Collected essays and interviews.

*''The Guattari Reader'' (1996), ed. Gary Genosko. Collected essays and interviews.

*''Ecrits pour L'Anti-Œdipe'' (2004), ed. Stéphane Nadaud. Trans. ''The Anti-Œdipus Papers'' (2006). Collection of texts written between 1969 and 1972.

*''Chaos and Complexity'' (Forthcoming 2008, MIT Press). Collected essays and interviews.

In collaboration with [[Gilles Deleuze]]:

In 1960, he was persuaded by Vice President [[Diosdado Macapagal]], then president of the Liberal Party (LP), one of the two dominant political parties in the Philippines at the time, to run for Congress in the second district of Rizal, where two political dynasties dominated the bureaucracy. Salonga helped build the party from the grassroots, largely with the support of disgruntled and alienated youth who responded to the issues he raised, particularly the entrenchment of the political ruling class and their families in seats of governments, a major cause of disenchantment among the masses. In the November 1961 elections, he bested his two opponents by an overwhelming margin.

*''Capitalisme et Schizophrénie 1. L'Anti-Œdipe'' (1972). Trans. ''[[Anti-Oedipus]]'' (1977).

Shortly after his election, he tangled with one of the best debaters of the opposing party, the Nationalista Party (NP), on the issue of proportional representation in various committees. He also composed a seminal article, published and editorialized in various papers, on the Philippines' territorial claim to North Borneo (Sabah). With the election of Cornelio Villareal (LP, Capiz) as Speaker of the House, Salonga was appointed to the chairmanship of the prestigious Committee on Good Government. In June 1962, President Macapagal filed the Philippine claim to North Borneo and Salonga was appointed to head the delegation in the January 1963 London negotiations.

*''Kafka: Pour une Littérature Mineure'' (1975). Trans. ''Kafka: Toward a Theory of Minor Literature'' (1986).

*''Rhizome: introduction'' (Paris: Minuit, 1976). Trans. "Rhizome," in ''Ideology and Consciousness'' 8 (Spring, 1981): 49-71. This is an early version of what became the introductory chapter in ''Mille Plateaux.''

*''Capitalisme et Schizophrénie 2. Mille Plateaux'' (1980). Trans. ''[[A Thousand Plateaus]]'' (1987).

*''On the Line'' (1983). Contains translations of "Rhizome," and "Politics" ("Many Politics") by Deleuze and Parnet.

*''Nomadology: The War Machine.'' (1986). Translation of "Plateau 12," ''Mille Plateaux.''

*''Qu'est-ce que la philosophie?'' (1991). Trans. ''What Is Philosophy?'' (1996).

Other collaborations:

'''''Senate'''''

*''Les nouveaux espaces de liberté'' (1985). Trans. ''Communists Like Us'' (1990). With [[Antonio Negri]].

After one term, Salonga was chosen to run for senate under the LP banner in the 1965 elections. Despite limited financial resources and the victory of NP candidate Marcos as president, Salonga was elected senator, garnering the most number of votes. In 1967, he was [[Ninoy Aquino]]’s chief lawyer in the underage lawsuit filed against the latter by President Marcos. Largely through Salonga’s skills in jurisprudence, Aquino won his case before the Commission on Elections. Subsequently Marcos' appeals to the Supreme Court and Senate Electoral Tribunal were overturned, granting a final victory to Salonga and Aquino. For his well-documented exposés against the Marcos administration, Salonga was hailed as the "Nation’s Fiscalizer" by the Philippines Free Press in 1968.

*''Micropolitica: Cartografias do Desejo'' (1986). Trans. ''Molecular Revolution in Brazil'' (Forthcoming October 2007, MIT Press). With Suely Rolnik.

*''The party without bosses'' (2003), by Gary Genosko. Features a 1982 conversation between Guattari and [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], the current [[President of Brazil]].

=== Works untranslated into English ===

'''''Second lease in life, arrest'''''

Note: Many of the essays found in these works have been individually translated and can be found in the English collections.

*''Psychanalyse et transversalité. Essais d'analyse institutionnelle'' (1972).

*''La révolution moléculaire'' (1977, 1980). The 1980 version (éditions 10/18) contains substantially different essays from the 1977 version.

*''L'inconscient machinique. Essais de Schizoanalyse'' (1979).

*''Les années d'hiver, 1980-1985'' (1986).

*''Cartographies schizoanalytiques'' (1989).

Other collaborations:

He ran for re-election in 1971. Along with some members of the Liberal Party, he was critically injured on the August 21 bombing of his party's proclamation rally at Plaza Miranda. His doctors' prognoses were grim--he was not expected to live. He survived however, with impaired eyesight and hearing, and more than a hundred tiny pieces of shrapnel in his body. Despite his inability to campaign, he topped the senatorial race for the second time.

*''L’intervention institutionnelle'' (Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Payot, n. 382 - 1980). On [[institutional pedagogy]]. With Jacques Ardoino, G. Lapassade, Gerard Mendel, Rene Lourau.

He returned to the political arena and embarked on a successful law career. He protested [[martial law]] and was unjustly arrested. After his release from military custody, he was offered a visiting scholarship at Yale, where he engaged in the revision of his book on international law. He completed his book on the Marcos years, which included a program for a new democratic Philippines.

*''Pratique de l'institutionnel et politique'' (1985). With [[Jean Oury]] and Francois Tosquelles.

*(it) ''Desiderio e rivoluzione. Intervista a cura di Paolo Bertetto'' (Milan: Squilibri, 1977). Conversation with Franco Berardi (Bifo) and Paolo Bertetto.

=== Select secondary sources ===

'''''Second arrest, exile'''''

*[[Éric Alliez]], ''La Signature du monde, ou Qu'est-ce que la philosophie de Deleuze et Guattari'' (1993). Trans. ''The Signature of the World: Or, What is Deleuze and Guattari's Philosophy?'' (2005).

The imposition of martial law in September 1972 was the catalyst that radicalized hundreds of oppositionists and the pretext to arrest and imprison many of them, including moderate ones. Salonga openly and vigorously opposed it, and he and his law partners, Sedfrey Ordoñez and Pedro L. Yap, defended many cases of well-known political prisoners as well as obscure detainees, most of them ''pro bono''. In October 1980, following the bombing of the Philippine International Convention Center, Marcos again ordered Salonga’s arrest--this time he was detained at Fort Bonifacio without any formal charges and investigation. To a great extent, loud protests here and abroad paved his eventual release from jail. He was allowed to leave with his wife for the U.S. in March 1981, to attend several international conferences and undergo medical procedures. Right after their departure, subversion charges--a well-known Marcos tactic to scare off his enemies from ever returning--were filed against him. Jovy and Lydia lived in self-exile in Hawaii, then moved to Encino, California, where he was visited by many opposition leaders, including [[Ninoy Aquino]]. It was here where, at the request of LP President [[Gerry Roxas]], Salonga wrote the party's ''Vision and Program of Government''. After the demise of Roxas in New York in April 1982, Salonga was elected acting president of the Liberal Party.

*Gary Genosko, ''Félix Guattari: An Aberrant Introduction'' (2002).

*Gary Genosko (ed.), ''Deleuze and Guattari: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers, Volume 2: Guattari'' (2001).

== Post-martial law era ==

The assassination of [[Ninoy Aquino]] in August 1983 prompted Salonga to return to the Philippines in January 21, 1985 to help resuscitate his party and unite democratic opposition. A month later, the Supreme Court unanimously dismissed subversion charges against him. He was elected president of the Liberal Party. Shortly after the EDSA Revolution, President Cory Aquino appointed him Chair of the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), which was tasked with investigating and recovering the ill-gotten wealth of Marcos and cronies. After his one-year stint with PCGG, he was drafted to run for the senate in the 1987 elections. For the third time, he won the number one spot in the senatorial race. Chosen senate president by his peers, Salonga authored three major legislative measures: the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees (R.A. 6713)", the "Anti-Coup d’etat Act (R.A. 6968)", and the "Anti-Plunder Law (R.A. 7080)". In April 1990, he was conferred a Doctor of Laws degree, [[honoris causa]], by the University of the Philippines “''for his brilliant career as'' ''an eminent political figure… for his unwavering, courageous stand against injustice, oppression, and dictatorship… and for his sterling personal qualities of decency, humility, industry and moderation''.”

== Accomplishments ==

'''''Unblemished record'''''

Salonga has 5 decades of unblemished record in public service.

Despite limited means, he consistently won three senatorial elections, garnering the largest number of votes under three different administrations: that of [[Diosdado Macapagal]], [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and [[Corazon Aquino]]. He has successfully legislated the State Scholarship Law, the Disclosure of Interest Act, the [[Magna Carta]] for Public School Teachers, the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees, and the Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder.

In September 1991, Salonga led a group of 12 Senators in rejecting the R.P.-U.S. Bases Treaty, effectively ending 470 years of foreign military presence in the Philippines. He echoed the sentiments of other Philippine nationalists, notably [[Lorenzo Tanada]], [[Raul Manglapus]], and [[Jose Diokno]], who felt that their country, for almost 5 centuries, had been nothing but a colonial periphery of Spain and the U.S. However he had to pay a heavy price for his unpopular decision—-his financial backers in the business community withdrew their support for his presidential campaign. In December of that same year, Salonga was ousted from his position as President of the Senate, though a later agreement hammered out by the senators permitted him to keep his post until the end of December. Salonga lost the 1992 presidential election (finishing sixth in a seven-person race in the official tally), despite the resounding support of students from various colleges and universities.

As chairman of the Commission on Good Government, he "filed and perfected" the government's claim to the Marcos swiss deposits. His unwavering pursuit of the Marcos plundered wealth was, in one senator's words, the "moral equivalent of a war." His efforts were rewarded when the government sequestered [[Eduardo Cojuangco]]'s firms including 93% shares of the United Coconut Planters Bank and 27% shares of the San Miguel Corporation.

'''''Retirement from public office'''''

After his retirement from government service, he continued his servitude to the filipino people through ''Kilosbayan'' (People Action)--a form for raising political consciousness and citizens' participation in governance; the ''Bantayog ng mga Bayani'' Foundation (Heroes' Memorial)--which honors the nation’s martyrs and heroes for their sacrifices during martial law; and ''Bantay Katarungan'' (Sentinel of Justice)--which seeks to improve the administration of justice in the Philippines through the systematic monitoring of courts and quasi-judicial agencies by selected students from leading law schools. The Chair of ''Bantay Katarungan'' is former Secretary of Justice Sedfrey Ordoñez, who had been his law partner for 33 years. Salonga is its founder and adviser.

He remains active as a speaker, denouncing the moral and social ills in Philippine society. Since ending his political career in 1992, Salonga has been delivering lectures intermittently in various educational institutions, including the U.P., Ateneo, Universidad de Santo Tomas, De la Salle and F.E.U. He teaches regularly at the Lyceum of the Philippines where he holds the Jose P. Laurel Chair on Law, Government and Public Policy.

Due to the serious crisis confronting secondary education in the Philippines today, Dr. Salonga, in early June 2005, launched a fortnightly paper, "Living News and Good Education", for use by high school teachers and students in public schools. Its goal is to help instill in high school students “Better English , better values and better learning in Math and Science.” Jovito Salonga has been awarded honorary degrees by various universities in the Philippines and abroad.

'''''A national treasure'''''

A writer once referred to Senator Salonga as a "national treasure." [[http://www.txtmania.com/articles/jovy.php]] Senator Joker P. Arroyo paid him the highest tribute when he said:

''"Some people make history, others write it. But there is a rare handful who, in writing--and in speaking--make history. These are the ones who illuminate the issues, and in so doing move men to answer them with noble actions...In our country there was Claro M. Recto. But if you consider the wealth of historical events surrounding a particular personality who shaped and even generated these events by his words, Jovito Salonga stands

virtually alone."''

Now in his twilight years, Salonga sums up one's purpose in life, which in truth parallels his own, in his speech before the national convention of Philippine Association of Retired Persons on 27 May 2005 with the following words:

''"...what frightens many people...is the dread of insignificance, the notion that we will be born, live and one day none of it will matter. A good many people don't want to live forever--it is like reading a good book or watching a good movie that never ends. Many people understand that the story of our lives must have a beginning, a middle, and an end; but what they desperately want is to live long enough to get it right, to feel that they have done something worthwhile with their lives."'' [http://money.inq7.net/columns/view_columns.php?yyyy=2005&mon=06&dd=20&file=8]

==External links==

*[http://www.revue-chimeres.org/guattari/guattari.html Chimeres site on Guattari (in French)]

*[http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/jovito_salonga.htm Jovito Salonga]

*[http://multitudes.samizdat.net/_Guattari-Felix_.html Multitudes page on Guattari (in French)]

*[http://www.kilosbayan.org KILOSBAYAN]

*[http://www.txtmania.com/articles/jovy.php Jovito Salonga]

*[http://money.inq7.net/columns/view_columns.php?yyyy=2005&mon+06&dd=20&file=8 Jovito Salonga speaks]

*[http://www.liberalparty.ph/news/News-LP2006/lp_60artkl_dequiros.html Jovito Salonga: a Liberal for All Seasons]

*[http://www.planetphilippines.com/archives/sept16-30/current/features_current/feature2.html Jovito R.Salonga: The Tangible Who Makes a Nation Great]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guattari, Felix}}

== Further reading ==

[[Category:1930 births]]

*''A Journey of Struggle and Hope''. by Jovito Salonga. Regina Publishing Co., Manila, 2001

[[Category:1992 deaths]]

*''The Intangibles that Make a Nation Great: a collection of speeches and writings by Jovito Salonga''. Regina Publishing Co., Manila

[[Category:French anarchists]]

*''Cronies and Enemies: the Current Philippine Scene''. Belinda Aquino, editor. University of Hawaii, 1982

[[Category:Postmodern theory]]

*''Presidential Plunder: The Quest for Marcos Ill-Gotten Wealth''. by Jovito Salonga. Regina Publishing Co., Manila, 2001

[[Category:Psychoanalytic theory]]

[[Category:Psychoanalysts]]

[[Category:Anti-psychiatry]]

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[[Category:Psychotherapists]]

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after= [[Neptali A. Gonzales]]

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