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[[Image:Faro de La Serena.jpg|thumb|258px|Faro of The City]]
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[[Image:La Serena-Coquimbo-02.jpg|thumb|258px|The city of La Serena with the port city of [[Coquimbo, Chile|Coquimbo]] in the background]]
[[Image:Plaza de Armas - La Serena.jpg|thumb|250px|Plaza de Armas]]
'''La Serena''' ("the serene one") is the second oldest city in [[Chile]]. The city, located 471 km north of [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], has a population of 147,815, according to the 2002 census. There are also 12,333 inhabitants of the immediately surrounding countryside. It is one of the fastest-growing areas of Chile, witnessing a population increase of 32.6% between [[1992]] and [[2002]].
[[Image:Operation Provide Relief.Rules of Engagement.jpg|thumb|Rules of Engagement for [[Operation Provide Relief]], 1992.]]
It was first founded by Spaniard Captain [[Juan Bohón]] in [[September 4]] [[1544]] on the orders of [[Pedro de Valdivia]] in order to provide a sea link between Santiago and [[Lima]]. In [[1549]] the town was totally destroyed by local Indians and re-founded the same year by Captain Francisco de Aguirre in a safer ___location. The town has retained its historic architecture and this, along with a selection of beaches (known as Avenida del Mar, "Sea Avenue"), has caused the city to become a significant tourist centre, attracting many foreigners (most of them Argentines from San Juan and Mendoza provinces) during January, and later Santiago residents fleeing February heat.
In [[military]] or [[police]] operations, the '''rules of engagement''' ('''ROE''') determine when, where and how force shall be used. Such rules are both general and specific, and there have been large variations between cultures throughout history. The rules may be made public, as in a [[martial law]] or [[curfew]] situation, but are typically only fully known to the force that intends to use them.
Its traditional architecture consists of a series of housing and public buildings, of late 19th-century vintage, built with wood from the [[USA|US]] state of [[Oregon]] brought to Chile as counterweight in sailing vessels coming to [[Coquimbo]], the nearby port, to load copper and other minerals for transport back to the US. This Oregon pine and the use of [[adobe]] create the genuine image of the city.
==British Military ROE==
The British [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] officially defines ROE as:
There is also a number of remarkable and valuable small churches built of sedimentary stone quarried 5 km to the north of the [[Elqui River]], having a characteristic color and texture formed by myriad small shells. These churches are all roughly 350 years old and have undergone restoration to varying degrees, bringing them back to their original form. San Francisco, San Agustín, Santo Domingo are the names of a few of them.
:"Directives issued by competent military authority which delineate the circumstances and limitations under which UK forces will initiate and/or continue [[combat]] engagement with other forces encountered." [http://www.tpub.com/content/USMC/mcwp323/css/mcwp323_76.htm]
The Cathedral, built from the same stone, dates from the 19th century. It must be said that although it lacks the same historical value as the older churches, this is a stone building in a country prone to seismic activity, and has survived various earthquakes. Indeed, during centuries of existence, there is almost no visible damage. All of these churches, along with others of minor importance, provide a unique urban landscape, an image for the city, giving it the nickname "''The City of Churches''."
The ROE deal with four issues [2]:
* When military force may be used,
* Where military force may be used,
* Against whom force should be used in the circumstances described above, and
* How military force should be used to achieve the desired ends.
A few of the major sectors are: El Centro ("downtown"), Peñuelas (actually a suburb between La Serena and its sister city [[Coquimbo]]), San Joaquín (neighborhood on a hill overlooking the ocean), La Florida, Las Compañías ("the companies"), Cerro Grande ("big hill"), La Antena and the new El Milagro ("the miracle") development.
The ROE take two forms: Actions a soldier may take without consulting a higher authority, unless explicitly forbidden (sometimes called 'command by negation') and second, actions that may only be taken if explicitly ordered by a higher authority (sometimes called 'positive command').
==External links==
In addition to a typically large set of standing orders, military personnel will be given additional rules of engagement before performing any mission or military operation. These can cover circumstances such as how to retaliate after an attack, how to treat captured targets, which territories the soldier is bound to fight into, and how the force should be used during the operation.
*[http://www.userena.cl// University of La Serena]
*[http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/85488.html/ weather forecast]
*[http://www.visit-chile.org/norte/h21.phtml Chilean tourist site for La Serena]
*[http://www.intimahinatravel.cl travel agency]
{{coor title dm|29|54|S|71|15|W|region:CL_type:city}}
[[Category: LawsCities ofin warChile]] ▼The ROE are extremely important:
[[Category:Communes of Chile]]
# They provide a consistent, understandable and repeatable standard on how forces act. Typically they are carefully thought out in detail well in advance of an engagement and may cover a number of scenarios, with different rules for each.
[[Category:Capitals of Chilean regions]]
# They assist in the synchronization of political-diplomatic and military components of a strategy by allowing political commanders to better understand, forecast and tailor the actions of a force.
[[Category:Settlements established in 1544]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Coquimbo Region]]
[[de:La Serena]]
The first rule of engagement for [[British Armed Forces]] is always the right to use force in self-defense.
[[es:La Serena (Chile)]]
[[fr:La Serena]]
==U.S. Military ROE==
[[it:La Serena]]
The 1999 Marine Corps Close Combat Manual (MCRP 3-02B) presents a “Continuum of Force” the following breakdown:
[[nl:La Serena]]
[[no:La Serena]]
*Level 1: Compliant (Cooperative). The subject responds and complies to verbal commands. Close combat techniques do not apply.
[[pl:La Serena]]
*Level 2: Resistant (Passive). The subject resists verbal commands but complies immediately to any contact controls. Close combat techniques do not apply.
[[pt:La Serena]]
*Level 3: Resistant (Active). The subject initially demonstrates physical resistance. Use compliance techniques to control the situation. Level three incorporates close combat techniques to physically force a subject to comply. Techniques include: Come-along holds, Soft-handed stunning blows, Pain compliance through the use of joint manipulation and the use of pressure points.
[[sl:La Serena]]
*Level 4: Assaultive (Bodily Harm). The subject may physically attack, but does not use a weapon. Use defensive tactics to neutralize the threat. Defensive tactics include: Blocks, Strikes, Kicks, Enhanced pain compliance procedures, Impact weapon blocks and blows.
[[fi:La Serena]]
*Level 5: Assaultive (Lethal Force). The subject usually has a weapon and will either kill or injure someone if he is not stopped immediately and brought under control. The subject must be controlled by the use of deadly force with or without a firearm or weapon.
[[sv:La Serena]]
==ROE failures==
In any engagement, the ROE need to balance two competing goals: The need to use force effectively to accomplish the mission objectives and the need to avoid unnecessary force. This creates room for two types of error:
* Excessively tight ROE can constrain a commander from performing his mission effectively, called a [[Type I error]]. It is typical for the political leadership to constrain the actions of military commanders. This is often a source of tension between the political leaders, who are trying to accomplish a political or diplomatic objective, and the military commanders, who are trying make the most effective use of their forces. Sagan [2] provides an excellent discussion of this topic. The UN Peacekeeper's ROE (see [[UNAMIR]]) during the [[Rwandan Genocide]] is a tragic example of too restrictive ROE.
* Excessively loose ROE can facilitate the escalation of a conflict which, while being tactically effective, negates the political objectives that the use of force was meant to achieve. This is a [[Type II error]] or "escalatory" error and an example of it may be the killing of [[Jean Charles de Menezes|Jean de Menezes]] on [[July 22]],[[2005]].
==Current Issues==
The late 1990s and early 2000s has seen an increase in the use of [[private military contractor|private military contractors]] particularly from United States and Britain. Such contractors are not bound by the same rules of engagement, standing orders, or levels of accountability as are members of a national military force.
==See also==
* [[The Moscow Rules]], an example of the use of the ROE term in [[tradecraft]].
==References==
# USDOD. [http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/natoterm_index.html DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms: NATO Only Terms]. United States of America: ''Joint Doctrine Division, J-7, Joint Staff, Department of Defense''. December 17, 2003.
# Sagan, Scott D., Rules of Engagement, pp 443 - 470 in: George, A., Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management, ISBN 0-8133-1232-9. This well-written analysis provides an excellent overview.
# Private Military Companies, Taljaard, R. Yale Global Online 9 December 2003.[http://www.sandline.com/hotlinks/Yale_Modern-day-mercs.html Modern Day Mercenaries].
▲[[Category:Laws of war]]
[[de:Rules of engagement]]
[[he:הוראות פתיחה באש]]
[[it:Regole di ingaggio]]
[[ja:交戦規定]]
[[th:กฎการปะทะ]]
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