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[[Image:Faro de La Serena.jpg|thumb|258px|Faro of The City]]
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[[Image:La Serena-Coquimbo-02.jpg|thumb|258px|The city of La Serena with the port city of [[Coquimbo, Chile|Coquimbo]] in the background]]
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[[Image:Plaza de Armas - La Serena.jpg|thumb|250px|Plaza de Armas]]
|[[Image:Etzlaub Romweg 1500 thumb.jpg|thumb|Coloured "Romweg" map, 1500. "South-up" display, as all of Etzlaub's maps.]]
|[[Image:Erhard Etzlaub 1511 Sundial miniature map.png|thumb|Miniature map (93 x 65 mm) on the outside of 1511-sundial's hinged lid. Thisone and a similar one from 1513 were by error called ''precursors of Mercator's projection'' since 1917.]]
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'''La Serena''' ("the serene one") is the second oldest city in [[Chile]]. The city, located 471 km north of [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], has a population of 147,815, according to the 2002 census. There are also 12,333 inhabitants of the immediately surrounding countryside. It is one of the fastest-growing areas of Chile, witnessing a population increase of 32.6% between [[1992]] and [[2002]].
'''Erhard Etzlaub''' (born c.[[1455]][?]-[[1465]] in [[Erfurt]]; died [[1532]] in [[Nuremberg]]), was an astronomer, [[geodesist]], [[cartographer]], instrument maker and physician.
It was first founded by Spaniard Captain [[Juan Bohón]] in [[September 4]] [[1544]] on the orders of [[Pedro de Valdivia]] in order to provide a sea link between Santiago and [[Lima]]. In [[1549]] the town was totally destroyed by local Indians and re-founded the same year by Captain Francisco de Aguirre in a safer ___location. The town has retained its historic architecture and this, along with a selection of beaches (known as Avenida del Mar, "Sea Avenue"), has caused the city to become a significant tourist centre, attracting many foreigners (most of them Argentines from San Juan and Mendoza provinces) during January, and later Santiago residents fleeing February heat.
==Life==
One "Erhart Etzlauber" became a citizen of Nuremberg in [[1484]], but his profession was not recorded on that occasion. Assuming that the "Eberhardus Eczleiben" who matriculated at the ''Erfurter Hochschule'' in 1568 is very probably the same person, then the year of his birth should be between 1455-1460 rather than later.
Its traditional architecture consists of a series of housing and public buildings, of late 19th-century vintage, built with wood from the [[USA|US]] state of [[Oregon]] brought to Chile as counterweight in sailing vessels coming to [[Coquimbo]], the nearby port, to load copper and other minerals for transport back to the US. This Oregon pine and the use of [[adobe]] create the genuine image of the city.
<!-- not translated:
* Nürnberger Verträge ab 1503 über einen Hauskauf auf Leibrente belegen, dass er damals mit einer ''Ursula'' verheiratet war.
* 1511 wurde er zum ''Hauptmann im Viertel am Heumarkt'' ernannt, bekleidete also eine höchst ehrbare öffentliche Funktion.
* Im „Almanach“ (Wandkalender) 1515: „Astronom und Leibarzt der Hohen Schule zu Erfurt“.
-->
From letters from a third party dated 1500 and 1507, we learn that he was a well-known instrument ("compass") maker and a [[geodesist]], and from a letter dated 1517, that "he had also practicised as a physician for at least four years" and that he "comes from Erfurt". In 1515, he declared himself to be an "astronomer and physician, from Erfurt University".
There is also a number of remarkable and valuable small churches built of sedimentary stone quarried 5 km to the north of the [[Elqui River]], having a characteristic color and texture formed by myriad small shells. These churches are all roughly 350 years old and have undergone restoration to varying degrees, bringing them back to their original form. San Francisco, San Agustín, Santo Domingo are the names of a few of them.
His death is noted in as the 15th entry in an official list of 20 people buried between December 20, 1531 and February 21, 1532. Therefore, he very probably died in January or early February 1532. There were no inheritors.
The Cathedral, built from the same stone, dates from the 19th century. It must be said that although it lacks the same historical value as the older churches, this is a stone building in a country prone to seismic activity, and has survived various earthquakes. Indeed, during centuries of existence, there is almost no visible damage. All of these churches, along with others of minor importance, provide a unique urban landscape, an image for the city, giving it the nickname "''The City of Churches''."
==The cartographer==
===The "Romweg" Map===
On occasion of the ''Holy Year [[1500]],'' when many pilgrims were expected to go to Rome, he designed his famous "Rom-Weg" map, a 41 x 29 cm [[wood engraving]] in [[stereographic projection]] of app. scale 1:5,6 mio., the earliest printed road map of central Europe. It is, as all of Etzlaub's maps, "South-up". Distances between cities can be computed by dotted lines, where a one-dot-step means one ''German Mile'' (7400m). If the prints were coloured (according to author's innovative requirements), they show political regions, too.
A few of the major sectors are: El Centro ("downtown"), Peñuelas (actually a suburb between La Serena and its sister city [[Coquimbo]]), San Joaquín (neighborhood on a hill overlooking the ocean), La Florida, Las Compañías ("the companies"), Cerro Grande ("big hill"), La Antena and the new El Milagro ("the miracle") development.
The area of the map is between latitudes 58° ([[Viborg, Denmark]]) and 41° ([[Naples]]). No longitudes are given, but [[Paris]] shows up at the Western margin, [[Budapest]] at the Eastern one. Data may have been drawn from c.1421 [[Klosterneuburg]] ''Fridericus'' map as well as from Etzlaub's own interviews with travelling merchants.
==External links==
===The "Roman Empire" road map===
*[http://www.userena.cl// University of La Serena]
This was a second and improved edition of principally the same map, [[1501]], 54,5 x 39,7 cm, printed in Nuremberg by ''Georg Glogkendon''. In 1533, Glogkendon's son Albrecht printed one more (unchanged) edition. The area covered by that later map was expanded to latitude 40° (south of Salerno), and about 74 more km towards West, and the map was more detailed in former marginal regions.
*[http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/85488.html/ weather forecast]
*[http://www.visit-chile.org/norte/h21.phtml Chilean tourist site for La Serena]
*[http://www.intimahinatravel.cl travel agency]
{{coor title dm|29|54|S|71|15|W|region:CL_type:city}}
[[Category:Cities in Chile]]
From all three editions, only 6 samples are known to have survived (e.g. the ones held by SUB (Göttingen), Germanisches Nationalmuseum (Nuremberg), Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), British Library (London)), but Etzlaub's data were widely used during the first half of the 16th century, among others by [[Martin Waldseemüller]] and [[Sebastian Munster]]. Often, even the "South-up" display was copied.
[[Category:Communes of Chile]]
[[Category:Capitals of Chilean regions]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1544]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Coquimbo Region]]
[[de:La Serena]]
===More maps===
[[es:La Serena (Chile)]]
Besides the innovative "Romweg" map and its later editions, only two still existing maps are definitely known to be designed by Etzlaub:
[[fr:La Serena]]
# A 1492 wood cut (39 x 27 cm, printed by ''Jorg [George] Glogkendon, Nuremberg''), showing 100 localities and their names within a radius of 120 km from Nuremberg.
[[it:La Serena]]
<!-- Älteste gedruckte _Spezialkarte_ und älteste politische Karte. Städte werden durch Kreissymbole anstelle damals üblicher stilisierter Stadtansichten dargestellt, wofür nur ein noch früheres Beispiel existiert (die ''Koblenzer Fragmente'').-->
[[nl:La Serena]]
# Another map of Nuremberg's territory, 1519, painted on parchment by Nuremberg painter ''Michel Graf'' (scale ca. 1:30.000, 94 x 84 cm).
[[no:La Serena]]
* An earlier similar map, from 1516, came to us only as a copy made in 1600.
[[pl:La Serena]]
* A 1507 plan of ''Hauseck'' real estates bought by the Nuremberg magistrate is lost.
[[pt:La Serena]]
* With some probability (being very similar to the 1519 map), a map from 1516, parchment, 60 x 69 cm is Etzlaub's design.
[[sl:La Serena]]
* The earliest map of [[Bohemia]], created by [[Mikuláš Klaudyán]] (Nikolaus Klaudian or Claudianus) and printed in Nuremberg in 1518, is likely to be somehow "connected" to Etzlaub: Klaudyán stayed at Nuremberg serveral times during the years before, and one of Etzlaub's Almanachs appeared in Czech language in 1517 although Etzlaub is very unlikely to have spoken it. The Klaudyán map is "South-up", shows an outline of Bohemia's borders similar to the "Romweg" map, and is coloured in a similar way.
[[fi:La Serena]]
[[sv:La Serena]]
==The instrument maker==
[[Image:Erhard Etzlaub 1513 sundial, photograph by J Drecker 1925, edited.jpg|thumb|Etzlaub's 1513 sundial, 84 x 116 mm.]]
''"Kompast"'' [sic!] was the term used for pocket-size [[sundials]] produced in Nuremberg since [[Regiomontanus]]' days, which were fitted with a compass, too, and were also used by seafarers. Only two of Etzlaub's pieces remain: one, from 1511, is kept by ''Germanisches Nationalmuseum'' (Nuremberg), another one, from 1513 and in ''Drecker's'' collection, purportedly "went to the USA".
In his time, Etzlaub's pieces were demanded: In a 1507 letter, ''Michel Beheim,'' brother of famous globe maker [[Martin Behaim]], tells his brother ''Wolfgang'' that such pieces (i.e. more than one) will be sent to him to Lisbon within a few weeks, as soon as Etzlaub would have finished them. [[Johannes Cochlaeus]] notes on Etzlaub's work in ''Brevis Germaniae Descriptio,'' 1512, that his sundials were even demanded in Rome.
Miniature maps (latitudes 67°–0°, "South-up", no longitudes given) are engraved <!-- or painted? -->on the outside of the instrument's lids, allowing its user to adjust the gnomone according to actual latitude. To cope with compass bearings between the cities given, varying latitudes were used, reducing scale for lower latitudes, which was innovative, but conceptually opposite to Mercator's later approach (''F.W. Krücken,'' 2004). In 1917, ''Joseph Drecker'' (1853-1931) had examinated the 1513 miniature map and declared it to be a [[Mercator projection]]. After carefully analyzing both Etzlaub's und Mercator's maps, ''Krücken'' finds out: ''"There is no reason to see Etzlaub as a precursor of Mercator's projection".''
Instructions on the use of his sundials were given by Etzlaub in ''Codex ad Compastum Norembergensem'' which was kept by ''Staatsbibliothek,'' Munich, Germany, but seems lost.
==Etzlaub's "almanachs"==
[[Image:Erhard Etzlaub's Coat of Arms c1518.png|thumb|90px|Etzlaub's coat of arms]]
Those were calenders to be hanged on the wall, giving festive days, new and full moon, some planet's positions and hints on healthcare like best tiems for blood-letting. They show up since 1515. It is likely that Etzlaub published them every year, although the preserved samples are not continuous. According to different regions where they would be sold, the same content was presented in a varying design. From 1520, four different versions exist, designed for "Hochstift Eichstädt", "City of [[Regensburg]]", "Pfalzbayern" and [[Austria]].
Since 1517, Etzlaub's coat of arms
<!--
all elements are RED on GOLD; see picture description page for detailed German descrition -->
shows up in many but not all of his almanacs. It seems, however, to be unknown to relevant German collections of heraldry.
== Literature ==
* Brigitte English, ''Erhard Etzlaub's Projection and Methods of Mapping'', in: ''Imago Mundi'', 48 (1996), pp.103-123.
== Weblinks ==
* {{PND|118955659}}
* [http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/cocoon/mvgn/Blatt_bsb00000973,00232.html Fritz Schnelbögl, „Leben und Werk des Nürnberger Kartographen Erhard Etzlaub“] in ''Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg Bd. 57. 1970'', S. 216-231, Facsimile, German.
* [http://www.wilhelmkruecken.de/Etzlaub/etzlaub.htm F.W. Krücken, Düsseldorf 2004, On Etzlaub's and Mercator's maps, German]
* [http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/q/2003/Karten/html/kapitel5_19.htm Facsimile of the 1500 "Romweg" map, not coloured, but high resolution]
* [http://www.geog.fu-berlin.de/2bik/Kap2/kap2_2-02.php3 Cut of the 1500 "Romweg" map, coloured]
* [http://www.igd-r.fraunhofer.de/Mvhist/karto16etzlaub.html Cut of the 1501 coloured edition]
* [http://www.onb.ac.at/sammlungen/karten/kartenzimelien/01.htm 1492, Surroundings of Nuremberg, zoomable map (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, Austria)]
[[Category:German cartographers|Etzlaub, Erhard]]
[[Category:1532 deaths|Etzlaub, Erhard]]
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME=Etzlaub, Erhard
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Etzlauber; Eczleiben; Eczlewen
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=German geodesist, catrographer, instrument maker, physician, astronomer
|DATE OF BIRTH=about [[1455]]-[[1465]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Erfurt]], [[Germany]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[1532]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]]
}}
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