Double-loop learning: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Learning model}}

'''Double-loop learning''' is the modification or rejection of a goal in the light of experience. Double-loop learning recognises that the way a problem is defined and solved can be a source of the problem.<ref name=c-argyris-learning>{{cite journal|last1=Argyris|first1=Chris|title=Teaching Smart People How to Learn|journal=Harvard Business Review|date=1991|volume=4|issue=2|pages=99-109|url=http://pds8.egloos.com/pds/200805/20/87/chris_argyris_learning.pdf|accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref>

The concept of double-loop learning was introduced by [[Chris Argyris]] in the 1970s'''. Double-loop learning''' entails the modification of [[goal]]s or [[decision-making]] rules in the light of experience. In double-loop learning, individuals or organizations not only correct errors based on existing rules or assumptions (which is known as single-loop learning), but also question and modify the underlying assumptions, goals, and norms that led to those actions. The first loop uses the goals or decision-making rules, the second loop enables their modification, hence "double-loop". Double-loop learning recognises that the way a problem is defined and solved can be a source of the problem.<ref name=c-argyris-learning>{{cite journal |last1=Argyris |first1=Chris |author-link=Chris Argyris |title=Teaching smart people how to learn |journal=[[Harvard Business Review]] |date=May 1991 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=99–109 |url=http://pds8.egloos.com/pds/200805/20/87/chris_argyris_learning.pdf |access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> This type of learning can be useful in [[organizational learning]] since it can drive creativity and [[innovation]], going beyond adapting to change to anticipating or being ahead of change.<ref name="Malone">{{Cite book|title=Learning about Learning|last=Malone|first=Samuel A.|publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development]]|year=2003|isbn=0852929897|oclc=52879237|___location=London|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ubxwtycv-xUC&pg=PA80 80]}}</ref>

== DetailConcept ==

Double-loop learning is contrasted with "single-loop learning": the repeated attempt at the same problemissue, with no variation of method and without ever questioning the goal. Chris Argyris described the distinction between single-loop and double-loop learning using the following analogy:

{{QuoteBlockquote|text=[A] thermostat that automatically turns on the heat whenever the temperature in a room drops below 6869°F is a good example of single-loop learning. A thermostat that could ask, "why am I set to 6869°F?" and then explore whether or not some other temperature might more economically achieve the goal of heating the room would be engaged in double-loop learning|author=[[Chris Argyris]] |source=''Teaching Smart People How To Learn''<ref name="c-argyris-learning"/>{{rp|99}}}}

Double -loop learning is used when it is necessary to change the mental model on which a decision depends. Unlike single loops, this model includes a shift in understanding, from simple and static to broader and more dynamic, such as taking into account the changes in the surroundings and the need for expression changes in mental models.<ref>{{cite book |authorlast1=Mildeova, |first1=S., |last2=Vojtko |first2=V. |title=Systémová dynamika |year=2003 |isbn=978-80-245-0626-25 |publisher=Oeconomica |___location=Prague |pages=19–24 |language=Czechcs}}</ref> It is required if the problem or mismatch that starts the organizational learning process cannot be addressed by small adjustments because it involves the organization's governing variables.<ref>{{Cite book|title=HRD and Learning Organisations in Europe|series=Routledge studies in human resource development|volume=3|editor1-last=Horst|editor1-first=Hilde ter|editor2-last=Mulder|editor2-first=Martin|editor3-last=Sambrook|editor3-first=Sally|editor4-last=Scheerens|editor4-first=Jaap|editor5-last=Stewart|editor5-first=Jim|editor6-last=Tjepkema|editor6-first=Saskia|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0415277884|oclc=49350862|___location=London; New York|page=8}}</ref> Organizational learning in such cases occurs when the diagnosis and intervention produce changes in the underlying policies, assumptions, and goals.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Managing Conflict in Organizations|last=Rahim|first=M. Afzalur|publisher=Quorum Books|year=2001|edition=3|isbn=1567202624|oclc=45791568|___location=Westport, CT|page=64}}</ref> According to Argyris, many organizations resist double-loop learning due to a number of variables such as resistance to change, fear of failure, and overemphasis on control.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Understanding College and University Organization: Theories for Effective Policy and Practice|last1=Bess|first1=James L.|last2=Dee|first2=Jay R.|date=2008|publisher=Stylus Publishing|volume=2|isbn=9781579227746|oclc=73926579|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tZMzH9ALvtsC&pg=PA676 676]|language=en}}</ref>

<gallery caption="Reference models I and II" widths="280px" heights="280px" align="center">

{|

! colspan=2 File:smycka2eng.png| Process ofSingle-loop learning

[[File:smycka3eng.png|center|thumb|upright=0.80|Double-loop learning]]

|-

</gallery>

| valign=top |

[[File:smycka2eng.png|center|thumb|upright=0.80|Single-loop learning]]

== Historical precursors ==

| valign=top |

''[[A Behavioral Theory of the Firm]]'' (1963) describes how organizations learn, using (what would now be described as) double-loop learning:

[[File:smycka3eng.png|center|thumb|upright=0.80|Double-loop learning]]

|}

{{Blockquote|text=An organization ... changes its behavior in response to short-run feedback from the environment according to some fairly well-defined rules. It changes rules in response to longer-run feedback according to more general rules, and so on.|author=[[Richard Cyert]] and [[James G. March]]| source=''A Behavioural Theory of the Firm''<ref>{{cite book |author1=Cyert R.M. |author2=March J.G. |title=A Behavioral Theory of the Firm |year=1963 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |___location=New Jersey |pages=101–102|title-link=A Behavioral Theory of the Firm }}</ref><ref>Quote taken from p. 9 of ''The Blackwell Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management'' (2003) which describes this quote as "an early version of the distinction between single and double-loop learning" and refers to the 1963 edition.</ref>}}

In a 2019 article, Geoffrey Sloan said that the double-loop learning framework can be used to understand how the [[Western Approaches Tactical Unit]] (WATU) of the Royal Navy during [[World War II|WW2]] solved a critical tactical problem by changing the organization's basic standards, policies, and goals.<ref name=Sloan2019/> WATU was able to develop and update anti-submarine tactical doctrine between 1942 and 1945 as new technology and assets became available, enabling the Royal Navy to "replicate a learning organization that successfully could challenge existing norms, objectives, and policies pertaining to trade defense even when applied to geographically diverse theaters of operation".<ref name=Sloan2019>{{cite journal |last=Sloan |first=Geoffrey |date=Autumn 2019 |title=The Royal Navy and organizational learning—the Western Approaches Tactical Unit and the Battle of the Atlantic |journal=[[Naval War College Review]] |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=9:1–25 |jstor=26775522 |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss4/9}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[Absorptive capacity]]

* {{section link|Coherence therapy|Hierarchical organization of constructs}}

* [[Higher-order thinking]]

* [[Learning cycle]]

* [[Learning organization]]

* [[Mental model]]

* [[Metacognition]]

* [[Neurathian bootstrap]]

* [[Reflective equilibrium]]

* [[Reflective practice]]

* [[Second-order cybernetics]]

{{Div col end}}

== References ==

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== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last=Bassot |first=Barbara |date=2015 |chapter=Bringing assumptions to the surface |title=The reflective practice guide: an interdisciplinary approach to critical reflection |___location=Abingdon; New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781138784307 |oclc=898925915 |pages=79–92 }}

* {{cite book | ref=harv

* {{cite journal |last1=Bochman |first1=David J. |last2=Kroth |first2=Michael |date=2010 |title=Immunity to transformational learning and change |journal=The Learning Organization |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=328–342 |doi=10.1108/09696471011043090 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ922552 |url-access=subscription }}

| last1=Argyris | first1=C.

* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=J. Scott |last2=Solovey |first2=Andrew D. |date=2007 |title=Second-order change in psychotherapy: the golden thread that unifies effective treatments |___location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]] |isbn=978-1591474364 |oclc=65195322 }}

| author-link=Chris Argyris

* {{cite book |last1=Brockbank |first1=Anne |last2=McGill |first2=Ian |date=2012 |orig-year=2006 |chapter=Single and double loop learning |title=Facilitating reflective learning: coaching, mentoring and supervision |edition=2nd |___location=London; Philadelphia |publisher=[[Kogan Page]] |isbn=9780749465070 |oclc=769289635 |pages=22–26 }}

| last2=Schon | first2=D.

* {{cite book |last=Argyris |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Argyris |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Ken G. |editor2-last=Hitt |editor2-first=Michael A. |date=2005 |chapter=Double-loop learning in organizations: a theory of action perspective |title=Great minds in management: the process of theory development |___location=Oxford; New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0199276813 |oclc=60418039 |pages=261–279 }}

| author2-link=Donald Schön

* {{cite journal |last1=Blackman |first1=Deborah |last2=Connelly |first2=James |last3=Henderson |first3=Steven |date=January 2004 |title=Does double loop learning create reliable knowledge? |journal=The Learning Organization |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11–27 |doi=10.1108/09696470410515706 |s2cid=144174842 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233720311 }}

| year=1978

* {{cite book |last1=Torbert |first1=William R. |last2=Cook-Greuter |first2=Susanne R. |last3=Fisher |first3=Dalmar |last4=Foldy |first4=Erica |last5=Gauthier |first5=Alain |last6=Keeley |first6=Jackie |last7=Rooke |first7=David |last8=Ross |first8=Sara Nora |last9=Royce |first9=Catherine |last10=Rudolph |first10=Jenny |date=2004 |title=Action inquiry: the secret of timely and transforming leadership |___location=San Francisco |publisher=Berrett-Koehler |isbn=978-1576752647 |oclc=53793296 }}

| title=Organizational Learning: A theory of action perspective

* {{cite web |last=Smith |first=Mark K. |date=2013 |orig-year=2001 |title=Chris Argyris: theories of action, double-loop learning and organizational learning |url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/argyris.htm |website=infed.org |access-date=2016-03-19 }}

| publisher= Addison-Wesley

* {{cite book |last=Nielsen |first=Richard P. |date=1996 |chapter=Double-loop, dialogue methods |title=The politics of ethics: methods for acting, learning, and sometimes fighting with others in addressing ethics problems in organizational life |___location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195096651 |oclc=34517566 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofethics00rich/page/75 75–105] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofethics00rich/page/75 }}

| ___location=Reading MA

* {{cite book |last=Argyris |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Argyris |date=1999 |orig-year=1993 |title=On organizational learning |edition=2nd |___location=Oxford; Malden, MA |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Business]] |isbn=978-0631213086 |oclc=40460132 }}

| isbn=0-201-00174-8

* {{cite journal |last=Isaacs |first=William N. |date=September 1993 |title=Taking flight: dialogue, collective thinking, and organizational learning |journal=Organizational Dynamics |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=24–39 |doi=10.1016/0090-2616(93)90051-2 |url=http://wayra.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Dialogue-Collective-Thinking-and-Org-Learning_WilliamIsaacs_MIT_1993.pdf }}

| url=http://www.amazon.com/Organizational-Learning-Addison-Wesley-Organization-Development/dp/0201001748

* {{cite book |last=Argyris |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Argyris |date=1980 |title=Inner contradictions of rigorous research |series=Organizational and occupational psychology |___location=New York |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0120601509 |oclc=6421943 }}

}}

* {{cite book |last1=Argyris |first1=Chris |author-link1=Chris Argyris |last2=Schön |first2=Donald A. |author-link2=Donald Schön |year=1978 |title=Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective |___location=Reading, MA |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |isbn=978-0201001747 |oclc=394956102 |url=https://archive.org/details/organizationalle00chri }}

* {{cite journal |last=Argyris |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Argyris |date=September 1976 |title=Single-loop and double-loop models in research on decision making |journal=[[Administrative Science Quarterly]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=363–375 |doi=10.2307/2391848 |jstor=2391848 |citeseerx=10.1.1.463.4908 |s2cid=50988461 }}

== External links ==

*[http://pds8.egloos.com/pds/200805/20/87/chris_argyris_learning.pdf "Teaching Smart People How to Learn," by Chris Argyris, [[Harvard Business Review]], May–June, 1991, pp.&nbsp;99–109]

*[http://www.infed.org/thinkers/argyris.htm "Chris Argyris: theories of action, double-loop learning and organizational learning," by Mark K. Smith 2001, infed]

[[Category:Education]]

[[Category:Learning methods]]

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