Content deleted Content added
Undid revision 1273411094 by 172.92.143.14 (talk) |
Administration -> administration |
||
| (23 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|American conscription system}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Selective Service System
Line 8 ⟶ 11:
| formed = {{start date|df=yes|1917|5|18}}
| jurisdiction =
| employees = (2017): 124 full-time civilians, 56 part-time civilian directors, 175 part-time reserve force officers (in peacetime), up to 11,000 part-time volunteers<ref name="quick">{{cite web|url=https://www.sss.gov/About/Quick-Facts-and-Figures |title=Quick Facts and Figures |publisher=
| budget = $31.3 million (FY 2024)
| chief1_name = Craig T. Brown
Line 32 ⟶ 35:
}}
The '''Selective Service System''' ('''SSS''') is an [[Independent agencies of the United States government|independent agency of the United States government]] that maintains a database of registered male U.S. [[Citizenship of the United States|citizens]] and other U.S. residents potentially subject to [[Conscription in the United States|military conscription]] (i.e., the draft).
Although the U.S. military is currently an all-volunteer force, registration is still required for contingency planning and preparation for two types of draft: a general draft based on registration lists of males aged
All male
Registration with Selective Service may be required for various federal programs and benefits, including job training, federal employment, and [[naturalization]].<ref>{{Cite
The Selective Service System provides the names of all registrants to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research
Regulations are codified at [[Title 32 of the United States Code|Title 32]] of the [[Code of Federal Regulations]], Chapter XVI.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2016-title32-vol6/xml/CFR-2016-title32-vol6-subtitleB-chapXVI.xml |title = Title 32, Subtitle B, Chapter XVI, Code of Federal Regulations |publisher = Office of the Federal Register (OFR) and the Government Publishing Office |date = 1 July 2016 |access-date = 27 April 2017 }}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Seal of the Selective Service System (2006).svg|thumb|The former seal of the Selective Service System]]
=== 1917 to 1920 ===
[[File:King, Stoddard WW1 draft card.jpg|thumb|World War I draft card. Lower left corner to be removed by men of African ancestry in order to keep the [[Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces|military segregated]]]]
Following the U.S. [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|declaration of war]] against Germany on 6 April, the [[Selective Service Act of 1917]] (40 Stat. 76) was passed by the [[65th United States Congress]] on 18 May 1917, creating the Selective Service System.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/163.html |title = Records of the Selective Service System (World War I) |publisher = Archives.gov |access-date = 8 April 2011 }}</ref> President [[Woodrow Wilson]] signed the act into law after the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] failed to meet its target of expanding to 1 million men after six weeks.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.upi.com/How-the-draft-has-evolved-in-the-100-years-since-Selective-Service-Act/4031494780649/ |title = How the draft has evolved in the 100 years since Selective Service Act |publisher = United Press International |access-date = 21 May 2018 }}</ref> The act gave the president the power to conscript men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to enlist for military service for a service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications. Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Geva |first = Dorit |title = Different and Unequal? Breadwinning, Dependency Deferments, and the Gendered Origins of the U.S. Selective Service System |journal = Armed Forces & Society |date = October 2011 |volume = 37 |issue = 4 |pages = 598–618 |doi = 10.1177/0095327X09358654 |s2cid = 145781367 }}</ref> The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920.
=== 1940 to 1947 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right;"
|-
Line 64 ⟶ 70:
| [[Vietnam War]] || August 1964 – February 1973 || align=right | 1,857,304
|}
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em"
|-
Line 177 ⟶ 184:
| 646
|}
The [[Selective Training and Service Act of 1940]] was passed by [[76th United States Congress|Congress]] on 16 September 1940, establishing the first peacetime [[conscription]] in United States history.<ref name="draft">{{cite magazine |last = Holbrook |first = Heber A. |url = http://www.pacshiprev.com/PacificArchivesSubDirectory/page31.html |title = The Crisis Years: 1940 and 1941 |access-date = 2 September 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050313020005/http://www.pacshiprev.com/PacificArchivesSubDirectory/page31.html |archive-date = 13 March 2005 |magazine = The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review |date = 4 July 2001 |page = 2}}</ref> It required all men between the ages of 18 and 64 to register with the Selective Service. To register, men typically completed a D.S.S. Form 1 Military Draft Registration Card from the Director of Selective Service. Over 49 million draft cards were completed, including [[The Old Man's Draft]].▼
▲The [[Selective Training and Service Act of 1940]] was passed by [[76th United States Congress|Congress]] on 16 September 1940, establishing the first peacetime [[conscription]] in United States history.<ref name="draft">{{cite magazine |last = Holbrook |first = Heber A. |url = http://www.pacshiprev.com/PacificArchivesSubDirectory/page31.html |title = The Crisis Years: 1940 and 1941 |access-date = 2 September 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050313020005/http://www.pacshiprev.com/PacificArchivesSubDirectory/page31.html |archive-date = 13 March 2005 |magazine = The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review |date = 4 July 2001 |page = 2}}</ref> It required all men between the ages of 18 and 64 to register with the Selective Service. To register, men typically completed a D.S.S. Form 1 Military Draft Registration Card from the Director of Selective Service. Over 49 million draft cards
It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941, the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. In 1940, the act had registered 16 million men between the ages of 21-36.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=632}} Following the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on 7 December 1941, and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the [[Empire of Japan]] and a few days later against [[Nazi Germany]], the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war, plus a six-month service in the Organized Reserves. Until late 1942, both the U.S. Navy and the Marine Corps relied only on volunteers and all those drafted prior to late 1942 went only to the Army or the Army Air Corps.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=635}} Of those called up for service during the war, nearly 2 million Americans were rejected by the draft boards for "neuropsychiatic reasons".{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=710}} The most common "neuropsychiatic reason" was homosexuality, which was a considered to be a very serious mental illness in the 1940s and as such the military refused to accept homosexuals.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=710}} Another four million American men called for national service were rejected for either medical or educational reasons, such as being near-sighted, having rotten teeth or being illiterate.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=710}} As too many men were being rejected for health or educational reasons, the U.S. Army was forced to take remedial work.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=710}} During the course of the war, 25,000 Army dentists pulled 15 million rotten teeth and placed 2.5 million sets of dentures while Army optometrists fitted 2.25 million men with eyeglasses.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=710}} Nearly a million men took educational courses to teach them how to read and write.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=710}} In November 1942, Congress passed the Tydings Amendment which exempted all agricultural workers from the draft, thereby exempting 2 million American men from serving in the war.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=634}}▼
▲It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941, the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year, the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. In 1940, the act had registered 16 million men between the ages of 21
The
The issue of conscientious objectors was controversial during the war.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=633}} In World War I, only the so-called "peace churches", namely the Mennonites, the Quakers, and the Brethren, had been allowed to reject national service on grounds of conscience.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=633}} The 1940 Selective Service Act allowed the same exemption to the "peace churches", but also allowed anyone "who, because of religious training or belief, is conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form".{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=633}} In practice, draft boards would exempt anyone who proved they were opposed to war on the grounds of some religious belief, which allowed more to claim conscientious objector status than had been the case in World War I.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=633}} About 75,000 individuals claimed conscientious objector status; about half of these claims were accepted by the draft boards.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=633}} Married men were exempt from the draft, and in late 1940, about 40% of those called up for the draft could evade it by promptly getting married.{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=634}} In February 1942, General Hershey, who was in charge of the draft, complained "that most of the recent marriages...might have been to evade the draft".{{sfn|Kennedy|1999|p=634-635}}
In his 1945 [[1945 State of the Union Address|State of the Union address]], President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] requested that the draft be expanded to include female nurses (male nurses were not allowed), to overcome a shortage that was endangering military medical care. This began a debate over the drafting of all women, which was defeated in the House of Representatives. A bill to draft nurses was passed by the House, but died without a vote in the Senate. The publicity caused more nurses to volunteer and agencies streamlined recruiting.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.historynet.com/drafting-women.htm |title = Drafting Women? |date = 6 August 2016 |author = Joseph Connor |publisher = World War II Magazine}}</ref>▼
▲In his 1945 [[1945 State of the Union Address|State of the Union address]], President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] requested that the draft be expanded to include female nurses (male nurses were not allowed), to overcome a shortage that was endangering military medical care. This began a debate over the drafting of all women, which was defeated in the House of Representatives.
The Selective Service System created by the 1940 act was terminated by the act of 31 March 1947.<ref>{{USStatute|80|26|61|31|1947|03|31}}</ref><ref name=US_v_Groupp/>▼
▲The Selective Service System created by the 1940 act was terminated by the act of 31 March 1947.<ref>{{USStatute|80|26|61|31|1947|03|31}}</ref><ref name="US_v_Groupp" />
===1948 to 1969===▼
▲=== 1948 to 1969 ===
{{see also|Berry Plan}}
The [[Military Selective Service Act|Selective Service Act of 1948]], enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, the basis for the modern system.<ref name="US_v_Groupp">{{cite court |litigants = United States v. Groupp |vol = 459 |reporter = F.2d |opinion = 178 |pinpoint = at para 4 |court = [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]] |date = 26 April 1972 |url = http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/459/459.F2d.178.71-1351.html |quote = }}</ref> All men 18 years and older had to register with the Selective Service. All men between the ages of 18 and 25 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months. This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves, with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total. Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948. In 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953).{{cn|date=September 2022}}
The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the [[Military Selective Service Act|Universal Military Training and Service Act]] of 1951. This lowered the draft age from 19 to {{frac|18|1|2}}, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, which was extended as long as they were students. A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, however, such legislation was never passed.
President [[John F. Kennedy]] set up {{Executive Order|11119}} (signed on 10 September 1963), granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26. His vice president and later successor as president, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by {{Executive Order|11241}} (signed on 26 August 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date). However, married men with children or other dependents and men married before the executive order went into effect were still exempt. President [[Ronald Reagan]] revoked both of
The [[Military Selective Service Act|Military Selective Service Act of 1967]] expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 55. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first.
=== 1969 to 1975 ===
On 26 November 1969, President [[Richard Nixon]] signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 that established conscription based on random selection (lottery).<ref>{{cite web |title = An Act to Amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ... |url = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-83/pdf/STATUTE-83-Pg220.pdf |author = 91st U.S. Congress |publisher = [[United States Government Printing Office]] }} ({{USStatute|91|124|83|220|1969|11|26}})</ref> The [[draft lottery (1969)|first draft lottery]] was held on 1 December 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, for registrants born between 1 January 1944
In 1971, the [[Military Selective Service Act]] was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthdays. Registrants were classified ''1-A'' (eligible for military service), ''1-AO'' ([[conscientious objector]] available for non-combatant military service), and ''1-O'' (conscientious objector available for alternate community service). Student deferments were ended, except for [[Seminary|divinity students]], who received a ''2-D'' Selective Service classification. Men who were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified ''1-N''. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified ''4-F''. Upon completion of military service the classification of ''4-A'' was assigned. Draft classifications of ''1-A'' were changed to ''1-H'' (registrant not currently subject to processing for induction) for men not selected for service after the calendar year they were eligible for the draft. (These – and other – draft classifications were in place long before 1971.) Also, draft board membership requirements were reformed: minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18, members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire, and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community.
Line 206 ⟶ 216:
On 27 January 1973, [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Melvin Laird]] announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1 = Janowitz |first1 = Morris |first2 = Charles C. Jr. |last2 = Moskos |name-list-style = amp |title = Five Years of the All-Volunteer Force: 1973–1978 |magazine = Armed Forces & Society |date = January 1979 |volume = 5 |pages = 171–218 |url = http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/2/171 }}</ref> The seventh and final lottery drawing was held on 12 March 1975, pertaining to men born in 1956, who would have been called to report for induction in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Vietnam Lotteries |url = https://www.sss.gov/About/History-And-Records/lotter1 |publisher = Selective Service System }}</ref> But no new draft orders were issued after 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title = Results from Lottery Drawing – Vietnam Era – 1973 |url = http://www.sss.gov/lotter4.htm |access-date = 21 July 2015 |publisher = Selective Service System |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150227012524/http://www.sss.gov/LOTTER4.HTM |archive-date = 27 February 2015 }}</ref>
=== 1975 to 1980 ===
On 29 March 1975, President [[Gerald Ford]], whose own son, [[Steven Ford|Steven]], had earlier failed to register for the draft as required,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/steve-ford/ |title = Steve Ford |publisher = Gerald R. Ford Foundation |date = 29 May 2013 }}</ref> signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23818 |title = Gerald R. Ford: Proclamation 4360 - Selective Service Registration }}</ref>
=== 1980 to present ===
On 2 July 1980, President [[Jimmy Carter]], signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act) in response to the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in the previous year of 1979,<ref>{{cite web |title = Background of Selective Service |url = http://www.sss.gov/backgr.htm |website = Selective Service System |publisher = United States Government |access-date = 23 August 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090507211214/http://www.sss.gov/backgr.htm |archive-date = 7 May 2009 |date = 30 April 2002 }}</ref> retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18- to 26-year-old male citizens born on or after 1 January 1960.<ref name="Archives.gov">{{cite web |url = https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/proclamations/04771.html |title = Proclamation 4771 – Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act |publisher = Archives.gov |access-date = 8 April 2011 }}</ref> As a result, only men born between 29 March 1957, and 31 December 1959, were completely exempt from Selective Service registration.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/title50a/50a_9_1_.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030114143335/http://www.access.gpo.gov/uscode/title50a/50a_9_1_.html |archive-date = 14 January 2003 |title = Military Selective Service Act }}</ref>
The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various [[United States Postal Service|post offices]] across the nation on 21 July 1980, for men born in calendar year 1960. Pursuant to the presidential proclamation, all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week. Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week. Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning 5 January 1981. Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days before or after their 18th birthday.<ref name="Archives.gov" />
A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the [[United States House of Representatives]] on 10 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title = H.R.4523 – To repeal the Military Selective Service Act, and thereby terminate the registration requirements of such Act and eliminate civilian local boards, civilian appeal boards, and similar local agencies of the Selective Service System. |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4523 |website = Congress.gov |publisher = Library of Congress |access-date = 12 February 2016 }}</ref> H.R. 4523 would end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the president to order anyone to register for the draft, abolish the Selective Service System, and effectively repeal the "Solomon Amendments" making registration for the draft a condition of federal student aid, jobs, and job training. The bill would leave in place, however, laws in some states making registration for the draft a condition of some state benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title = H.R.4523 – To repeal the Military Selective Service Act |url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c114:H.R.4523: |website = Thomas |publisher = Library of Congress |access-date = 12 February 2016 |archive-date = 3 July 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160703201330/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c114:H.R.4523: |url-status = dead }}</ref> On 9 June 2016, a similar bill was introduced in the [[United States Senate]], called the "Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/3041 |title = S.3041 – Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act |website = US Congress |date = 9 June 2016 }}</ref>
Line 226 ⟶ 238:
In January 2020, the Selective Service System website crashed following the [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|U.S. airstrike on Baghdad International Airport]]. An [[Internet meme]] about the event being the beginning of [[World War III]] began [[Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani|gaining in popularity]] very quickly, causing an influx of visitors to the Selective Service System website, which was not prepared to handle it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/03/politics/military-draft-selective-service-site-crash-trnd/index.html|title=Selective Service System website crashes amid questions and fears of another US military draft|first=Amir |last=Vera|website=CNN|date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/01/the-selective-services-website-crashed-and-not-because-people-are-rushing-to-enlist/|title=The Selective Service's website crashed and not because people are rushing to enlist|last=Weinberg|first=Abigail|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
== Who must register ==
[[File:Selective service information.jpg|thumb|right|Selective service information available in a local post office in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]]]]
Under current law, all male U.S. citizens between 18 and 25 (inclusive) years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthdays. In addition, certain categories of non-U.S. citizen men between 18 and 25 living in the United States must register, particularly [[Green card|permanent residents]], [[refugee]]s, [[asylum seeker]]s, and [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigrants]].<ref name="must"/> Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as [[international student]]s, [[B visa|visitors]], and diplomats, are not required to register, so long as they remain in that status.<ref name="must"/> If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States and under the age of 26, he will be required to register.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.academia.edu/19773109 |title = Male Immigrants and Selective Service |last = Segal |first = Alexander }}</ref> Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for U.S. citizenship. Currently, citizens who are at least 17 years and 3 months old can pre-register so when they are eligible for registration, their information will automatically be added into the system.▼
▲Under current{{When|date=June 2025}} law, all
In the current registration system, a person cannot indicate that they are a conscientious objector (CO) to war when registering, but they can make such a claim when being drafted. Some people choose to write on the registration card "I am a conscientious objector to war" to document their conviction, even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft.<ref>Brethren Witness, Peace and Justice, {{cite web |url = http://www.brethren.org/genbd/witness/ConscientiousObjection/COinfo.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040815023253/http://www.brethren.org/genbd/witness/ConscientiousObjection/COinfo.htm |archive-date = 15 August 2004 |title = Conscientious Objection |publisher = brethren.org }}</ref> A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.centeronconscience.org/home.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610131539/http://www.centeronconscience.org/home.shtml |archive-date=10 June 2009 | title=(Home) | publisher=Center on Conscience & War | access-date=18 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jewishpeacefellowship.org/index.php?p=the_draft |title = Jewish Peace Fellowship |publisher = Jewish Peace Fellowship |access-date = 8 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ohioyearlymeeting.org/conscientious_objectors.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111205000453/http://www.ohioyearlymeeting.org/conscientious_objectors.htm |archive-date = 5 December 2011 |title = Oym Generic Page |publisher = Ohioyearlymeeting.org |access-date = 8 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.objector.org/coclaim.html |title = objector.org }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peaceabbey.org/confcenter/coregistry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919181648/http://www.peaceabbey.org/confcenter/coregistry.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Registry for Conscientious Objection|archivedate=19 September 2008}}</ref>▼
▲In the current{{When|date=June 2025}} registration system, a person cannot indicate that they are a conscientious objector (CO) to war when registering, but they can make such a claim when being drafted. Some people choose to write on the registration card "I am a conscientious objector to war" to document their conviction, even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft.<ref>Brethren Witness, Peace and Justice, {{cite web |url = http://www.brethren.org/genbd/witness/ConscientiousObjection/COinfo.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040815023253/http://www.brethren.org/genbd/witness/ConscientiousObjection/COinfo.htm |archive-date = 15 August 2004 |title = Conscientious Objection |publisher = brethren.org }}</ref> A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.centeronconscience.org/home.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610131539/http://www.centeronconscience.org/home.shtml |archive-date=10 June 2009 | title=(Home) | publisher=Center on Conscience & War | access-date=18 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jewishpeacefellowship.org/index.php?p=the_draft |title = Jewish Peace Fellowship |publisher = Jewish Peace Fellowship |access-date = 8 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ohioyearlymeeting.org/conscientious_objectors.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111205000453/http://www.ohioyearlymeeting.org/conscientious_objectors.htm |archive-date = 5 December 2011 |title = Oym Generic Page |publisher = Ohioyearlymeeting.org |access-date = 8 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.objector.org/coclaim.html |title = objector.org }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peaceabbey.org/confcenter/coregistry.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919181648/http://www.peaceabbey.org/confcenter/coregistry.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Registry for Conscientious Objection|archivedate=19 September 2008}}</ref>
In 1987, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting "persons qualified for practice or employment in a [[Health care provider|health care occupation]]" in case such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress. In response, the Selective Service published plans for the "Health Care Personnel Delivery System" (HCPDS) in 1989, and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in fiscal year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in fiscal year 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.medicaldraft.info |title = MedicalDraft.info }}</ref> The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20–54 in 57 job categories.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.resisters.info/HCPDS-15AUG1989.pdf |title = Health Care Personnel Delivery System regulations }}</ref>
Until their 26th birthdays, registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding their status, such as name, current [[Address|mailing address]], permanent residence address, and "all information concerning his status... which the classifying authority mails him a request therefor".<ref name="ack">{{cite web |title=Change of Information |url=https://www.sss.gov/Home/Address-Change |access-date=13 October 2015 |publisher=Selective Service System}}</ref><ref>{{USCFR|32|1621|1}}</ref>
=== Gender ===
Selective Service bases the registration requirement on [[sex assigned at birth]], and forces binary interpretation of this, including upon [[intersex]] individuals. This is in line with a [[Executive Order 14168|presidential executive order]] denying any legal recognition of [[transgender]] individuals' [[gender identity|gender identities]], [[Gender transition|social transition]] status, and [[transgender health care|medical transition]] status, as well the legal existence of [[intersex]] individuals, which was issued by the second Trump Administration on January 20th, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/defending-women-from-gender-ideology-extremism-and-restoring-biological-truth-to-the-federal-government/|title=Defending Women From Gender Ideology Extremism And Restoring Biological Truth To The Federal Government - Executive Order - January 20, 2025|access-date=1 February 2025|publisher=whitehouse.gov}}</ref>▼
▲Selective Service bases the registration requirement on [[sex assigned at birth]], and forces binary interpretation of this, including upon [[intersex]] individuals. This is in line with a [[Executive Order 14168|presidential executive order]] denying any legal recognition of [[transgender]] individuals' [[gender identity|gender identities]], [[Gender transition|social transition]] status, and [[transgender health care|medical transition]] status, as well the legal existence of [[intersex]] individuals, which was issued by the second Trump
Prior to the second Trump Administration taking office and purging all references to transgender and gender non-conforming people on government websites, according to the SSS, individuals who were born male were required to register regardless of their current gender identity or gender reassignment. This included [[Trans woman|transgender women]]. People who were born female who have transitioned, or are in the process of transitioning ([[Trans man|transgender men]]), were not required to register. Individuals who identified as [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]] were required to register if they were born male.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who Needs to Register |url=https://www.sss.gov/faq/#who-needs-to-register |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=sss.gov}}</ref> U.S. citizens register for the SSS using their [[Social Security number|Social Security Number]] and the sex designation associated with that number. It was possible to change the sex associated with a Social Security Number (SSN), and the [[Social Security Administration]] (SSA) did not require medical or legal evidence of a sex designation to do so. However, despite some states now allowing an "X" designation on official identification, like birth certificates, the current SSN system is only designed for male or female designations. The SSA was previously looking into more diverse designation options for the future, but this was put on hold by the Second Trump Administration, given a memo sent out to bar changes to gender markers on SSA records on January 31, 2025 and enforce a binary interpretation of sex, as noted in the aforementioned [[Executive Order 14168|presidential executive order]].<ref>[https://www.ssa.gov/people/lgbtq/gender-identity.html#:~:text=To%20change%20the%20sex%20identification,sometimes%20citizenship%20or%20immigration%20status. Gender Identity | SSA]</ref>▼
▲Prior to the second Trump
In February 2019, the male-only military draft registry was ruled to be unconstitutional by a federal district judge in ''[[National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/431334-judge-rules-all-male-military-draft-unconstitutional/|title=Judge rules all-male military draft unconstitutional|first=Michael|last=Burke|date=24 February 2019}}</ref> Following the ruling, Selective Service System attorney Jacob Daniels told reporters: "Things continue here at Selective Service as they have in the past, which is men between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register with Selective Service. And at this time, until we receive guidance from either the court or from Congress, women are not required to register for Selective Service."<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2019/03/01/699514360/despite-ruling-only-men-are-being-required-to-register-for-military-drafts Despite Ruling, Only Men Are Being Required To Register For Military Drafts : NPR<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> On 13 August 2020, the federal district judge's opinion was unanimously overturned by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit. The Court held that male-only military draft registration is constitutional on the basis that "only the Supreme Court may revise its precedent."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/federal-appeals-court-male-draft-constitutional-72350218|title = Federal appeals court: Male-only draft is constitutional|website = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>
Line 245 ⟶ 260:
A congressionally mandated commission recommended in March 2020 that women should be eligible for the draft.<ref>[https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/24/women-draft-eligibility-146254 Women should be eligible for the draft, commission recommends] By LARA SELIGMAN, Politico, 24 March 2020</ref> In September 2021, the House of Representatives passed the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022]], which included an amendment that stated that "all Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 must register for selective service." This struck off the word "Male" which extended a potential draft to women; however, the amendment was removed before the National Defense Authorization Act was passed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=House passes defense bill with commission to investigate Afghanistan failures, mandate that women register for draft|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/house-defense-authorization-bill/2021/09/23/ef9c05d2-1bc9-11ec-a99a-5fea2b2da34b_story.html|access-date=28 October 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Turner|first=Trish|date=24 July 2021|title=New legislation would require women, like men, to sign up for potential military draft|url=https://abc7chicago.com/10907316/|access-date=28 October 2021|website=ABC7 Chicago|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Behrmann|first=Savannah|date=8 December 2021|title=Lawmakers kill measure that would have required women to register for the Selective Service|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/12/08/lawmakers-kill-provision-requiring-women-register-draft/6433960001/|access-date=22 January 2022|website=USA Today|language=en}}</ref>
== Failure to register ==
In 1980, men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison, fines of up to $50,000 or both if convicted. The potential fine was later increased to $250,000. Despite these possible penalties, government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only twenty indictments, of which nineteen were instigated in part by self-publicized and self-reported non-registration.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.resisters.info/prosecutions.html |title = Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters }}</ref>
Line 252 ⟶ 268:
The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986. In interviews published in ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1 = Nelson |first1 = Steven |title = Gender-Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons: It's unlikely any would face prison, but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution. |url = https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-05-03/gender-neutral-draft-registration-would-create-millions-of-female-felons |access-date = 15 May 2016 |magazine = U.S. News & World Report |date = 3 May 2016 }}</ref> No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess, carry, or show a draft card, and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card.
As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration, [[Solomon Amendment]] laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid, federal grants and loans, certain government benefits, eligibility for most federal employment, and (if the person is an immigrant) eligibility for citizenship, a young man had to be registered (or had to have been registered, if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26) with the Selective Service. Those who were required to register, but failed to do so before they turned 26, are no longer allowed to register, and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits, unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful.<ref name="cannot">[http://www.sss.gov/FSbenefits.htm Benefits and Programs Linked to Registration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727071105/http://www.sss.gov/FSbenefits.htm|date=27 July 2008}}, from the Selective Service System website</ref> There is a procedure to provide an "information letter" to the Selective Service for those in these situations, for example recent citizens who entered the U.S. after their 26th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sss.gov/Status.html |title = SSS Information Letter procedure |publisher = Sss.gov |access-date = 8 April 2011 |archive-date = 1 June 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150601050401/https://www.sss.gov/Status.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> The federal law requiring Selective Service registration as a condition of federal financial aid for higher education was overridden in December 2020, and the questions about Selective Service registration status on the FAFSA form were eliminated on 1 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hasbrouck |first1=Edward |title=Good News and Bad News for the Military Draft in 2021 |url=https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2020/12/29/good-news-and-bad-news-for-the-military-draft-in-2021/ |website=Antiwar.com |access-date=1 January 2021 |date=29 December 2020}}</ref>
Most states, as well as the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], [[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], have passed laws requiring registration for men 18–25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per-jurisdiction basis but typically include driver's licenses, state-funded higher education benefits, and state government jobs.<ref name="states">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sss.gov/Registration/State-Commonwealth-Legislation|title=State / Commonwealth and Territory Legislation}}</ref> Alaska also requires registration to receive an [[Alaska Permanent Fund]] dividend.<ref name="states" /> Eleven states (California, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, and Wyoming) have no such requirements, though Indiana and Washington do give men 18–25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a driver's license or an identification card.<ref name="states" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=WA State Licensing (DOL) Official Site: Driver guide |url=https://www.dol.wa.gov/driverslicense/guide.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=www.dol.wa.gov |language=en}}</ref> The [[Department of motor vehicles|Department of Motor Vehicles]] of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18–25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses, learner permits, or non-driver identification cards.<ref name="states" /><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dmv.ny.gov/forms.htm#mv44 |title = Applications for Driver License or Non-Driver ID Card |publisher = New York State Department of Motor Vehicles }}</ref>
There are some third-party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits, including the ''Fund for Education and Training '' (FEAT) and ''Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.centeronconscience.org/event-schedule/fund-for-education-and-training.html |title = Fund for Education and Training |publisher = CenteronConscience.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://peace.mennolink.org/safnr.html |title = Student Aid Fund for Nonregistrants |publisher = mennolink.org |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060405005624/http://peace.mennolink.org/safnr.html |archive-date = 5 April 2006 }}</ref>
== Alien or dual-national registrant status ==
Some registrants are not U.S. citizens, or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country; they fall instead into one of the following categories:
* '''Alien or Dual National (class 4-C):''' An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the United States. A dual national is a person who is a citizen of the United States and another country. They are defined in four classes.
** Registrants who have lived in the United States for less than a year are exempt from military training and service,
** A registrant who left the United States before his Order to Report for Induction was issued and whose order has not been canceled. He may be classified in Class 4-C only for the period he resides outside of the United States. Upon his return to the United States, he must report the date of return and his current address to the Selective Service Area Office.
** A registrant who registered at a time required by Selective Service law and thereafter acquired status within one of its groups of persons exempt from registration. He will be eligible for this class only during the period of his exempt status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his exempt status.
Line 268 ⟶ 286:
* '''Treaty alien:''' Due to a treaty or international arrangement with the alien's country of origin, the registrant can choose to be ineligible for military training and service in the armed forces of the United States. However, once this exemption is taken, he can never apply for U.S. citizenship and may become inadmissible to reenter the U.S. after leaving<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sss.gov/FSaliens.htm |title = Selective Service System: Aliens and Dual Nationals |publisher = Sss.gov |access-date = 8 April 2011 |archive-date = 7 June 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150607011659/http://www.sss.gov/FSaliens.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> unless he already served in the Armed Forces of a foreign country of which the alien was a national.<ref>{{USC|8|1426}}</ref> Nevertheless, an alien who establishes clear and convincing evidence of certain factors{{which|date=March 2019}} may still override this kind of bar to naturalization.
== Legal issues ==
The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I, Section 8 of the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] which says Congress "shall have Power To... provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union;" The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions.
Line 280 ⟶ 299:
Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: ''Rostker v. Goldberg'', 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; ''Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG)'', 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the constitutionality of the "Solomon Amendment", which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; ''Wayte v. United States'', 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the "most vocal" non-registrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution; and ''[[Elgin v. Department of Treasury]]'', 567 U.S. 1 (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of federal employment for non-registrants.<ref>{{cite web |title = Draft Registration, Draft Resistance, the Military Draft, and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft |url = http://www.resisters.info/#supremecourt |website = Resisters.info |access-date = 12 February 2016 }}</ref>
The case ''[[National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System]]'' resulted in the male-only draft registration being declared unconstitutional by a district court. That decision was reversed by the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals.<ref name="hasbrouck.org" /> A petition for review was then filed with the U.S. Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hasbrouck |first1=Edward |title=Supreme Court asked to review Constitutionality of current male-only draft registration requirement |url=https://hasbrouck.org/blog/archives/002587.html |website = Resisters.info |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> The U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the decision by the Court of Appeals.<ref name="AL2021">{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=2021-06-07 |title=Supreme Court Won't Hear Case on Limiting Military Draft to Men |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/us/supreme-court-draft.html |access-date=2021-06-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
== Structure and operation ==▼
▲==Structure and operation==
The Selective Service System is an independent federal agency within the [[Executive (government)|Executive Branch]] of the [[federal government of the United States]]. The director of the Selective Service System reports directly to the [[president of the United States]].<ref name="chatfieldbio">{{cite web |url = http://www.sss.gov/ChatfieldBIO.htm |access-date = 12 April 2007 |title = Selective Service System: Director's Biography |archive-date = 12 March 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312012424/http://www.sss.gov/ChatfieldBIO.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Starting on the day of the inauguration of President [[Joe Biden]], the Selective Service System was under an acting director following the departure of the previous director, [[Don Benton]], and pending the nomination and confirmation of a new permanent director.<ref>{{cite web |title=Past Directors of the Selective Service Systeme |url=https://www.sss.gov/About/Past-Directors-of-the-Selective-Service/ |publisher=Selective Service System |access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Selective Service - About the Agency - Leadership |url=https://www.sss.gov/about/ |publisher=Selective Service System |access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref>
Line 289 ⟶ 309:
The agency's budget for the 2015–2016 fiscal year was about $23 million. In early 2016, the agency said that if women were required to register, its budget would need to be increased by about $9 million in the first year, and slightly less in subsequent years.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/08/us/politics/draft-registration-for-women-would-stir-a-sleepy-government-agency.html |title = Draft Registration for Women Would Stir a Sleepy Government Agency |last = Schmidt |first = Michael S. |date = 7 March 2016 |newspaper = The New York Times |issn = 0362-4331 |access-date = 6 March 2016 }}</ref> This does not include any budget or expenses for enforcing or attempting to enforce the Military Selective Service Act. Costs of investigating, prosecuting, and imprisoning violators would be included in the budget of the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}.
== Mobilization (draft) procedures ==
The description below is for a general draft under the current Selective Service regulations. Any or all of these procedures could be changed by Congress as part of the same legislation that would authorize inductions, or through separate legislation, so there is no guarantee that this is how any draft would actually work. Different procedures would be followed for a special-skills draft, such as activation of the Health Care Personnel Delivery System (HCPDS).
Line 299 ⟶ 320:
# First draftees are inducted: According to current plans, Selective Service must deliver the first inductees to the military within 193 days from the onset of a crisis.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sss.gov/About/Sequence-of-Events |title = Selective Service System: Return to the Draft - Sequence of Events |publisher = Sss.gov |access-date = 27 April 2017 }}</ref>
== Lottery procedures ==
If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft, a lottery would be held in full view of the public. First, all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random. Second, the numbers 1–365 (1–366 for lotteries held with respect to a [[leap year]]) are placed into a second capsule. These two capsules are certified for procedure, sealed in a drum, and stored.
Line 307 ⟶ 329:
==Classifications== <!-- This section is linked from [[Frank Sinatra]] -->
=== 1948–1976 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
Line 314 ⟶ 338:
|-
!1-A
| Available for unrestricted military service
|-
!1-A-O
| [[Conscientious objector]] available for [[Non-combatant|noncombatant]] military service only
|-
!1-C
| Member of the [[United States Armed Forces|Armed Forces of the United States]], the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], or the [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health Service]]. ''Enlisted'' ''(Enl.)'': member who volunteered for service. ''Inducted'' ''(Ind.)'': member who was conscripted into service. ''Discharged'' ''(Dis.)'': member released after completing service; later changed to ''Class 4-A''. ''Separated'' ''(Sep.)'': member released before completing service; may be recalled to service if their status has changed
|-
!1-D
| Members of a reserve component ([[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|reserves]] or [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]]), students taking military training ([[United States service academies|service academy]], [[United States senior military college|senior military college]], or [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]]), or accepted [[Flight cadet|aviation cadet]] applicants (1942–1975)
|-
!1-D-D
| Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training
|-
!1-D-E
| Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training
|-
!1-H
| Registrant not currently subject to processing for induction or alternative service
''Within the cessation of registrant processing in 1976, all registrants (except for a few alleged violators of the Military Selective Service Act) were classified 1-H regardless of any previous classification.''
|-
!1-O
| Conscientious objector to all military service. A registrant must establish to the satisfaction of the board that his request for exemption from combatant and noncombatant military training and service in the Armed Forces is based upon moral, ethical or religious beliefs which play a significant role in his life and that his objection to participation in war is not confined to a particular war. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.
|-
!1-O-S
| Conscientious objector to all military service (separated). A registrant separated from the Armed Forces due to objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.
|-
!1-S (H)
| Student deferred by statute (high school). Induction can be deferred either until graduation or until reaching the age of 20.
|-
!1-S (C)
| Student deferred by statute (college). Induction can be deferred either to the end of the student's current semester if an undergraduate or until the end of the academic year if a senior.
|-
!1-W
| Conscientious objector currently performing assigned [[alternative service]]. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).
|-
!1-W-R
| (''Released'') Conscientious objector who satisfactorily completed their service. This was later changed to ''Class 4-W''.
|-
!{{Visible anchor|1-Y}}
| Registrant qualified for service only in time of war or national emergency
''The 1-Y classification was abolished
|-
!{{Visible anchor|2-A}}
| Registrant deferred because of essential civilian non-agricultural occupation. Also includes deferments due to full-time study or training in an essential trade or profession at a trade school, community or junior college, or an approved apprenticeship program
|-
!2-B
| Registrant deferred because of occupation in a war industry or a trade or profession considered essential to national defense: ([[defense contractor]] or [[reserved occupation]]). This exemption was discontinued in 1951.
|-
!2-C
| Registrant deferred because of agricultural occupation
|-
!2-D
| Registrant is a divinity student attending an accredited theological or divinity school to be prepared for the ministry. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was created in December 1971. Previously considered part of ''Class 4-D''
|-
!2-S
| Registrant deferred because of collegiate study. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was discontinued in December 1971.<br />It previously also deferred graduate students studying medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, osteopathic medicine, and optometry, and graduate students in their fifth year of continuous study toward a doctoral degree. The exemption for graduate and doctoral students was discontinued in 1967.
|-
!3-A
| Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents
|-
!3-A-S
| Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents (separated). Current serving member or registrant undergoing induction separated from military service due to a change in family status. The registrant's deferment can last no longer than six months, after which they may re-file if the hardship continues to exist.
|-
!4-A
| Registrant who has completed military service
|-
!4-A-A
| Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation
|-
!4-B
| Official deferred by law
|-
!4-C
| Alien or dual national
|-
!4-D
| Minister of religion, formally ordained by a recognized religion, and serving as a full-time minister with a church and congregation
|-
!4-E
| Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Alternative service in lieu of induction may still be required. Created in 1948; changed to ''Class 1-O'' in 1951
|-
!{{Visible anchor|4-F}}
| Registrant not acceptable for military service. To be eligible for Class 4-F, a registrant must have been found not qualified for service in the Armed Forces by an MEPS under the established physical, mental, or moral standards. Future standards of physical fitness came from AR 40-501.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r40_501.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040119110228/http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r40_501.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-date = 19 January 2004 |title = r 40-501 |website = www.apd.army.mil }}</ref>
|-
!4-G
| Registrant exempted from service because of the death of a parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling has [[Prisoner of war|Prisoner of War]] or [[Missing in action|Missing In Action]] status
|-
!4-T
| [[#Alien or dual-national registrant status|Treaty alien]]
|-
!4-W
| Conscientious objector who has fully and satisfactorily completed alternative service in lieu of induction
|-
!5-A
| Registrant who is over either the age of liability if a deferment had not been taken (currently 26 years or older) or (where applicable) the age of liability if a deferment with extended liability had been taken (currently 35 years or older)
|}
=== Present ===
If a draft were authorized by Congress, without any other changes being made in the law, local boards would classify registrants to determine whether they were exempt from military service. According to the [[Code of Federal Regulations]] Title 32, Chapter XVI, Sec. 1630.2,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2016-title32-vol6/xml/CFR-2016-title32-vol6-part1630.xml |title = Title 32, Subtitle B, Chapter XVI, Part 1630, Code of Federal Regulations |publisher = Office of the Federal Register (OFR) and the Government Publishing Office. |date = 1 July 2016 |access-date = 27 April 2017 }}</ref> men would be sorted into the following categories:
Line 421 ⟶ 446:
|-
!1-A
| Available for unrestricted military service
|-
!1-A-O
| Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only
|-
!1-C
| Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service
|-
!1-D-D
| Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training
|-
!1-D-E
| Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training
|-
!1-H
| Registrant not subject to processing for induction
|-
!1-O
| Conscientious objector to all military service
|-
!1-O-S
| Conscientious objector to all military service (separated)
|-
!1-W
| Conscientious objector ordered to perform alternative service
|-
!2-D
| Registrant deferred because of study preparing for the ministry
|-
!3-A
| Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents
|-
!3-A-S
| Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents (separated)
|-
!4-A
| Registrant who has completed military service
|-
!4-B
| Official deferred by law
|-
!4-C
| Alien or dual national
|-
!4-D
| Minister of religion
|-
!4-F
| Registrant not acceptable for military service
|-
!4-G
| Registrant exempted from service because of the death of his parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling is in a captured or missing in action status
|-
!4-T
| [[#Alien or dual-national registrant status|Treaty alien]]
|-
!4-W
| Registrant who has completed alternative service in lieu of induction
|-
!4-A-A
| Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation
|}
== Directors ==
{| class="wikitable"
!#
Line 492 ⟶ 518:
!Appointed by
|-
| 1. || [[File:Dykstra-National-Defense-Mediation-Board.jpg|100x100px]] || [[Clarence Addison Dykstra]] || 15 October 1940 – 1 April 1941 || rowspan="2" |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
|-
| 2. || [[File:Portrait of LTG Lewis B. Hershey.jpg|100px]] || [[Lewis Blaine Hershey]] || 31 July 1941 – 15 February 1970
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[Dee Ingold]] || 15 February 1970 – 6 April 1970 || (Acting)
|-
| 3. || [[File:Curtis Tarr.jpg|100px]] || [[Curtis W. Tarr]] || 6 April 1970 – 1 May 1972 || [[Richard Nixon]]
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[Byron V. Pepitone]] || 1 May 1972 – 1 April 1973 || (Acting)
|-
| 4. || [[File:Byron V. Pepitone.jpg|100px]] || Byron V. Pepitone || 2 April 1973 – 31 July 1977 || Richard Nixon
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[Robert E. Shuck]] || 1 August 1977 – 25 November 1979 || (Acting)
|-
| 5. || [[File:Bernard Rostker.jpg|100px]] || [[Bernard D. Rostker]] || 26 November 1979 – 31 July 1981 || [[Jimmy Carter]]
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[James G. Bond]] || 1 August 1981 – 30 October 1981 || (Acting)
|-
| 6. || [[File:Thomas K. Turnage (2).jpg|100px]] || [[Thomas K. Turnage]] || 30 October 1981 – 23 March 1986 || [[Ronald Reagan]]
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[Wilfred L. Ebel]] || 24 March 1986 – 8 July 1987 || (Acting)
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[Jerry D. Jennings]] || 9 July 1987 – 17 December 1987 || (Acting)
|-
| 7. || [[File:Samuel K. Lessey.jpg|100px]] || [[Samuel K. Lessey Jr.]] || 18 December 1987 – 7 March 1991 || Ronald Reagan
|-
| 8. || [[File:Robert W. Gambino.jpg|100px]] || [[Robert W. Gambino]] || 8 March 1991 – 31 January 1994 || [[George H. W. Bush]]
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[G. Huntington Banister]] || 1 February 1994 – 6 October 1994 || (Acting)
|-
| 9. || [[File:Gil Coronado.jpg|100px]] || [[Gil Coronado]] || 7 October 1994 – 23 May 2001 || [[Bill Clinton]]
|-
| 10. || [[File:Selective Service System Director Alfred Rascon.GIF|100px]] || [[Alfred V. Rascon]] || 24 May 2001 – 2 January 2003 || [[George W. Bush]]
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[Lewis C. Brodsky]] || 3 January 2003 – 28 April 2004 || (Acting)
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || Jack Martin || 29 April 2004 – 28 November 2004 || (Acting)
|-
| 11. || [[File:William Chatfield.jpg|100px]] || [[William A. Chatfield]] || 29 November 2004 – 29 May 2009 || George W. Bush
|-
| - || [[File:No image.svg|100px]] || [[Ernest E. Garcia]] || 29 May 2009 – 4 December 2009 || (Acting)
|-
| 12. || [[File:LawrenceRomo SSS.jpg|100px]] || [[Lawrence Romo]] || 4 December 2009 – 20 January 2017 || [[Barack Obama]]
|-
| - || [[File:Adam J. Copp.jpg|100px]] || [[Adam J. Copp]] || 20 January 2017 – 13 April 2017 || (Acting)
|-
| 13. || [[File:Don Benton official photo.jpg|100px]] || [[Don Benton|Donald M. Benton]] || 13 April 2017 – 20 January 2021 || [[Donald Trump]]
|-
| - || [[File:
|-
| - || [[File:
|-
| - || [[File:
|-
|}
== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Politics}}
* [[Adjusted Service Rating Score]], the demobilization points system employed by the U.S. Army at the end of World War II
* [[Civilian Public Service]]
Line 559 ⟶ 586:
* [[Lodge–Philbin Act]]
* [[Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations]]
*{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=David |title=Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-514403-1}}▼
==
▲* {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=David |title=Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-514403-1}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{official}}
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/selective-service-system Selective Service System] in the [[Federal Register]]
| |||