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[[File:Kittilä mine.jpg|thumb|Kittilä Gold Mine in [[Kittilä|Kittilä, Finland]] is the largest primary gold producer in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avkvalves.eu/en/cases/water-cases/agnico-eagle-finland|title=Supplying more than 100 valves to the largest gold mine in Europe|publisher=AVK International|access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mining.com/agnico-has-kittila-operating-permit-restored-expects-30000-oz-of-additional-production/|title=Agnico operating permit restored for Kittila mine in Finland|first=Jackson|last=Chen|publisher=Mining.com|date=27 October 2023|access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>]]
This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Open-pit mining is considered one of the most dangerous [[industrial sector|sectors in the industrial world]].{{cnl|date=March 2024}} It causes significant effects to miners' health, as well as damage to the ecological land and water. Open-pit mining causes changes to vegetation, soil, and bedrock, which ultimately contributes to changes in surface hydrology, groundwater levels, and flow paths.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Jianping|last2=Li|first2=Ke|last3=Chang|first3=Kuo-Jen|last4=Sofia|first4=Giulia|last5=Tarolli|first5=Paolo|date=2015-10-01|title=Open-pit mining geomorphic feature characterisation|journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation|volume=42|pages=76–86|doi=10.1016/j.jag.2015.05.001|issn=0303-2434|hdl=11577/3159353|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Additionally, open-pit produces harmful [[pollutant]]s depending on the type of mineral being mined, and the type of mining process being used.▼
==Extraction==
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==Impacts==
▲Open-pit mining is considered one of the most dangerous [[industrial sector|sectors in the industrial world]]
===Waste===
Open-pit mines create a significant amount of waste. Almost one million tons of ore and waste rock can move from the largest mines per day, and a couple thousand tons moved from small mines per day.<ref name=eb /> There are generally four main operations in a mine that contribute to this load: [[drilling]], blasting, loading, and [[hauling]].
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===Deforestation===
Open-pit [[Nickel mine|nickel mining]] has led to environmental degradation and pollution in developing countries such as the [[List of mines in the Philippines|Philippines]] and [[List of mines in Indonesia|Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rick |first1=Mills |title=Indonesia and China killed the nickel market |url=https://www.mining.com/web/indonesia-and-china-killed-the-nickel-market/ |work=MINING.COM |date=4 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Land grabs and vanishing forests: Are 'clean' electric vehicles to blame? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/14/land-grabs-and-cleared-forests-why-electric-vehicles-are-getting-a-bad-rep |work=Al Jazeera |date=14 March 2024}}</ref> In 2024, nickel mining and processing was one of the main causes of [[deforestation in Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesia's massive metals build-out is felling the forest for batteries |url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-nickel-deforestation-rainforest-mining-tesla-ev-184550cddf1df6aad8e883862ab366df |work=AP News |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EU faces green dilemma in Indonesian nickel |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-faces-green-dilemma-in-sourcing-nickel-from-indonesia/a-69681557 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=16 July 2024}}</ref> Open-pit [[Copper extraction|cobalt mining]] has led to [[Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|deforestation]] and habitat destruction in the [[Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/02/01/1152893248/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara |work=[[NPR]] |date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
===Safety===
Open-pit mining is considered one of the most dangerous [[industrial sector|sectors in the industrial world]].{{cnl|date=March 2024}} and can cause significant effects to miners' health.
==Hydrology in mining==
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