Model-based systems engineering: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Systems engineering methodology}}

'''Model-based systems engineering''' ('''MBSE'''), according to [[International Council on Systems Engineering|INCOSE]], is the ''formalized application of modeling to support system requirements, design, analysis, verification and validation activities beginning in the conceptual design phase and continuing throughout development and later life cycle phases.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=start [MBSE Wiki]|url=https://www.omgwiki.org/MBSE/doku.php?id=start|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.omgwiki.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) (glossary) - SEBoK|url=https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Model-Based_Systems_Engineering_(MBSE)_(glossary)|access-date=2021-04-06|website=sebokwiki.org}}</ref>

'''Model-based systems engineering''' ('''MBSE''') represents a [[paradigm shift]] in [[systems engineering]], replacing traditional document-centric approaches with a methodology that uses structured [[Domain model|___domain models]] as the primary means of information exchange and system representation throughout the engineering lifecycle.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=start [MBSE Wiki] |url=https://www.omgwiki.org/MBSE/doku.php?id=start |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.omgwiki.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Douglass |first=Bruce Powel |title=Chapter 1 - What Is Model-Based Systems Engineering? |date=2016-01-01 |work=Agile Systems Engineering |pages=1–39 |editor-last=Douglass |editor-first=Bruce Powel |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021200000011 |access-date=2021-04-06 |place=Boston |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann |language=en |isbn=978-0-12-802120-0}}</ref>

Unlike document-based approaches where system specifications are scattered across numerous text documents, [[Spreadsheet|spreadsheets]], and [[Diagram|diagrams]] that can become inconsistent over time, MBSE centralizes information in interconnected models that automatically maintain relationships between system elements. These models serve as the authoritative source of truth for [[Systems design|system design]], enabling automated verification of requirements, real-time impact analysis of proposed changes, and generation of consistent documentation from a single source. This approach significantly reduces errors from manual synchronization, improves traceability between requirements and implementation, and facilitates earlier detection of design flaws through simulation and analysis.

It is a [[systems engineering]] methodology that focuses on creating and exploiting [[___domain model]]s as the primary means of information exchange, rather than on document-based information exchange.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Douglass|first=Bruce Powel|title=Chapter 1 - What Is Model-Based Systems Engineering?|date=2016-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021200000011|work=Agile Systems Engineering|pages=1–39|editor-last=Douglass|editor-first=Bruce Powel|place=Boston|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|language=en|isbn=978-0-12-802120-0|access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref>

The MBSE methodologyapproach commonlyhas usedbeen inwidely adopted across industries suchdealing aswith complex systems development, including aerospace, defense, rail, automotive, industrial,and etcmanufacturing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nouacer |first1=Réda |last2=Djemal |first2=Manel |last3=Niar |first3=Smail |last4=Mouchard |first4=Gilles |last5=Rapin |first5=Nicolas |last6=Gallois |first6=Jean-Pierre |last7=Fiani |first7=Philippe |last8=Chastrette |first8=François |last9=Lapitre |first9=Arnault |last10=Adriano |first10=Toni |last11=Mac-Eachen |first11=Bryan |date=2016-11-01 |title=EQUITAS: A tool-chain for functional safety and reliability improvement in automotive systems |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141933116301156 |journal=Microprocessors and Microsystems |language=en |volume=47 |pages=252–261 |doi=10.1016/j.micpro.2016.07.020 |issn=0141-9331|url-access= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook |last1=CHENChen |first1=B. |title=2018 International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transportation (ICIRT) |last2=ZHANGZhang |first2=S. |last3=WANGWang |first3=B. |date=December 2018 |titleisbn=978-1-5386-7528-1 |pages=1–5 |chapter=A Case Study of MBSE Method Used in the EMU Train Design|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8641645|journal=2018 International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transportation (ICIRT)|pages=1–5|doi=10.1109/ICIRT.2018.8641645|isbn=978-1-5386-7528-1 |s2cid=61807576}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook |last1=Weiss |first1=E. |title=MILCOM 2019 - 2019 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM) |last2=Chung |first2=L. |last3=Nguyen |first3=L. |date=November 2019 |titleisbn=978-1-7281-4280-7 |pages=65–69 |chapter=A MBSE Approach to Satellite Clock Time and Frequency Adjustment in Highly Elliptical Orbit|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9020875|journal=MILCOM 2019 - 2019 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)|pages=65–69|doi=10.1109/MILCOM47813.2019.9020875|isbn=978-1-7281-4280-7 |s2cid=212648120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook |last1=Hause |first1=M. |title=2018 13th Annual Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) |last2=Hummell |first2=J. |last3=Grelier |first3=F. |date=June 2018 |titleisbn=978-1-5386-4876-6 |pages=365–371 |chapter=MBSE Driven IoT for Smarter Cities|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8428705|journal=2018 13th Annual Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SoSE)|pages=365–371|doi=10.1109/SYSOSE.2018.8428705|isbn=978-1-5386-4876-6 |s2cid=51976927}}</ref> By enabling consistent system representation across disciplines and development phases, MBSE helps organizations manage complexity, reduce development risks, improve quality, and enhance collaboration among multidisciplinary teams.

'''Model-based systems engineering''' ('''MBSE'''), according toThe [[International Council on Systems Engineering|INCOSE]], is(INCOSE) defines MBSE as the ''formalized application of modeling to support system requirements, design, analysis, verification and validation activities beginning in the conceptual design phase and continuing throughout development and later life cycle phases.''<ref name=":0022">{{Cite web|title=start [MBSE Wiki]|url=https://www.omgwiki.org/MBSE/doku.php?id=start|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.omgwiki.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) (glossary) - SEBoK |url=https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Model-Based_Systems_Engineering_(MBSE)_(glossary) |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=sebokwiki.org}}</ref>

==History==

The first known prominent public usage of the term "Model-Based Systems Engineering" is a book by A. Wayne Wymore with the same name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wymore|first=A. Wayne|title=Model-based systems engineering : an introduction to the mathematical theory of discrete systems and to the tricotyledon theory of system design|date=1993|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8493-8012-X|___location=Boca Raton|oclc=26850986}}</ref> The MBSE term was also commonly used among the [[SysML Partners]] consortium during the formative years of their [[Systems Modeling Language]] (SysML) open source specification project during 2003-2005, so they could distinguish SysML from its parent language [[UML 2|UML v2]], where the latter was software-centric and associated with the term ''[[Model driven development|Model-Driven Development]]'' (MDD). The standardization of SysML in 2006 resulted in widespread modeling tool support for it and associated MBSE processes that emphasized SysML as their ''lingua franca''.

In January 2007, the MBSE approach began to be popularized when the [[International Council on Systems Engineering|INCOSE]] introduced its MBSE Initiative. Goals included increased productivity, by minimizing unnecessary manual transcription of concepts when coordinating the work of large teams. The MBSE approach is outlined in INCOSE's "MBSE 2020 Vision", with a methodology focusing on distributed but integrated model management.<ref name=":0" />

In September 2007, the MBSE approach was further generalized and popularized when [[International Council on Systems Engineering|INCOSE]] introduced its "MBSE 2020 Vision", which was not restricted to SysML, and supported other competitive modeling language standards, such as AP233, HLA, and [[Modelica]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 2007 |title=Systems Engineering Vision 2020, version 2.03 |url=http://www.ccose.org/media/upload/SEVision2020_20071003_v2_03.pdf |journal=INCOSE Technical Paper |issue=INCOSE-TP-2004-004-02}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=start [MBSE Wiki] |url=https://www.omgwiki.org/MBSE/doku.php?id=start |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.omgwiki.org}}</ref> According to the MBSE 2020 Vision: "MBSE is expected to replace the document-centric approach that has been practiced by systems engineers in the past and to influence the future practice of systems engineering by being fully integrated into the definition of systems engineering processes."

As of 2014, the focus has also started to cover aspects related to the model execution in computer simulation experiment, to further overcome the gap between the system model specification and the respective simulation software. As a consequence, the term '''modeling and simulation-based systems engineering''' ('''M&SBSE''') has also been used along with MBSE.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Gianni|editor1-first=Daniele|editor2-last=D'Ambrogio|editor2-first=Andrea|editor3-last=Tolk|editor3-first=Andreas|title=Modeling and Simulation-Based Systems Engineering Handbook|date=December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|___location=USA|isbn=9781466571457|edition=1}}</ref>

As of 2014, the focusscope hasof alsoMBSE started to cover aspectsmore related[[Modeling toand thesimulation|Modeling modeland executionSimulation]] topics, in computeran simulation experiment,attempt to further overcomebridge the gap between the system model specificationspecifications and therelated respective simulationsystem software simulations. As a consequence, the term '''"modeling and simulation-based systems engineering''' ('''M&SBSE''')" has also been usedincreasingly associated along with MBSE.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Gianni|editor1-first=Daniele|editor2-last=D'Ambrogio|editor2-first=Andrea|editor3-last=Tolk|editor3-first=Andreas|title=Modeling and Simulation-Based Systems Engineering Handbook|date=December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|___location=USA|isbn=9781466571457|edition=1}}</ref>

INCOSE is hosting an annual meeting on MBSE, has chapters and working groups.<ref name=":0" />

According to the INCOSE ''SEBoK'' (''Systems Engineering Book of Knowledge'') MBSE may be considered a "subset of [[digital engineering]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Engineering - SEBoK |url=https://www.sebokwiki.org/wiki/Digital_Engineering |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.sebokwiki.org}}</ref> INCOSE hosts an annual meeting on MBSE, as well as MBSE working groups.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

{{Expand list|date=February 2021}}<!-- Please A-Z -->

* [[AUTOSAR]] (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture)

* [[Engineering information management|Engineering Information Management]] (EIM)

*Eclipse (IDE) Papyrus™<ref>{{Cite web|title=Papyrus|url=https://www.eclipse.org/papyrus/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.eclipse.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Papyrus - Eclipsepedia|url=http://wiki.eclipse.org/Papyrus|access-date=2021-04-10|website=wiki.eclipse.org}}</ref> (An integrated environment for editing UML and SysML models)

* [[Hardware-in-the-loop simulation]]

* [[List of requirements engineering tools]]

*[[Model-based development]] (MBD)

* [[ObjectList of ManagementSysML Grouptools]]

* [[Model-based design]] (MBD)

* [[Object Process Methodology|OPM]] - Object Process Methodology (ISO/PAS 19450:2015<ref>{{Cite web|last=14:00-17:00|title=ISO/PAS 19450:2015|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/22/62274.html|access-date=2021-04-06|website=ISO|language=en}}</ref>)

* [[Model-baseddriven development]] (MBDMDD)

* [[Object Management Group]]

* [[Object Process Methodology|OPM]] - Object Process Methodology (ISO/PAS 19450:2015<ref>{{Cite web|last=14:00-17:00|title=ISO/PAS 19450:2015|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/22/62274.html|access-date=2021-04-06|website=ISO|language=en}}</ref>)

* [[Systems engineering|Systems engineering (SE)]]

* [[Systems Modeling Language|SysML]] - Systems Modeling Language

* [[Unified Modeling Language|UML]] - Unified Modeling Language

==References==

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== Further reading ==

* [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse IDE]] Modeling Project<ref>: {{Cite web|last=Gronback|first=Richard|title=Eclipse Modeling Project {{!}} The Eclipse Foundation|url=https://www.eclipse.org/modeling/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.eclipse.org|language=en}}</ref>

* Estefan, Jeff A. "[httphttps://www.omgsysml.org/MBSE_Methodology_Survey_RevB.pdf Survey of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies]." ''Incose MBSE Focus Group'' 25 (2007): 8.

*[[Hardware-in-the-loop simulation]]

* David Long, Zane Scott. ''[httphttps://wwwmbseprimer.ccose.orgcom/media/upload/MBSE_Primer_2ndEdition_full_Vitech_2011.10.pdf A Primer for Model-Based Systems Engineering],'' 2011, Vitech Corporation.

*Estefan, Jeff A. "[http://www.omgsysml.org/MBSE_Methodology_Survey_RevB.pdf Survey of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) methodologies]." ''Incose MBSE Focus Group'' 25 (2007): 8.

* David Long, Zane Scott. ''[http://www.ccose.org/media/upload/MBSE_Primer_2ndEdition_full_Vitech_2011.10.pdf A Primer for Model-Based Systems Engineering],'' 2011, Vitech Corporation

* Patrice Micouin, ''Model Based Systems Engineering: Fundamentals and Methods,'' 2014.

* Ramos, Ana Luísa, José Vasconcelos Ferreira, and Jaume Barceló. "Ramos, Ana Luísa, José Vasconcelos Ferreira, and Jaume Barceló. "[http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/COMP3530/readings/05722047.pdf Model-based systems engineering: An emerging approach for modern systems]." Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on 42.1 (2012): 101-111.

* [[A. Wayne Wymore]], ''Model-Based Systems Engineering,'' 1993.

* Pascal Roques. [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01258014/document MBSE with the ARCADIA Method and the Capella Tool] - 8th European Congress on Embedded Real Time Software and Systems (ERTS 2016).

* Somers, James. "[https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/09/saving-the-world-from-code/540393/ The Coming Software Apocalypse].," The Atlantic Magazine, 2017.

* Casteran, Regis. "[https://medium.com/seatwork/functions-in-systems-model-1f96f96a818?sk=fbfb1fee002cc0d525b7f6c464effdc9 Functions in systems model].", Medium article, 2019.

* Knizhnik et al. "[https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2020/05/04/MBE-2020_presentation_21_knizhnik.pdf An Exploration of Lessons Learned from NASA’sNASA's MBSE Infusion and Modernization Initiative (MIAMI)]", NASA Systems Engineering, 2020.

* Meillier, Renaud. "[https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/simcenter/system-simulation-in-the-context-of-mbse/ System Simulation in the Context of MBSE]", Siemens article 2021.

== External links ==

<!-- Please A-Z -->

* [https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/blog/introduction-model-based-systems-engineering-mbse/ An Introduction to MBSE] - SEI Blog

* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190032390/downloads/20190032390.pdf Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) - NASA]

[[Category:Systems engineering]]