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{{Short description|Type of computer software}}
A '''problem solving environment''' ('''PSE''') is a completed, integrated and specialised computer software for solving one class of problems, combining automated problem-solving methods with human-oriented tools for guiding the problem resolution.
A PSE may also assist users in formulating problem resolution, formulating problems, selecting [[algorithm]], simulating numerical value, viewing and analysing results.
== Purpose of PSE ==
Many PSEs were introduced in the 1990s. They use the language of the respective field and often employ modern [[graphical user interface]]s. The goal is to make the software easy to use for specialists in fields other than [[computer science]].
PSEs are available for generic problems like [[data visualization]] or large [[System of equations|systems of equations]] and for narrow fields of science or engineering like [[gas turbine]] design.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~fateman/papers/pse.pdf|title = Problem solving environment and symbolic computing|date = |access-date = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = University of California, Berkeley|last = Richard J. Fateman}}</ref> === History ===
The Problem Solving Environment (PSE) released a few years after the release of [[Fortran]] and [[Algol 60]]. People thought that this system with [[high-level language]] would cause elimination of professional programmers. However, surprisingly, PSE has been accepted and even though scientists used it to write programs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.netlib.org/utk/people/JackDongarra/pdf/pse-crpc-596.pdf|title = Problem Solving Environments for Parallel Scientific Computation|date = |access-date = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = University of Tenn./Oak Ridge National Lab|last = Jack Dongarra}}</ref>
The Problem Solving Environment for Parallel Scientific Computation was introduced in 1960, where this was the first Organised Collections with minor standardisation.<ref name=":0" /> In 1970, PSE was initially researched for providing high-class programming language rather than Fortran,{{cn|date=November 2019}} also Libraries Plotting Packages advent. Development of Libraries were continued, and there were introduction of Emergence of Computational Packages and Graphical systems which is [[Data and information visualization|data visualisation]]. By 1990s, [[hypertext]], [[Point and click|point-and-click]] had moved towards [[Interoperability|inter-operability]]. Moving on, a "Software Parts" Industry finally existed.<ref name=":0" />
Throughout a few decades, recently, many PSEs have been developed and to solve problem and also support users from different categories, including education, general programming, CSE software learning, job executing and [[Grid computing|Grid]]/[[Cloud computing]].{{cn|date=November 2019}}
== Examples of PSE ==
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The shell software GOSPEL is an example of how a PSE can be designed for EHL modelling using a Grid resource. With the PSE, one can visualise the optimisation progress, as well as interact with other simulations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url = http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pkj/Papers/Conf-O/GBJS03.pdf|title = Grid-Based Numerical Optimisation in a Problem Solving Environment|date = |access-date = 2015-11-03|website = |publisher = The University of Leeds|author1=C.E. Goodyer |author2=M. Berzins |author3=P.K. Jimack |author4=L.E. Scales }}</ref>
The PSE parallelise and embed many individual numerical calculations in an industrial serial optimisation code. It is built in NAG's IRIS Explorer package to solve EHL and [[Parallel computing|Parallelism]] problems and can use the gViz libraries, to run all the communication between the PSE and the simulation. It also uses MPI — part of the NAG libraries — which gives significantly quicker and better solutions by combining the maximum levels of continuation.<ref name=":3" />
Moreover, the system is designed to allow users to steer simulations using visualised output. An example is utilising local minima, or layering additional details when around a local in and out of the simulation and it can imagine the information which is produced in any sharp and also still allow to steer the simulation.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/vis/kwb/e-science/paper098.pdf|title = A Distributed Co-operative Problem Solving Environment|access-date = 2015-11-03|publisher = The University of Leeds|author1=Mark Walkley |author2=Jason Wood |author3=Ken Brodlie |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
=== Grid-based PSEs for mobile devices ===
PSEs are require a large amount of resources that strain even the most powerful computers of today. Translating PSEs into software that can be used for mobile devices in an important challenge that faces programmers today.<ref name=":4">{{Cite
Grid computing is seen as a solution to the rescue issues of PSEs for mobile devices. This is made possible through a "Brokering Service". This service is started by an initiating device that sends the necessary information for PSE to resolve task. The brokering service then breaks this down into subtasks that distributes the information to various subordinate devices that perform these subtasks.<ref name=":4" /> The brokering necessitates an Active Agent Repository (AAR) and a Task Allocation Table (TAT) that both work to manage the subtasks. A Keep-Alive Server is tapped to handle communication between the brokering service and the subordinate devices. The Keep-Alive server relies on a lightweight client application installed in the participating mobile devices.
Security, transparency and [[dependability]] are issues that may arise when using the grid for mobile device-based PSEs.<ref name=":4" />
=== Education Support ===
There are a revolution for network-based learning and e-learning for education but it is very difficult to collect education data and data of the student activities. TSUNA-TASTE, is developed by T. Teramoto, a PSE to support education and learning processes. This system may create a new idea of the e-learning by supporting teachers and students in computer-related education. It consists of four parts, including agents of students, an education support server, a database system and a [[Web server]]. This system makes e-learning more convenient as information is earlier to store and collect for students and teachers.{{cn|date=November 2019}}
=== P-NCAS ===
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PSE Park provides these through its repository of functions. the repository contains modules required to build PSEs. Some of the most basic modules, called Cores, are used as the foundation of PSEs. More complex modules are available for use by programmers. Users access PSE Park through a console linked to the programmers. Once the user is register, he/she has assess to the repository. A PIPE server is used as the mediator between the user and PSE Park. It grants access to modules and constructs the selected functions into a PSE.{{cn|date=November 2019}}
Developers can develop functions, or even whole PSEs, for inclusion into the repository. Entry-level and expert users can access these pre-made PSEs for their own purposes. Given this architecture, PSE Park requires a cloud computing environment to support the enormous [[data sharing]] that occurs during PSE use and development.{{cn|date=November 2019}}
=== The PIPE Server ===
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