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{{Infobox software
| name = Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR)
| logo =
| screenshot =
| caption =
| developerauthor = [[Microsoft]] Dynamic Language Runtime Team
| developer = [[.NET Foundation]]
| latest release version = 1.0
| released = {{Start date and age|2010|04|16}}
| latest release date = April 16, 2010
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|reference|edit|P548=Q2804309|P348}}
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|mdy|P548=Q2804309|P348|P577}}}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| programming language = [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
| operating system = Microsoft Windows, [[Debian]], [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]
| operating system = [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]] ([[Debian]], [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]])
| platform = [[Common Language Infrastructure|CLI]]
| platform = [[Common Language Infrastructure]]
| genre = [[Platform (computing)|System platform]]
| genre = [[Platform (computing)|System platform]]
| license = [[Apache License|Apache License, v2.0]]
| license = [[Apache License 2.0]]
| website = {{URL|http://dlr.codeplex.com/}}
| website = {{URL|https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/reflection-and-codedom/dynamic-language-runtime-overview}}
}}
The '''Dynamic Language Runtime''' ('''DLR''') from [[Microsoft]] runs on top of the [[Common Language Runtime]] (CLR) and provides [[computer language]] services for several different [[dynamic language]]s. These services include:
* A dynamic [[type system]], to be shared by all languages using the DLR services
* [[Dynamic dispatch|Dynamic method dispatch]]
Line 21 ⟶ 24:
* Hosting API
 
The DLR is used to implement dynamic languages on the [[.NET Framework]], specificallyincluding bythe [[IronPython]] and [[IronRuby]] projects.
 
ByBecause having severalthe dynamic language implementations share a common underlying system, it should be easier tofor letthem these implementationsto interact with one another. For example, it should be possible to use [[Library (computing)|libraries]] from any dynamic language in any other dynamic language. In addition, the hosting API allows interoperability with statically typed [[list of CLI languages|CLI languages]] like [[C sharpSharp (programming language)|C#]] and [[Visual Basic .NET]].
 
==History==
Microsoft's Dynamic Language Runtime project was announced by Microsoft at [[MIX (Microsoft)|MIX]] 2007.<ref name="announce" /><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://lists.ironpython.com/pipermail/users-ironpython.com/2008-January/006235.html
| title = Roadmap for IronPython 2.0
|last = Viehland
| last=Viehland |first=Dino
|first = Dino
| quote=''We don't really have a document like this but the general goal is to ship IronPython 2.0 by the end of the year. For the DLR its self the plan is to ship a v1.0 around the same time as IronPython 2.0.''
|quote = ''We don't really have a document like this but the general goal is to ship IronPython 2.0 by the end of the year. For the DLR itself the plan is to ship a v1.0 around the same time as IronPython 2.0.''
| date = 2008-01-15
|date accessdate = 2008-0201-09}}</ref>15
|access-date = 2008-02-09
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080906190952/http://lists.ironpython.com/pipermail/users-ironpython.com/2008-January/006235.html
|archive-date = 2008-09-06
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
 
Microsoft shipped .NET DLR 0.9 beta on the 26in November 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.codeplex.com/dlr|title=CodePlex Archive}}</ref> and final 0.9 on 10in December 2008. Version 1.0 shipped onin April 16, 2010. On 16In July 2010, Microsoft changed the license of the DLR from the [[Shared source#Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)|Microsoft Public License]] to the [[Apache License, v22.0]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dlr.codeplex.com/license|title=CodePlex Archive|access-date=2010-07-27|archive-date=2011-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814193029/http://dlr.codeplex.com/license|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the release of [[.NET 4]], also in April 2010, DLR was incorporated into the .NET Framework itself.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd233052.aspx | title=Dynamic Language Runtime Overview - .NET Framework | date=30 March 2024 }}</ref>
 
The open source DLR project hosted on CodePlex[[GitHub]] has a few additional features for language implementers. After the July 2010 release, but there haswas been nolittle activity on the project sincefor thesome Julyyears. 2010 release,This whichwas couldinterpreted be linked to what some, includingby a Microsoft developer who worked foron [[IronRuby]], saw as a lack of commitment from Microsoft to dynamic languages on the .NET Framework.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.rubyinside.com/microsoft-tires-of-ironruby-jimmy-schementi-jumps-ship-3639.html
| title=Microsoft Tires of IronRuby; Jimmy Schementi Jumps Ship
Line 41 ⟶ 50:
| publisher=rubyinside.com
| date = 2010-08-07
| accessdateaccess-date = 2012-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.i-programmer.info/news/98-languages/1156-microsofts-dynamic-languages-are-dying.html
| title=Microsoft's Dynamic languages are dying
Line 47 ⟶ 56:
| quote=''Without the final push to get the languages working under Visual Studio and integrated with the designer both Iron languages are probably dead - and Microsoft seems to have lost the will to make them a success.''
| date = 2010-08-10
| access-date = 2012-02-26}}</ref> However, there has been regular activity since 2016/17, leading to a number of improvements and upgrades.
| accessdate = 2012-02-26}}</ref>
 
==Language implementations==
==Supported languages==
TheIn DLR2007, servicesMicrosoft areinitially currentlyplanned usedto inuse the developmentDLR versionfor ofthe upcoming [[IronRuby]],Visual aBasic .NET#2010 implementation(VB of10.0)|Visual theBasic Ruby2010 language,(VB 10.0)]] and for[[JScript|Managed JScript]] ([[IronPythonECMAScript]] 3.0) as well as Python and Ruby.<ref name="announce"/><ref name="Managed JScript announced">{{cite web
| url = http://blogs.msdn.com/hugunin/archive/2007/04/30/a-dynamic-language-runtime-dlr.aspx
|last=Hugunin|first=Jim
| title = A Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR)
|quote=''For the short term, our focus is on using a small number of languages to drive the first wave of DLR development where we can work closely and face-to-face with the developers in order to iron out the worst kinks in the DLR design. After this initial phase, we want to reach out to the broader language community.''
| accessdate = 2007-06-21 }}</ref>
 
In 2007, Microsoft planned to use the DLR for the upcoming [[Visual Basic .NET#2010 (VB 10.0)|Visual Basic 2010 (VB 10.0)]] and [[JScript|Managed JScript]] ([[ECMAScript]] 3.0).<ref name="Managed JScript announced">{{cite web
| url = http://blogs.msdn.com/jscript/archive/2007/05/04/managed-jscript-announced.aspx
| title = Managed JScript announced
| accessdateaccess-date = 2007-05-04}}</ref><ref name="Managed JScript announced"/><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.panopticoncentral.net/archive/2007/05/01/20383.aspx
| title = What the heck is "VBx"?
| date = 2007-05-01
| quote = ''With the new DLR, we have support for IronPython, IronRuby, Javascript, and the new dynamic VBx compile''
| accessdateaccess-date = 2009-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| archive-date = 2009-05-25
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090525130300/http://panopticoncentral.net/archive/2007/05/01/20383.aspx
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.hanselman.com/blog/PuttingMixSilverlightTheCoreCLRAndTheDLRIntoContext.aspx
| title = Putting Mix, Silverlight, the CoreCLR and the DLR into context
| date=2007-05-01
| accessdateaccess-date = 2008-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.infoq.com/news/2007/05/VBx
| title = Introducing Visual Basic 10
Line 75 ⟶ 81:
| date=2007-05-04
| quote=''VB 10 takes advantage of a Silverlight feature called the Dynamic Language Runtime or DLR''
| access-date = 2009-08-12}}</ref>
| accessdate = 2009-08-12}}</ref> However, as of August 2009, Microsoft has no more plans to implement [[JScript|Managed JScript]] ([[ECMAScript]] 3.0) on the DLR.<ref>{{cite web
 
| url = http://dlr.codeplex.com/Thread/View.aspx?ThreadId=58121
The DLR work on Ruby and Python resulted in [[IronRuby]], a .NET implementation of the [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] language, and [[IronPython]].<ref name="announce">{{cite web
|last=Chiles|first=Bill
| url = http://blogs.msdn.com/hugunin/archive/2007/04/30/a-dynamic-language-runtime-dlr.aspx
| title = Future of Managed JScript (IronJScript)?
|last=Hugunin|first=Jim
|quote=''The DLR JScript was experimental for informing the design of the DLR (expression trees, interop, callsites, hosting, etc.). The JS we released with asp futures and the Silverlight dynamic sdk became very old and unserviceable as the DLR continued evolving for release in CLR 4.0. Unfortunately, there are no plans at this time to develop and release a DLR-hostable JScript.''
| title = A Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR)
| date=2009-06-01
|quote=''For the short term, our focus is on using a small number of languages to drive the first wave of DLR development where we can work closely and face-to-face with the developers in order to iron out the worst kinks in the DLR design. After this initial phase, we want to reach out to the broader language community.''
| accessdate = 2009-08-12}}</ref> Like [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], Visual Basic can access objects from dynamic languages built on the DLR such as [[IronPython]] and [[IronRuby]].<ref>{{cite web
| access-date = 2007-06-21 }}</ref>
 
By August 2009, Microsoft had announced it had no more plans to implement Managed JScript on the DLR.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://dlr.codeplex.com/Thread/View.aspx?ThreadId=58121
|last = Chiles
|first = Bill
|title = Future of Managed JScript (IronJScript)?
|quote = ''The DLR JScript was experimental for informing the design of the DLR (expression trees, interop, callsites, hosting, etc.). The JS we released with asp futures and the Silverlight dynamic sdk became very old and unserviceable as the DLR continued evolving for release in CLR 4.0. Unfortunately, there are no plans at this time to develop and release a DLR-hostable JScript.''
|date = 2009-06-01
|access-date = 2009-08-12
|archive-date = 2009-08-31
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090831184901/http://dlr.codeplex.com/Thread/View.aspx?ThreadId=58121
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> Fredrik Holmström later independently contributed a JavaScript implementation for the DLR which he dubbed "IronJS" in the naming tradition of IronPython and IronRuby.
 
Like [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], Visual Basic can access objects from dynamic languages built on the DLR such as [[IronPython]] and [[IronRuby]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/we86c8x2%28VS.100%29.aspx
| title = What's New in Visual Basic 2010
Line 87 ⟶ 109:
| publisher=[[Microsoft]]
| quote=''Visual Basic binds to objects from dynamic languages such as IronPython and IronRuby''
| accessdateaccess-date = 2009-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee461504.aspx#Y480 | title=Walkthrough: Creating and Using Dynamic Objects (C# and Visual Basic) | date=25 February 2023 }}</ref>
 
[[PowerShell]] 3.0, released in [[Windows 8]], was updated to use the DLR .<ref>{{cite web |url= http://huddledmasses.org/powershell-3-finally-on-the-dlr |title= PowerShell 3 – Finally on the DLR! |access-date= 2012-03-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428191707/http://huddledmasses.org/powershell-3-finally-on-the-dlr/ |archive-date= 2012-04-28 }}</ref>
 
[[IronScheme]], an upcominga [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] implementation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.codeplex.com/IronScheme|title = CodePlex Archive}}</ref> was planning to build upon the DLR. This idea was abandoned because the DLR [[Branching (software)|branch]] used by the project became out of sync with the [[Trunk (software)|trunk]], and also because (according to the project coordinator) the current version of the DLR at that time could not support the majority of Scheme's requirements.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://ironscheme.codeplex.com/Thread/View.aspx?ThreadId=55925
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130119115406/http://ironscheme.codeplex.com/Thread/View.aspx?ThreadId=55925
| title = Is there any silverlight sample?
|url-status = dead
|quote=''Unfortunately, my DLR branch is very out of sync with the Silverlight one. I just thought about it, perhaps I do not need the DLR perse, will investigate. The problem is that the DLR as-is, is not good enough to support the majority of the Scheme's requirements''
|archive-date = January 19, 2013
| date=2009-05-11
|title = Is there any silverlight sample?
| accessdate = 2009-07-26}}</ref>
|quote = ''Unfortunately, my DLR branch is very out of sync with the Silverlight one. I just thought about it, perhaps I do not need the DLR perse, will investigate. The problem is that the DLR as-is, is not good enough to support the majority of the Scheme's requirements''
|date = 2009-05-11
|access-date = 2009-07-26
}}</ref>
 
==Architecture==
Line 105 ⟶ 131:
| quote=''The key implementation trick in the DLR is using these kinds of trees to pass code around as data and to keep code in an easily analyzable and mutable form as long as possible.''
| date = 2007-05-15
| accessdateaccess-date = 2008-02-23}}</ref> This architecture is backed by the idea that the number of elementary language constructs that would have to be implemented on the generic stack should be inherently limited.<ref>{{cite web
| url = httphttps://headius.blogspot.com/2008/01/langnet-2008-day-1-thoughts.html
| title = Lang.NET 2008: Day 1 Thoughts
| last=Nutter|first=Charles
| quote=''The idea is that there's a quickly-flattening asymptotic curve to the number of expression tree nodes required to implement each new language. Whether that's the case is yet to be seen.''
| date = 2008-01-28
| accessdateaccess-date = 2008-02-23}}</ref> The DLR [[Metadata (CLI)#Reflection|dynamically generates]] code corresponding to the functionality expressed by these nodes. The compiler for any dynamic language implemented on top of the DLR has to generate DLR abstract trees, and hand it over to the DLR libraries.
 
The DLR provides dynamically- updated <code>DynamicSite</code> objects that cache the task of binding methods to objects. Since the type of an object—as well as the members it contains—in dynamic languages can change during a program lifetime, a method invocation must check the method list to see if the invocation is a valid one. <code>DynamicSite</code> objects represent and cache the state of the object and its methods; any update to the object is reflected in the <code>DynamicSite</code> objects as well. DLR routes all method invocations via the <code>DynamicSite</code> objects, which then performs a fast lookup and [[name binding|binding]] of the method with the actual implementation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc163344.aspx | title = CLR Inside Out: IronPython and the Dynamic Language Runtime | publisher = [[MSDN]] Magazine | author = Bill Chiles | date = October 2007 | accessdateaccess-date = 2007-08-10}}</ref>
 
In contrast to other efforts like the [[Parrot virtual machine]] (with no dependencies) or [[Da Vinci Machine]] (built on Java's [[JVM]] by adding new bytecodes in the [[Java bytecode|JVM instruction set]]), the DLR is built on top of the existing [[Common Language Runtime]], the [[.NET Framework]] virtual machine.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://blogs.sun.com/jrose/entry/bravo_for_the_dynamic_runtime
| title = Bravo for the dynamic runtime!
| last = Rose|first=John
|first = John
| quote=''The differences between the CLR and JVM extensions are interesting to note. They work completely above the level of the CLR without significantly enhancing it, while we are developing the JVM and libraries at the same time.''
|quote = ''The differences between the CLR and JVM extensions are interesting to note. They work completely above the level of the CLR without significantly enhancing it, while we are developing the JVM and libraries at the same time.''
| date = 2008-02-02
|date accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref>02
|access-date = 2008-02-23
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206064217/http://blogs.sun.com/jrose/entry/bravo_for_the_dynamic_runtime
|archive-date = 2008-02-06
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Da Vinci Machine]], a project at [[Sun Microsystems]] (now [[Oracle Corporation]]) which brought support for dynamic languages to the [[Java Platform]] at the [[Java virtual machine]] (JVM) level.
* [[Da Vinci Machine]] – a project starting at Sun Microsystems which brought support for dynamic languages to the Java Platform at the Java virtual machine (JVM) level
* [[Parrot virtual machine]]
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web | url = http://blogs.msdn.com/somasegar/archive/2007/04/30/mix-07-silverlight-shines-brighter.aspx | title = MIX 07 - Silverlight shines brighter! | accessdateaccess-date = 2007-04-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://sessions.visitmix.com/default.asp?event=1011&session=2012&pid=DEV02&disc=&id=1511&year=2007&search=DEV02 |title=MIX 07 Video Presentation - DEV02 - Just Glue It! Ruby and the DLR in Silverlight |accessdateaccess-date=2007-05-04 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508035633/http://sessions.visitmix.com/default.asp?event=1011&session=2012&pid=DEV02&disc=&id=1511&year=2007&search=DEV02 |archivedatearchive-date=2007-05-08 |deadurl=yes |dfurl-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | url = http://blogs.msdn.com/hugunin/archive/2007/04/30/a-dynamic-language-runtime-dlr.aspx | title = Jim Hugunin's Thinking Dynamic – A Dynamic language runtime (DLR) | accessdateaccess-date = 2008-02-06}}
*{{cite web | url = http://packages.debian.org/source/squeeze/dlr-languages | title = Details of source package dlr-languages in squeeze – DLR in Debian | accessdateaccess-date = 2010-07-06}}
*{{cite web | url = http://packages.ubuntu.com/source/lucid/dlr-languages | title = Details of source package dlr-languages in lucid – DLR in Ubuntu | accessdateaccess-date = 2010-07-06}}
*{{cite web | url = https://www.facultyresourcecenter.com/curriculum/7224-LangNET-Symposium-2008-–-ox-.aspx | archive-url = https://archive.today/20131208124054/https://www.facultyresourcecenter.com/curriculum/7224-LangNET-Symposium-2008-%E2%80%93-ox-.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-12-08 | title = Pratap Lakshman's o.x the Managed JScript Type System | accessdateaccess-date = 2008-01-28 }}
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Wikibooks|.NET Development Foundation}}
*{{Official website|https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/reflection-and-codedom/dynamic-language-runtime-overview|Dynamic Language Runtime Overview}}
*{{Github|https://github.com/IronLanguages/dlr}}
 
{{.NET Framework}}
{{Microsoft FOSS}}
 
[[Category:.NET terminology]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]
[[Category:Microsoft application programming interfaces]]
[[Category:.NETMicrosoft Frameworkfree terminologysoftware]]
[[Category:.NETSoftware Frameworkusing software‎the Apache license]]
[[Category:2010 software]]
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