Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions): Difference between revisions

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|-

| [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]<ref name="Ada_RM_2012">Ada Reference Manual – Language and Standard Libraries; ISO/IEC 8652:201x (E), {{cite web |url=http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/12rm/RM-Final.pdf |title=Reference Manual |access-date=2013-07-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427190723/http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/12rm/RM-Final.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-27 }}</ref>

| {{code|range -2**7 .. 2**7 - 1|ada}}{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}}

| {{code|range 0 .. 2**8 - 1|ada}}{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}} or {{code|mod 2**8|ada}}{{ref|Ada_mod|[k]}}

| {{code|range -2**15 .. 2**15 - 1|ada}}{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}}

| {{code|range 0 .. 2**16 - 1|ada}}{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}} or {{code|mod 2**16|ada}}{{ref|Ada_mod|[k]}}

| {{code|range -2**31 .. 2**31 - 1|ada}}{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}}

| {{code|range 0 .. 2**32 - 1|ada}}{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}} or {{code|mod 2**32|ada}}{{ref|Ada_mod|[k]}}

| {{code|range -2**63 .. 2**63 - 1|ada}}{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}}

| {{code|mod 2**64|ada}}{{ref|Ada_mod|[k]}}

| {{<code|>Integer}}</code>{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}}

| <{{code>|range 0 .. 2**Integer'<wbr/>Size - 1</code>|ada}}{{ref|Ada_range|[j]}} or <{{code>|mod Integer'<wbr/>Size</code>|ada}}{{ref|Ada_mod|[k]}}

| {{n/a}}

|-

| rowspan=2| [[ALGOL 68]] (variable-width)

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>short short int}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>short int}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>int}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>long int}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>int}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| {{n/a}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>long long int}}</code>{{ref|a68|[a]}}{{ref|a68g|[g]}}

|-

| colspan=2 align=center|{{<code|>bytes}}</code> and {{<code|>bits}}</code>

|-

| [[C (programming language)|C]] ([[C99]] fixed-width)

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>int8_t}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>uint8_t}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>int16_t}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>uint16_t}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>int32_t}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>uint32_t}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>int64_t}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>uint64_t}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>intptr_t}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>size_t}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=5 {{n/a}}

|-

Line 77:

|-

| [[C (programming language)|C]] ([[C99]] variable-width)

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>signed char}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>unsigned char}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>short}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>unsigned short}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>long}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>unsigned long}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>long long}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>unsigned long long}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>int}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>unsigned int}}</code>{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

|-

| [[C++]] ([[C++11]] variable-width)

|-

| [[Objective-C]] ([[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]])

| {{<code|>signed char}}</code> or {{<code|>int8_t}}</code>

| {{<code|>unsigned char}}</code> or {{<code|>uint8_t}}</code>

| {{<code|>short}}</code> or {{<code|>int16_t}}</code>

| {{<code|>unsigned short}}</code> or {{<code|>uint16_t}}</code>

| {{<code|>int}}</code> or {{<code|>int32_t}}</code>

| {{<code|>unsigned int}}</code> or {{<code|>uint32_t}}</code>

| {{<code|>long long}}</code> or {{<code|>int64_t}}</code>

| {{<code|>unsigned long long}}</code> or {{<code|>uint64_t}}</code>

| {{<code|>NSInteger}}</code> or {{<code|>long}}</code>

| {{<code|>NSUInteger}}</code> or {{<code|>unsigned long}}</code>

|-

| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]

| {{<code|>sbyte}}</code>

| {{<code|>byte}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>short}}</code>

| {{<code|>ushort}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>int}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint}}</code>

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>long}}</code>

| {{<code|>ulong}}</code>

| {{<code|>IntPtr}}</code>

| {{<code|>UIntPtr}}</code>

| <code>System.Numerics.<wbr/>BigInteger</code><br/>(.NET 4.0)

|-

| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

| {{<code|>byte}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>char}}</code>{{ref|Java char|[b]}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

Line 126:

|-

| [[Go (programming language)|Go]]

| {{<code|>int8}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint8}}</code> or {{<code|>byte}}</code>

| {{<code|>int16}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint16}}</code>

| {{<code|>int32}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint32}}</code>

| {{<code|>int64}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint64}}</code>

| {{<code|>int}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint}}</code>

| {{<code|>big.Int}}</code>

|-

| [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]

| {{<code|>i8}}</code>

| {{<code|>u8}}</code>

| {{<code|>i16}}</code>

| {{<code|>u16}}</code>

| {{<code|>i32}}</code>

| {{<code|>u32}}</code>

| {{<code|>i64}}</code>

| {{<code|>u64}}</code>

| {{<code|>isize}}</code>

| {{<code|>usize}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

|-

| [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]

| {{<code|>Int8}}</code>

| {{<code|>UInt8}}</code>

| {{<code|>Int16}}</code>

| {{<code|>UInt16}}</code>

| {{<code|>Int32}}</code>

| {{<code|>UInt32}}</code>

| {{<code|>Int64}}</code>

| {{<code|>UInt64}}</code>

| {{<code|>Int}}</code>

| {{<code|>UInt}}</code>

|-

| [[D (programming language)|D]]

| {{<code|>byte}}</code>

| {{<code|>ubyte}}</code>

| {{<code|>short}}</code>

| {{<code|>ushort}}</code>

| {{<code|>int}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint}}</code>

| {{<code|>long}}</code>

| {{<code|>ulong}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>BigInt}}</code>

|-

| [[Common Lisp]]<ref name="HyperSpec">{{cite web|url=http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Front/index.htm|title=Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)|work=lispworks.com|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>

| {{<code|>(signed-byte 8)}}</code>

| {{<code|>(unsigned-byte 8)}}</code>

| {{<code|>(signed-byte 16)}}</code>

| {{<code|>(unsigned-byte 16)}}</code>

| {{<code|>(signed-byte 32)}}</code>

| {{<code|>(unsigned-byte 32)}}</code>

| {{<code|>(signed-byte 64)}}</code>

| {{<code|>(unsigned-byte 64)}}</code>

|

|

| {{<code|>bignum}}</code>

|-

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

Line 213:

|

|

| {{<code|>bignum}}</code>

|-

| [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] ([[Free Pascal|FPC]])

| {{<code|>shortint}}</code>

| {{<code|>byte}}</code>

| {{<code|>smallint}}</code>

| {{<code|>word}}</code>

| {{<code|>longint}}</code>

| {{<code|>longword}}</code>

| {{<code|>int64}}</code>

| {{<code|>qword}}</code>

| {{<code|>integer}}</code>

| {{<code|>cardinal}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

|-

| [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]]

| {{n/a}}

| rowspan=2|{{<code|>Byte}}</code>

| {{<code|>Integer}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Long}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

Line 240:

|-

| [[Visual Basic .NET]]

| {{<code|>SByte}}</code>

| {{<code|>Short}}</code>

| {{<code|>UShort}}</code>

| {{<code|>Integer}}</code>

| {{<code|>UInteger}}</code>

| {{<code|>Long}}</code>

| {{<code|>ULong}}</code>

| <code>System.Numerics<wbr/>.BigInteger</code><br/>(.NET 4.0)

|-

| [[FreeBasic]]

| {{<code|>Byte}}</code> or {{<code|><nowiki>Integer<8>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|>UByte}}</code> or {{<code|><nowiki>UInteger<8>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|>Short}}</code> or {{<code|><nowiki>Integer<16>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|>UShort}}</code> or {{<code|><nowiki>UInteger<16>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|>Long}}</code> or {{<code|><nowiki>Integer<32>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|>ULong}}</code> or {{<code|><nowiki>UInteger<32>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|>LongInt}}</code> or {{<code|><nowiki>Integer<64>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|>ULongInt}}</code> or {{<code|><nowiki>UInteger<64>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|>Integer}}</code>

| {{<code|>UInteger}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

|-

Line 267:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>int}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>long}}</code>

|-

| [[Python (programming language)|Python]] 3.x

Line 277:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>int}}</code>

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

Line 288:

|-

| [[Fortran]]

| <{{code>|INTEGER<wbr/>(KIND {{=}} n)</code>|fortran}}{{ref|Kinds|[f]}}

| {{n/a}}

| <{{code>|INTEGER<wbr/>(KIND {{=}} n)</code>|fortran}}{{ref|Kinds|[f]}}

| {{n/a}}

| <{{code>|INTEGER<wbr/>(KIND {{=}} n)</code>|fortran}}{{ref|Kinds|[f]}}

| {{n/a}}

| <{{code>|INTEGER<wbr/>(KIND {{=}} n)</code>|fortran}}{{ref|Kinds|[f]}}

| {{n/a}}

|

Line 303:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>int}}</code>{{ref|PHP 32/64 bit long|[m]}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>int}}</code>{{ref|PHP 32/64 bit long|[m]}}

| {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

Line 316:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}{{ref|scalars|[d]}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}{{ref|scalars|[d]}}

| {{<code|>Math::BigInt}}</code>

|-

| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

| {{<code|>int8}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint8}}</code>

| {{<code|>int16}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint16}}</code>

| {{<code|>int32}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint32}}</code>

| {{<code|>int64}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint64}}</code>

| {{<code|>Int}}</code>

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

|-

Line 335:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Fixnum}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Bignum}}</code>

|-

| [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]]{{ref|Erlang_int|[n]}}

Line 344:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>integer()}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>integer()}}</code>{{ref|Erlang_arb|[o]}}

|-

| [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]

| {{<code|>Byte}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Short}}</code>

| {{<code|>Char}}</code>{{ref|Scala Char|[l]}}

| {{<code|>Int}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Long}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>scala.math.BigInt}}</code>

|-

| [[Seed7]]

Line 368:

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>integer}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>bigInteger}}</code>

|-

| [[Smalltalk]]

Line 379:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>SmallInteger}}</code>{{ref|Smalltalk|[i]}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>LargeInteger}}</code>{{ref|Smalltalk|[i]}}

|-

| [[Windows PowerShell]]

Line 394:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>int32}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>int64}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>int}}</code> or {{<code|>nativeint}}</code>

|

| {{<code|>open Big_int;;}}</code> or {{<code|>big_int}}</code>

|-

| [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]

| {{<code|>sbyte}}</code>

| {{<code|>byte}}</code>

| {{<code|>int16}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint16}}</code>

| {{<code|>int32}}</code> or {{<code|>int}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint32}}</code>

| {{<code|>uint64}}</code>

| {{<code|>nativeint}}</code>

| {{<code|>unativeint}}</code>

| {{<code|>bigint}}</code>

|-

| [[Standard ML]]

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Word8.word}}</code>

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Int32.int}}</code>

| {{<code|>Word32.word}}</code>

| {{<code|>Int64.int}}</code>

| {{<code|>Word64.word}}</code>

| {{<code|>int}}</code>

| {{<code|>word}}</code>

| {{<code|>LargeInt.int}}</code> or<br/>{{<code|>IntInf.int}}</code>

|-

| [[Haskell]] ([[Glasgow Haskell Compiler|GHC]])

| {{<code|>«import Int»}}</code> or {{<code|>Int8}}</code>

| {{<code|>«import Word»}}</code> or {{<code|>Word8}}</code>

| {{<code|>«import Int»}}</code> or {{<code|>Int16}}</code>

| {{<code|>«import Word»}}</code> or {{<code|>Word16}}</code>

| {{<code|>«import Int»}}</code> or {{<code|>Int32}}</code>

| {{<code|>«import Word»}}</code> or {{<code|>Word32}}</code>

| {{<code|>«import Int»}}</code> or {{<code|>Int64}}</code>

| {{<code|>«import Word»}}</code> or {{<code|>Word64}}</code>

| {{<code|>Int}}</code>

| {{<code|>«import Word»}}</code> or {{<code|>Word}}</code>

| {{<code|>Integer}}</code>

|-

| [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]]

| {{<code|>INTEGER_8}}</code>

| {{<code|>NATURAL_8}}</code>

| {{<code|>INTEGER_16}}</code>

| {{<code|>NATURAL_16}}</code>

| {{<code|>INTEGER_32}}</code>

| {{<code|>NATURAL_32}}</code>

| {{<code|>INTEGER_64}}</code>

| {{<code|>NATURAL_64}}</code>

| {{<code|>INTEGER}}</code>

| {{<code|>NATURAL}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

|-

| [[COBOL]]{{ref|Cobol|[h]}}

| {{<code|>BINARY-CHAR «SIGNED»}}</code>

| {{<code|>BINARY-CHAR UNSIGNED}}</code>

| {{<code|>BINARY-SHORT «SIGNED»}}</code>

| {{<code|>BINARY-SHORT UNSIGNED}}</code>

| {{<code|>BINARY-LONG «SIGNED»}}</code>

| {{<code|>BINARY-LONG UNSIGNED}}</code>

| {{<code|>BINARY-DOUBLE «SIGNED»}}</code>

| {{<code|>BINARY-DOUBLE UNSIGNED}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

Line 471:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Integer}}</code>

|-

| [[Wolfram Language]]

Line 479:

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| colspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Integer}}</code>

|}

* {{note|a68|a}} The ''standard'' constants {{<code|>int shorts}}</code> and {{<code|>int lengths}}</code> can be used to determine how many {{<code|>short}}</code>s and {{<code|>long}}</code>s can be usefully prefixed to {{<code|>short int}}</code> and {{<code|>long int}}</code>. The actual sizes of {{<code|>short int}}</code>, {{<code|>int}}</code>, and {{<code|>long int}}</code> are available as the constants {{<code|>short max int}}</code>, {{<code|>max int}}</code>, and {{<code|>long max int}}</code> etc.

* {{note|Java char|b}} Commonly used for characters.

* {{note|CInt|c}} The ALGOL 68, C and C++ languages do not specify the exact width of the integer types {{<code|>short}}</code>, {{<code|>int}}</code>, {{<code|>long}}</code>, and ([[C99]], [[C++11]]) {{<code|>long long}}</code>, so they are implementation-dependent. In C and C++ {{<code|>short}}</code>, {{<code|>long}}</code>, and {{<code|>long long}}</code> types are required to be at least 16, 32, and 64 bits wide, respectively, but can be more. The {{<code|>int}}</code> type is required to be at least as wide as {{<code|>short}}</code> and at most as wide as {{<code|>long}}</code>, and is typically the width of the word size on the processor of the machine (i.e. on a 32-bit machine it is often 32 bits wide; on 64-bit machines it is sometimes 64 bits wide). [[C99]] and [[C++11]]{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} also define the {{<code|>[u]intN_t}}</code> exact-width types in the [[stdint.h]] header. See [[C syntax#Integral types]] for more information. In addition the types {{<code|>size_t}}</code> and {{<code|>ptrdiff_t}}</code> are defined in relation to the address size to hold unsigned and signed integers sufficiently large to handle array indices and the difference between pointers.

* {{note|scalars|d}} Perl 5 does not have distinct types. Integers, floating point numbers, strings, etc. are all considered "scalars".

* {{note|PHP bignum|e}} PHP has two arbitrary-precision libraries. The BCMath library just uses strings as datatype. The GMP library uses an internal "resource" type.

* {{note|Kinds|f}} The value of {{<code|>n}}</code> is provided by the {{<code|>SELECTED_INT_KIND}}</code><ref name="fortranwiki.org">{{cite web|url=http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/selected_int_kind|title=selected_int_kind in Fortran Wiki|work=fortranwiki.org|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> intrinsic function.

* {{note|a68g|g}} [[ALGOL 68]]G's runtime option {{<code|>--precision "number"}}</code> can set precision for {{<code|>long long int}}</code>s to the required "number" significant digits. The ''standard'' constants {{<code|>long long int width}}</code> and {{<code|>long long max int}}</code> can be used to determine actual precision.

* {{note|Cobol|h}} [[COBOL]] allows the specification of a required precision and will automatically select an available type capable of representing the specified precision. "{{<code|>PIC S9999}}</code>", for example, would require a signed variable of four decimal digits precision. If specified as a binary field, this would select a 16-bit signed type on most platforms.

* {{note|Smalltalk|i}} [[Smalltalk]] automatically chooses an appropriate representation for integral numbers. Typically, two representations are present, one for integers fitting the native word size minus any tag bit ({{mono|SmallInteger}}) and one supporting arbitrary sized integers ({{mono|LargeInteger}}). Arithmetic operations support polymorphic arguments and return the result in the most appropriate compact representation.

* {{note|Ada_range|j}} [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] range types are checked for boundary violations at run-time (as well as at compile-time for static expressions). Run-time boundary violations raise a "constraint error" exception. Ranges are not restricted to powers of two. Commonly predefined Integer subtypes are: Positive (<{{code>|range 1 .. Integer'Last</code>|ada}}) and Natural (<{{code>|range 0 .. Integer'Last</code>|ada}}). {{<code|>Short_Short_Integer}}</code> (8 bits), {{<code|>Short_Integer}}</code> (16 bits) and {{<code|>Long_Integer}}</code> (64 bits) are also commonly predefined, but not required by the Ada standard. Runtime checks can be disabled if performance is more important than integrity checks.

* {{note|Ada mod|k}} [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] modulo types implement modulo arithmetic in all operations, i.e. no range violations are possible. Modulos are not restricted to powers of two.

* {{note|Scala char|l}} Commonly used for characters like Java's char.

* {{note|PHP 32/64 bit long|m}} {{<code|>int}}</code> in PHP has the same width as {{<code|>long}}</code> type in C has on that system.{{ref|CInt|[c]}}

* {{note|Erlang int|n}} [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]] is dynamically typed. The type identifiers are usually used to specify types of record fields and the argument and return types of functions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/typespec.html|title=Erlang {{--}} Types and Function Specifications|work=erlang.org|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>

* {{note|Erlang arb|o}} When it exceeds one word.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erlang.org/doc/efficiency_guide/advanced.html|title=Erlang {{--}} Advanced|work=erlang.org|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>

Line 507:

|-

| [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]<ref name="Ada_RM_2012" />

| {{<code|>Float}}</code>

| {{<code|>Long_Float}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

|-

| [[ALGOL 68]]

| {{<code|>real}}</code>{{ref|a68|[a]}}

| {{<code|>long real}}</code>{{ref|a68|[a]}}

| {{<code|>short real}}</code>, {{<code|>long long real}}</code>, etc.{{ref|a68g|[d]}}

|-

| [[C (programming language)|C]]

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>float}}</code>{{ref|lax floats|[b]}}

| rowspan=5| {{<code|>double}}</code>

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>long double}}</code>{{ref|C-long-double|[f]}}

|-

| [[C++]] (STL)

|-

| [[Objective-C]] ([[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]])

| {{<code|>CGFloat}}</code>

|-

| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>float}}</code>

| rowspan=43 {{n/a}}

|-

| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

|-

| [[Go (programming language)|Go]]

| {{<code|>float32}}</code>

| {{<code|>float64}}</code>

|-

| [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]

| {{<code|>f32}}</code>

| {{<code|>f64}}</code>

| <code>f16, f128</code>

|-

| [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]

| {{<code|>Float}}</code> or {{<code|>Float32}}</code>

| {{<code|>Double}}</code> or {{<code|>Float64}}</code>

| {{<code|>Float80}}</code>{{ref|Swift-long-double|[g]}}

| {{<code|>CGFloat}}</code>

|-

| [[D (programming language)|D]]

| {{<code|>float}}</code>

| {{<code|>double}}</code>

|

| {{<code|>real}}</code>

|-

| [[Common Lisp]]

| {{<code|>single-float}}</code>

| {{<code|>double-float}}</code>

| {{<code|>float, short-float, long-float}}</code>

|-

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

Line 568 ⟶ 569:

|-

| [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] ([[Free Pascal|FPC]])

| {{<code|>single}}</code>

| {{<code|>double}}</code>

|

| {{<code|>real}}</code>

|-

| [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]]

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>Single}}</code>

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>Double}}</code>

| rowspan=3 {{n/a}}

|-

Line 584 ⟶ 585:

| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]

| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>float}}</code>

|

|-

| [[JavaScript]]

| {{<code|>Number}}</code><ref name="Javascript numbers">[https://www.mozilla.org/js/language/E262-3.pdf 8.5 The Number Type]</ref>

| {{n/a}}

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <!-- ''x'' = ''value f''; -->

| <!-- ''x'' = ''value''; -->

Line 602 ⟶ 603:

| [[PHP]]

|

| {{<code|>float}}</code>

|

|-

Line 611 ⟶ 612:

|-

| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

| {{<code|>num32}}</code>

| {{<code|>num64}}</code>

|

| {{<code|>Num}}</code>

|-

| [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Float}}</code>

| rowspan=4 {{n/a}}

|-

| [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]

| {{<code|>Float}}</code>

| {{<code|>Double}}</code>

|-

| [[Seed7]]

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>float}}</code>

|-

| [[Smalltalk]]

| {{<code|>Float}}</code>

| {{<code|>Double}}</code>

|-

| [[Windows PowerShell]]

Line 640 ⟶ 641:

| [[OCaml]]

| {{n/a}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>float}}</code>

| rowspan=3 {{n/a}}

|-

| [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]

| {{<code|>float32}}</code>

|-

| [[Standard ML]]

| {{n/a}}

|

| {{<code|>real}}</code>

|-

| [[Haskell]] ([[Glasgow Haskell Compiler|GHC]])

| {{<code|>Float}}</code>

| {{<code|>Double}}</code>

|

|-

| [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]]

| {{<code|>REAL_32}}</code>

| {{<code|>REAL_64}}</code>

|

|-

| [[COBOL]]

| {{<code|>FLOAT-BINARY-7}}</code>{{ref|Cobol_ieee|[e]}}

| {{<code|>FLOAT-BINARY-34}}</code>{{ref|Cobol_ieee|[e]}}

| {{<code|>FLOAT-SHORT}}</code>, {{<code|>FLOAT-LONG}}</code>, {{<code|>FLOAT-EXTENDED}}</code>

|-

| [[Mathematica]]

Line 670 ⟶ 671:

| {{n/a}}

|

| {{<code|>Real}}</code>

|}

* {{note|a68_real|a}} The ''standard'' constants {{<code|>real shorts}}</code> and {{<code|>real lengths}}</code> can be used to determine how many {{<code|>short}}</code>s and {{<code|>long}}</code>s can be usefully prefixed to {{<code|>short real}}</code> and {{<code|>long real}}</code>. The actual sizes of {{<code|>short real}}</code>, {{<code|>real}}</code>, and {{<code|>long real}}</code> are available as the constants {{<code|>short max real}}</code>, {{<code|>max real}}</code> and {{<code|>long max real}}</code> etc. With the constants {{<code|>short small real}}</code>, {{<code|>small real}}</code> and {{<code|>long small real}}</code> available for each type's [[machine epsilon]].

* {{note|lax floats|b}} declarations of single precision often are not honored

* {{note|real kinds|c}} The value of {{<code|>n}}</code> is provided by the {{<code|>SELECTED_REAL_KIND}}</code><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/selected_real_kind|title=selected_real_kind in Fortran Wiki|work=fortranwiki.org|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> intrinsic function.

* {{note|a68g-real|d}} [[ALGOL 68]]G's runtime option {{<code|>--precision "number"}}</code> can set precision for {{<code|>long long real}}</code>s to the required "number" significant digits. The ''standard'' constants {{<code|>long long real width}}</code> and {{<code|>long long max real}}</code> can be used to determine actual precision.

* {{note|Cobol-ieee|e}} These [[IEEE]] floating-point types will be introduced in the next COBOL standard.

* {{note|C-long-double|f}} Same size as {{<code|>double}}</code> on many implementations.

* {{note|Swift-long-double|g}} Swift supports 80-bit [[Extended precision#Language support|extended precision]] floating point type, equivalent to {{<code|>long double}}</code> in C languages.

=== [[Complex number]]s ===

Line 691 ⟶ 692:

| [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]<ref name="Ada_RM_2012" />

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>{{ref|generic type|[b]}}

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>{{ref|generic type|[b]}}

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>{{ref|generic type|[b]}}

|-

| [[ALGOL 68]]

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>compl}}</code>

| {{<code|>long compl}}</code> etc.

| {{<code|>short compl}}</code> etc. and {{<code|>long long compl}}</code> etc.

|-

| [[C (programming language)|C]] ([[C99]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Complex-Numbers.html#Complex-Numbers|title=The GNU C Library: Complex Numbers|work=gnu.org|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>float complex}}</code>

| {{<code|>double complex}}</code>

| rowspan=7 {{n/a}}

|-

| [[C++]] (STL)

| {{n/a}}<!-- No std::complex<int>. See C++ standard section 26.2 paragraph 2 -->

| {{<code|><nowiki>std::complex<float>}}</nowiki></code>

| {{<code|><nowiki>std::complex<double>}}</nowiki></code>

|-

| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>System.Numerics.Complex}}</code><br/>(.NET 4.0)

|-

| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

Line 724 ⟶ 725:

| [[Go (programming language)|Go]]

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>complex64}}</code>

| {{<code|>complex128}}</code>

|-

| [[D (programming language)|D]]

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>cfloat}}</code>

| {{<code|>cdouble}}</code>

|-

| [[Objective-C]]

Line 762 ⟶ 763:

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>System.Numerics.Complex}}</code><br/>(.NET 4.0)

|-

| [[Perl]]

|

|

| {{<code|>Math::Complex}}</code>

|

|-

| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

|

| {{<code|>complex64}}</code>

| {{<code|>complex128}}</code>

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>

|-

| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]

|

|

| {{<code|>complex}}</code>

| rowspan=15 {{n/a}}

|-

Line 787 ⟶ 788:

|

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

Line 797 ⟶ 798:

|-

| [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>

|-

| [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]

Line 809 ⟶ 810:

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>complex}}</code>

|-

| [[Smalltalk]]

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>

|-

| [[Windows PowerShell]]

Line 824 ⟶ 825:

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Complex.t}}</code>

|-

| [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]

|

|

| {{<code|>System.Numerics.Complex}}</code><br/>(.NET 4.0)

|-

| [[Standard ML]]

Line 838 ⟶ 839:

| [[Haskell]] ([[Glasgow Haskell Compiler|GHC]])

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Complex{{Not a typo|.}}Complex Float}}</code>

| {{<code|>Complex{{Not a typo|.}}Complex Double}}</code>

|-

| [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]]

Line 852 ⟶ 853:

|-

| [[Mathematica]]

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| {{n/a}}

| {{<code|>Complex}}</code>

|}

* {{note|complex kinds|a}} The value of {{<code|>n}}</code> is provided by the {{<code|>SELECTED_REAL_KIND}}</code><ref name="ReferenceA" /> intrinsic function.

* {{note|generic type|b}} Generic type which can be instantiated with any base floating point type.

Line 865 ⟶ 866:

! rowspan=2|

! colspan=2| Text

! rowspan=2| [[Boolean datatypedata type|Boolean]]

! rowspan=2| [[Enumerated type|Enumeration]]

! rowspan=2| [[Object (computer science)|Object]]/[[Top type|Universal]]

Line 873 ⟶ 874:

|-

| [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]<ref name="Ada_RM_2012" />

| {{<code|>Character}}</code>

| {{<code|>String}}</code>, {{<code|>Bounded_String}}</code>, {{<code|>Unbounded_String}}</code>

| {{<code|>Boolean}}</code>

| <code>(''item₁'', ''item₂'', ''...'')</code>

| {{<code|>tagged null record}}</code>

|-

| [[ALGOL 68]]

| {{<code|>char}}</code>

| {{<code|>string}}</code>, {{<code|>bytes}}</code>

| {{<code|>bool}}</code>, {{<code|>bits}}</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}} - [http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Enumerations#ALGOL_68 User defined]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[C (programming language)|C]] ([[C99]])

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>char}}</code>, {{<code|>wchar_t}}</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>bool}}</code>{{ref|int bool|[b]}}

| rowspan=3| <code>enum ''«name»'' { ''item₁'', ''item₂'', ''...'' };</code>

| rowspan=2| <code>[[void type|void]] [[pointer (computer programming)|*]]</code>

|-

| [[C++]] (STL)

| [[C++ string handling|{{<code|>«std::»string}}</code>]]

|-

| [[Objective-C]]

| {{<code|>unichar}}</code>

| {{<code|>NSString *}}</code>

| {{<code|>BOOL}}</code>

| {{<code|>id}}</code>

|-

| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>char}}</code>

| {{<code|>string}}</code>

| {{<code|>bool}}</code>

| <code>enum ''name'' { ''item₁''« = ''value''», ''item₂''« = ''value''», ''...'' }</code>

| object

|-

| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

| {{<code|>String}}</code>

| {{<code|>boolean}}</code>

| <code>enum ''name'' { ''item₁'', ''item₂'', ''...'' }</code>

| {{<code|>Object}}</code>

|-

| [[Go (programming language)|Go]]

| {{<code|>byte}}</code>, {{<code|>rune}}</code>

| {{<code|>string}}</code>

| {{<code|>bool}}</code>

| <code>const (<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''item{{sub|1}}'' = ''iota''<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''item{{sub|2}}''<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''...''<br/>)</code>

| <code>interface{}</code>

|-

| [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]

| {{<code|>char}}</code>

| {{<code|>String}}</code>

| {{<code|>bool}}</code>

| <code>enum ''name'' { ''item{{sub|1}}''« = ''value''», ''item{{sub|2}}''« = ''value''», ''...'' }</code>

| {{<code|>std::any::Any}}</code>

|-

| [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]

| {{<code|>Character}}</code>

| {{<code|>String}}</code>

| {{<code|>Bool}}</code>

| <code>enum ''name'' { case ''item₁'', ''item₂'', ''...'' }</code>

| {{<code|>Any}}</code>

|-

| [[D (programming language)|D]]

| {{<code|>char}}</code>

| {{<code|>string}}</code>

| {{<code|>bool}}</code>

| <code>enum ''name'' { ''item₁'', ''item₂'', ''...'' }</code>

| {{<code|>std.variant.Variant}}</code>

|-

| [[Common Lisp]]

| {{<code|>character}}</code>

| {{<code|>string}}</code>

| {{<code|>boolean}}</code>

| <code>(member ''item₁'' ''item₂'' ''...'')</code>

| {{<code|>t}}</code>

|-

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

Line 965 ⟶ 966:

|-

| Pascal (ISO)

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>char}}</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| rowspan=2| {{<code|>boolean}}</code>

| rowspan=2| <code>( ''item₁'', ''item₂'', ''...'' )</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[Object Pascal]] ([[Delphi (software)|Delphi]])

| {{<code|>string}}</code>

| {{<code|>variant}}</code>

|-

| [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>String}}</code>

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>Boolean}}</code>

| rowspan=3| <code>Enum ''name''<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''item{{sub|1}}'' «= ''value''»<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''item{{sub|2}}'' «= ''value»<br/>{{Spaces|3}}...''<br/>End Enum</code>

| {{code|[[Variant type|{{code|Variant]]}}]]

|-

| [[Visual Basic .NET]]

| {{<code|>Char}}</code>

| {{<code|>Object}}</code>

|-

| [[Xojo]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| {{<code|>Object}}</code> or {{<code|>Variant}}</code>

|-

| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|string as char|[d]}}

| {{<code|>str}}</code>

| {{<code|>bool}}</code>

| {{pre|1=

| <code>from enum import Enum<br/>class Name(Enum):<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''item{{sub|1}}'' = ''value''<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''item{{sub|2}}'' = ''value''<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''...''</code>

{{codett|2=python|import enum}}

| {{code|object}}

{{codett|2=python|class Name(enum.Enum):}}

''item{{sub|1}}'' = ''value''

''item{{sub|2}}'' = ''value''

''...''

}}

| {{<code|>object}}</code>

|-

| [[JavaScript]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|string as char|[d]}}

| {{<code|>String}}</code>

| {{<code|>Boolean}}</code>

|

| {{<code|>Object}}</code>

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

|

|

Line 1,012 ⟶ 1,020:

|-

| [[Fortran]]

| <{{code>|2=fortran|1=CHARACTER(LEN = *)</code>}}

| <{{code>|2=fortran|1=CHARACTER(LEN = :), allocatable</code>}}

| <{{code>|2=fortran|1=LOGICAL(KIND = n)</code>}}{{ref|logical kinds|[f]}}

|

| {{<code|>CLASS(*)}}</code>

|-

| [[PHP]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|string as char|[d]}}

| {{<code|>string}}</code>

| {{<code|>bool}}</code>

|

| (type declaration omitted)

|-

| [[Perl]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|string as char|[d]}}

|

|

|

| {{<code|>UNIVERSAL}}</code>

|-

| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

| {{<code|>Char}}</code>

| {{<code|>Str}}</code>

| {{<code|>Bool}}</code>

| <code>enum ''name<item₁ item₂ ...>''</code><br/><code>enum ''name <<:item₁(value) :item₂(value) ..>>''</code>

| {{<code|>Mu}}</code>

|-

| [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|string as char|[d]}}

| {{<code|>String}}</code>

| {{<code|>Object}}</code>{{ref|Ruby's bool|[c]}}

|

| {{<code|>Object}}</code>

|-

| [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]

| {{<code|>Char}}</code>

| {{<code|>String}}</code>

| {{<code|>Boolean}}</code>

| <code>object ''name'' extends Enumeration {<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''val item{{sub|1}}, item{{sub|2}}, ... = Value''<br/>}</code>

| {{<code|>Any}}</code>

|-

| [[Seed7]]

| {{<code|>char}}</code>

| {{<code|>string}}</code>

| {{<code|>boolean}}</code>

| <code>const type'': name'' is new enum<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''item{{sub|1}},''<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''item{{sub|2}},''<br/>{{Spaces|3}}''...''<br/>end enum;</code>

|

Line 1,068 ⟶ 1,076:

|-

| [[OCaml]]

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>char}}</code>

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>string}}</code>

| rowspan=3| {{<code|>bool}}</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|enum|[e]}}

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]

| <code>type ''name'' = ''item₁'' = ''value'' {{pipe}}''item₂'' = ''value'' {{pipe}} ''...''</code>

| {{<code|>obj}}</code>

|-

| [[Standard ML]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|enum|[e]}}

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[Haskell]] ([[Glasgow Haskell Compiler|GHC]])

| {{<code|>Char}}</code>

| {{<code|>String}}</code>

| {{<code|>Bool}}</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|enum|[e]}}

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]]

| {{<code|>CHARACTER}}</code>

| {{<code|>STRING}}</code>

| {{<code|>BOOLEAN}}</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| {{<code|>ANY}}</code>

|-

| [[COBOL]]

| {{<code|>PIC X}}</code>

| <code>''PIC X(''string length'')''</code> or <code>PIC&nbsp;X«X...»</code>

| <code>''PIC 1«(''number of digits'')»''</code> or <code>PIC&nbsp;1«1...»</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| {{<code|>OBJECT REFERENCE}}</code>

|-

| [[Mathematica]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|string as char|[d]}}

| {{<code|>String}}</code>

|

|

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|}

* {{note|string|a}} specifically, strings of arbitrary length and automatically managed.

* {{note|int bool|b}} This language represents a boolean as an integer where false is represented as a value of zero and true by a non-zero value.

* {{note|Ruby's bool|c}} All values evaluate to either true or false. Everything in ''{{<code|>TrueClass}}</code>'' evaluates to true and everything in ''{{<code|>FalseClass}}</code>'' evaluates to false.

* {{note|string as char|d}}This language does not have a separate character type. Characters are represented as strings of length 1.

* {{note|enum|e}} Enumerations in this language are algebraic types with only nullary constructors

* {{note|logical kinds|f}} The value of ''{{<code|>n}}</code>'' is provided by the {{<code|>SELECTED_INT_KIND}}</code><ref name="fortranwiki.org" /> intrinsic function.

== Derived types ==

Line 1,181 ⟶ 1,189:

| [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]

| <code>[''type; size'']</code>

| <code>[<nowiki/>[[</nowiki>''type; size₁'']''; size₂'']</code>

| <code>Vec<''type''></code>

| <code>Vec<Vec<''type''>></code>

Line 1,203 ⟶ 1,211:

|- valign="top"

| [[Common Lisp]]

| {{code|2=lisp|(simple-array type (dimension))|lisp}}

| {{code|2=lisp|(simple-array type (dimension1 dimension2))|lisp}}

| {{code|2=lisp|(array type (dimension))|lisp}}

| {{code|2=lisp|(array type (dimension1 dimension2))|lisp}}

|- valign="top"

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

Line 1,226 ⟶ 1,234:

| {{n/a}}

|- valign="top"

| [[Object Pascal]] ([[Delphi (software)|Delphi]])

| <code>array of'' type''</code>

| <code>array of array ''...'' of ''type''</code>

Line 1,248 ⟶ 1,256:

|

|- valign="top"

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>x = ''type''[''size''];</code>

| <code>x = ''type''[''size₁'','' size₂'', ''...''];</code>

Line 1,327 ⟶ 1,335:

|- valign="top"

| [[Haskell]] ([[Glasgow Haskell Compiler|GHC]])

| <code>{{codett|2=haskell|1=x = Array.array (0,}} ''size''-1) ''list_of_association_pairs''</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=haskell|1=x = Array.array ((0, 0,}}''...''), (''size₁''-1, ''size₂''-1,''...'')) ''list_of_association_pairs''</code>

|

|

Line 1,335 ⟶ 1,343:

| <code>''level-number type'' OCCURS ''size'' «TIMES».</code>

| {{em|one-dimensional array definition...}}

| <code>''level-number type'' OCCURS ''min-size'' TO ''max-size'' {{codett|2=cobolfree|1=«TIMES» DEPENDING «ON»}} ''size''.</code>{{ref|COBOL DEPENDING ON clause|[e]}}

| {{n/a}}

|}

* {{note|C's array|a}}In most expressions (except the <code>[[sizeof]]</code> and {{<code|>&}}</code> operators), values of array types in C are automatically converted to a pointer of its first argument. See [[C syntax#Arrays]] for further details of syntax and pointer operations.

* {{note|Java's array|b}} The C-like <code>''type'' x[]</code> works in Java, however <code>''type''[] x</code> is the preferred form of array declaration.

* {{note|subrange|c}} Subranges are used to define the bounds of the array.

* {{note|JavaScript's array|d}} JavaScript's array are a special kind of object. <!-- explain array(size) thing -->

* {{note|COBOL DEPENDING ON clause|e}} The {{<code|>DEPENDING ON}}</code> clause in COBOL does not create a ''true'' variable length array and will always allocate the maximum size of the array.

=== Other types ===

Line 1,357 ⟶ 1,365:

| [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]<ref name="Ada_RM_2012" />

| <code>type ''name'' is «abstract» «tagged» «limited» ''[''record{{indent|2}}''field{{sub|1}}'' : ''type'';{{indent|2}}''field{{sub|2}}'' : ''type'';{{indent|2}}''...''<br/>end record ''{{pipe}}'' null record'']''</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| {{Any}} combination of records, unions, and enumerations (as well as references to those, enabling recursive types).

| <code>type ''name'' (''variation'' : ''discrete_type'') is record{{indent|2}}case ''variation'' is{{indent|4}}when ''choice_list{{sub|1}}'' =>{{indent|6}}''fieldname{{sub|1}}'' : ''type'';{{indent|6}}''...''{{indent|4}}when ''choice_list{{sub|2}}'' =>{{indent|6}}''fieldname{{sub|2}}'' : ''type'';{{indent|6}}''...''{{indent|4}}''...''{{indent|2}}end case;<br/>end record</code>

|-

Line 1,368 ⟶ 1,376:

| [[C (programming language)|C]] ([[C99]])

| rowspan=2| <code>struct ''«name»'' {''type name'';''...''};</code>

| rowspan=2 {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| rowspan=3 {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| rowspan=3| <code>union {''type name'';''...''};</code>

|-

Line 1,382 ⟶ 1,390:

| <code>(''val{{sub|1}}'', ''val{{sub|2}}'', ''...'' )</code>

|

| rowspan=3 {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|just classes|[a]}}

|

|

Line 1,391 ⟶ 1,399:

| [[JavaScript]]

|

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|

|-

Line 1,419 ⟶ 1,427:

|-

| [[Common Lisp]]

| {{code|2=lisp|(defstruct name slot-name (slot-name initial-value) (slot-name initial-value :type type) ...)|lisp}}

| rowspan=3| <code>(cons ''val{{sub|1}} val{{sub|2}}'')</code>{{ref|pair only|[c]}}

|

Line 1,425 ⟶ 1,433:

|-

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|

|

Line 1,436 ⟶ 1,444:

| [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]

| <code>record{{indent|2}}''name'': ''type'';{{indent|2}}''...<br/>''end</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| <code>record{{indent|2}}case ''type'' of{{indent|2}}''value'': (''types'');{{indent|2}}''...''<br/>end</code>

|-

Line 1,453 ⟶ 1,461:

|-

| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|just classes|[a]}}

| <code>«(''»val{{sub|1}}'', ''val{{sub|2}}'', ''val{{sub|3}}'', ''...'' «)»</code>

|

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>struct {''name [=value], ...''}</code>

|

Line 1,471 ⟶ 1,479:

|-

| [[PHP]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|just classes|[a]}}

|

|

Line 1,477 ⟶ 1,485:

|-

| [[Perl]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|Perl's records|[d]}}

|

|

| rowspan=3 {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}{{ref|just classes|[a]}}

|

|

Line 1,508 ⟶ 1,516:

| rowspan=2| <code>«(»''val{{sub|1}}'', ''val{{sub|2}}'', ''val{{sub|3}}'', ''...'' «)»</code>

| rowspan=2| <code>type ''name'' = ''Foo'' «of ''type''» {{pipe}} ''Bar'' «of ''type''» {{pipe}} ''...''</code>

| rowspan=4 {{nN/aA|N/A}}

|-

| [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]

Line 1,522 ⟶ 1,530:

|-

| [[COBOL]]

| <code>''{{codett|2=cobolfree|level-number name type clauses}}''.{{indent|2}}''{{codett|2=cobolfree|level-number+n name type clauses}}''.{{indent|2}}''...''</code>

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| {{nN/aA|N/A}}

| <code>''name'' REDEFINES ''variable type''.</code>

|}

* {{note|just classes|a}} Only classes are supported.

* {{note|C++'s struct|b}} {{<code|>struct}}</code>s in C++ are actually classes, but have default public visibility and ''are'' also [[Plain old data structure|POD]] objects. C++11 extended this further, to make classes act identically to POD objects in many more cases.

* {{note|pair only|c}} pair only

* {{note|Perl's records|d}} Although Perl doesn't have records, because Perl's type system allows different data types to be in an array, "hashes" (associative arrays) that don't have a variable index would effectively be the same as records.

Line 1,619 ⟶ 1,627:

| rowspan=3| See notes to left.

Constants use the same syntax, and:

* use {{<code|>Const}}</code> instead of {{<code|>Dim}}</code>

* have a restriction to only certain primitive types<br/><code>Const ''name₁'' «As ''type''» = ''value'', ''name₂'' «As ''type»'' = ''value, ...''</code>

|

Line 1,626 ⟶ 1,634:

| The variable declaration syntax of VB.NET is unusually difficult to precisely describe.

Given that there exist the identifier suffixes ("modifiers"):

* {{<code|>type_character}}</code>, available as an alternative to an {{<code|>As}}</code> clause for some primitive data types;

* {{<code|>nullable_specifier}}</code>; and

* {{<code|>array_specifier}}</code>;

and that

* a {{<code|>modified_identifier}}</code> is of the form {{<code|>identifier«type_character»«nullable_specifier»«array_specifier»}}</code>;

* a {{<code|>modified_identifier_list}}</code> is a comma-separated list of two or more occurrences of {{<code|>modified_identifier}}</code>; and

* a {{<code|>declarator_list}}</code> is a comma-separated list of declarators, which can be of the form

** <code>''identifier'' As ''object_creation_expression''</code>'' (object initializer declarator)'',

** <code>''modified_identifier'' «As ''non_array_type''«''array_rank_specifier''»»« = ''initial_value»''</code> ''(single declarator)'', or

Line 1,638 ⟶ 1,646:

valid declaration statements are of the form

{{In5}}<code>Dim ''declarator_list''</code>,

where, for the purpose of semantic analysis, to convert the {{<code|>declarator_list}}</code> to a list of only single declarators:

* The {{<code|>As}}</code> clauses of each ''multiple declarator'' is distributed over its {{<code|>modified_identifier_list}}</code>

* The <code>As New ''type...''</code> of each ''object initializer declarator'' is replaced with <code>As ''type'' = New ''type...''</code>

and for which, for each {{<code|>identifier}}</code>,

* a {{<code|>type_character}}</code> and {{<code|>As}}</code> clause do not both appear;

* if an {{<code|>As}}</code> clause is present,

** an {{<code|>array_rank_specifier}}</code> does not appear both as a modification of the identifier and on the type of the {{<code|>As}}</code> clause;

* an {{<code|>unmodified_type}}</code> can be determined, by the rule that,

** if a {{<code|>type_character}}</code> or {{<code|>As}}</code> clause is present,

*** {{<code|>unmodified_type}}</code> is that specified by such construct,

** and that otherwise,

*** either {{<code|>Option Infer}}</code> must be on and the {{<code|>identifier}}</code> must have an initializer, in which case {{<code|>unmodified_type}}</code> is that of the initializer, or

*** {{<code|>Option Strict}}</code> must be off, in which case {{<code|>unmodified_type}}</code> is {{<code|>Object}}</code>;

* its {{<code|>final_type}}</code> is its {{<code|>unmodified_type}}</code> prepended before its modifiers;

* its {{<code|>final_type}}</code> is a valid type; and

* if an {{<code|>initial_value}}</code> is present,

** either {{<code|>Option Strict}}</code> is on and {{<code|>initial_value}}</code> has a widening conversion to {{<code|>final_type}}</code>, or

** {{<code|>Option Strict}}</code> is off and {{<code|>initial_value}}</code> has a narrowing conversion to {{<code|>final_type}}</code>.

If {{<code|>Option Explicit}}</code> is off, variables do not require explicit declaration; they are declared implicitly when used:

{{code|<syntaxhighlight lang="basic" inline>name {{=}} initial_value}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>Imports ''synonym'' = ''type''</code>

|-

Line 1,672 ⟶ 1,680:

| <code>''name'' = ''initial_value''</code>| <code>''name'' = ''initial_value''</code>

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>''name'' = ''initial_value'';</code>

|

Line 1,678 ⟶ 1,686:

|-

| [[Fortran]]

| <code>''type'' :: ''name''</code>

| <code>''type'', PARAMETER :: ''name'' = ''value''</code>

|

Line 1,752 ⟶ 1,760:

* {{note|variable types|b}}Types are just regular objects, so you can just assign them.

* {{note|Perl's my keyword|c}} In Perl, the "my" keyword scopes the variable into the block.

* {{note|ML ref|d}} Technically, this does not declare ''name'' to be a mutable variable—in ML, all names can only be bound once; rather, it declares ''name'' to point to a "reference" data structure, which is a simple mutable cell. The data structure can then be read and written to using the {{<code|>!}}</code> and {{code|<syntaxhighlight lang="sml" inline>:{{=}}}}</syntaxhighlight> operators, respectively.

* {{note|Ada declaration|e}} If no initial value is given, an invalid value is automatically assigned (which will trigger a run-time exception if it used before a valid value has been assigned). While this behaviour can be suppressed it is recommended in the interest of predictability. If no invalid value can be found for a type (for example in case of an unconstraint integer type), a valid, yet predictable value is chosen instead.

* {{note|Rust declaration|f}} In Rust, if no initial value is given to a {{<code|>let}}</code> or {{<code|>let mut}}</code> variable and it is never assigned to later, there is an [https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/lints/listing/warn-by-default.html#unused-variables "unused variable" warning]. If no value is provided for a {{<code|>const}}</code> or {{<code|>static}}</code> or {{<code|>static mut}}</code> variable, there is an error. There is a [https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/lints/listing/warn-by-default.html?#non-upper-case-globals "non-upper-case globals"] error for non-uppercase {{<code|>const}}</code> variables. After it is defined, a {{<code|>static mut}}</code> variable can only be assigned to in an {{<code|>unsafe}}</code> block or function.

== [[Control flow]] ==

Line 1,803 ⟶ 1,811:

|- valign="top"

| [[C (programming language)|C]] ([[C99]])

| rowspan=7| <code>if (''condition'') ''instructions''<br/>«else ''instructions''»</code><br/>{{<code|>instructions}}</code> can be a single statement or a block in the form of: <code>{ ''statements'' }</code>

| rowspan=7| <code>if (''condition'') ''instructions''<br/>else if (''condition'') ''instructions''<br/>''...''<br/>«else ''instructions»''</code><br/>or<br/><code>if (''condition'') ''instructions''<br/>else { if (''condition'') ''instructions'' }</code>

| rowspan=7| <code>switch (''variable'') { {{indent|2}}case ''case1'': ''instructions'' «; break;»{{indent|2}}''...''{{indent|2}}«default: ''instructions''»<br/>}</code>

Line 1,822 ⟶ 1,830:

| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]

| <code>if (''condition'') ''instructions''<br/>«else ''instructions''»</code>

{{<code|>instructions}}</code> can be a single statement or a block in the form of: <code>{ ''statements'' }</code>

| <code>if (''condition'') ''instructions''<br/>else if (''condition'') ''instructions''<br/>''...''<br/>«else ''instructions''»</code>

| <code>switch (''variable'')<br/>{ {{indent|2}}case ''case{{sub|1}}'':{{indent|4}}''instructions''{{indent|4}}«''break_or_jump_statement''»{{indent|2}}''...''{{indent|2}}«default:{{indent|4}}''instructions''{{indent|4}}''break_or_jump_statement''»<br/>}</code>

All non-empty cases must end with a {{<code|>break}}</code> or {{<code|>goto case}}</code> statement (that is, they are not allowed to fall-through to the next case).

The {{<code|>default}}</code> case is not required to come last.

| <code>''condition'' [[?:|?]] ''valueIfTrue'' [[?:|:]] ''valueIfFalse''</code>

|- valign="top"

Line 1,901 ⟶ 1,909:

|- valign="top"

| [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]]

| rowspan=3| <code>If ''condition'' Then{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>«Else{{indent|2}}''instructions''»<br/>End If</code><br/>Single-line, when {{<code|>instructions}}</code> are <code>instruction{{sub|1}} : instruction{{sub|2}} : ...</code>:<br/><code>If ''condition'' Then ''instructions'' «Else ''instructions»''</code>

| rowspan=3| <code>If ''condition'' Then{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>ElseIf ''condition'' Then{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>''...''<br/>«Else{{indent|2}}''instructions''»<br/>End If</code><br/>Single-line:<br/>See note about C-like languages; the {{<code|>Else}}</code> clause of a single-line {{<code|>If}}</code> statement can contain another single-line {{<code|>If}}</code> statement.

| rowspan=3| <code>Select« Case» ''variable''{{indent|2}}Case ''case_pattern{{sub|1}}''{{indent|4}}''instructions''{{indent|2}}''...''{{indent|2}}«Case Else{{indent|4}}''instructions''»<br/>End Select</code>

| <code>[[IIf]](''condition'', ''valueIfTrue'', ''valueIfFalse'')</code>

Line 1,917 ⟶ 1,925:

| Python 2.5+:<br/><code>''valueIfTrue'' if ''condition'' else ''valueIfFalse''</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>if (''condition'') { ''instructions'' } «else { ''instructions'' }»</code>

| <code>if (''condition'') { ''instructions'' } else if (''condition'') { ''instructions'' } ''...'' «else { ''instructions'' }»</code>

Line 1,992 ⟶ 2,000:

* {{note|pascal semicolon|c}} In languages of the Pascal family, the semicolon is not part of the statement. It is a separator between statements, not a terminator.

* {{note|COBOL END-IF|d}} <code>END-IF</code> may be used instead of the period at the end.

* {{note|Rust match expression|e}} In Rust, the comma ({{<code|>,}}</code>) at the end of a match arm can be omitted after the last match arm, or after any match arm in which the expression is a block (ends in possibly empty matching brackets <code>{}</code>).

=== [[Control flow#Loops|Loop statements]] ===

Line 2,023 ⟶ 2,031:

|-

| [[C (programming language)|C]] ([[C99]])

| rowspan=9| {{<code|>instructions}}</code> can be a single statement or a block in the form of: <code>{ ''statements'' }</code><br/><code>while (''condition'') ''instructions''</code>

| rowspan=9| <code>do ''instructions'' while (''condition'');</code>

| rowspan=5| <code>for (''«type» i'' = ''first''; ''i'' <= ''last''; ''i''++) ''instructions''</code>

Line 2,066 ⟶ 2,074:

| <code>while ''condition'' { ''instructions'' }</code>

| 2.x:<br/><code>repeat { ''instructions'' } while ''condition''</code><br/>1.x:<br/><code>do { ''instructions'' } while ''condition''</code>

| <code>for ''i'' = ''first'' ... ''last'' { ''instructions'' }</code><br/>or<br/><code>for ''i'' = ''first'' ..< ''last+1''+1 { ''instructions'' }</code><br/>or<br/><code>for var ''i'' = ''first''; ''i'' <= ''last''; ''i''++ { ''instructions'' }</code>

| <code>for ''item'' in ''set'' { ''instructions'' }</code>

|-

Line 2,108 ⟶ 2,116:

| <code>(loop{{indent|2}}while ''condition''{{indent|2}}do{{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>(do () (''notcondition''){{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code>

| <code>(loop{{indent|2}}do{{indent|2}}''instructions''{{indent|2}}while ''condition'')</code>

| <code>(loop{{indent|2}}for i from ''first'' to ''last «by 1»''{{indent|2}}do{{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>(dotimes (i N){{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>(do ((i ''first'' {{codett|2=lisp|1=(1+ i))) ((>=i}} ''last''))<br/>{{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code>

| <code>(loop{{indent|2}}for ''item'' in ''list''{{indent|2}}do{{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>(loop{{indent|2}}for ''item'' across ''vector''{{indent|2}}do{{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>(dolist (''item list''){{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>(mapc ''function list'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>(map ''type function sequence'')</code>

|-

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

| <code>(do () (''notcondition'') ''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=scheme|(let loop () (if}} ''condition'' (begin ''instructions'' (loop))))</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=scheme|(let loop () (}}''instructions'' (if ''condition'' (loop))))</code>

| <code>(do ((i ''first'' {{codett|2=scheme|1=(+ i 1))) ((>= i}} ''last'')) ''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=scheme|(let loop ((i}} ''first''{{codett|2=scheme|1)) (if (< i}} ''last'') (begin ''instructions'' {{codett|2=scheme|(loop (+ i 1)))))}}</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=scheme|(for-each (lambda (}}''item'') ''instructions'') ''list'')</code>

|-

| [[ISLISP]]

| <code>(while ''condition instructions'')</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=lisp|1=(tagbody loop}} ''instructions'' (if ''condition'' {{codett|2=lisp|1=(go loop))}}</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=lisp|1=(for ((i}} ''first'' {{codett|2=lisp|1=(+ i 1))) ((>= i}} ''last'')) ''instructions'')</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=lisp|1=(mapc (lambda (}}''item'') ''instructions'') ''list'')</code>

|-

| [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]

Line 2,130 ⟶ 2,138:

|-

| [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]]

| rowspan=2| <code>Do While ''condition''{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>Loop</code><br/>or<br/><code>Do Until ''notcondition''{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>Loop</code><br/>or<br/><code>While ''condition''{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>Wend</code> (Visual Basic .NET uses {{<code|>End While}}</code> instead)

| rowspan=2| <code>Do{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>Loop While ''condition''</code><br/>or<br/><code>Do{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>Loop Until ''notcondition''</code>

| {{<code|>i}}</code> must be declared beforehand.

<code>For ''i'' = ''first'' To ''last'' «Step ''1»{{indent|2}}instructions''<br/>Next i</code>

| <code>For Each ''item'' In ''set''{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>Next ''item''</code>

Line 2,150 ⟶ 2,158:

| <code>for ''item'' in ''set'':<br/>{{keypress|Tab}}''instructions''<br/>«else:<br/>{{keypress|Tab}}''instructions»''</code>

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>while (''condition'') { ''instructions'' } «then ''optional-block»''</code>

| <code>do { ''instructions'' } while (''condition'') «then ''optional-block»''</code>

Line 2,200 ⟶ 2,208:

|-

| [[COBOL]]

| <code>PERFORM ''procedure-1'' «THROUGH ''procedure-2''» ««WITH» TEST BEFORE» UNTIL ''condition''</code>{{ref|COBOL THRU|[c]}}<br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=cobolfree|PERFORM ««WITH» TEST BEFORE» UNTIL}} ''condition''{{indent|2}}''expression''<br/>END-PERFORM</code>

| <code>PERFORM ''procedure-1'' «THROUGH ''procedure-2''» «WITH» TEST AFTER UNTIL ''condition''</code>{{ref|COBOL THRU|[c]}}<br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=cobolfree|PERFORM «WITH» TEST AFTER UNTIL}} ''condition''{{indent|2}}''expression''<br/>END-PERFORM</code>

| <code>PERFORM ''procedure-1'' «THROUGH ''procedure-2»'' VARYING ''i'' FROM ''first'' BY ''increment'' UNTIL ''i'' > ''last''</code>{{ref|COBOL GREATER THAN|[d]}}<br/>or<br/><code>PERFORM VARYING ''i'' FROM ''first'' BY ''increment'' UNTIL ''i'' > ''last''{{indent|2}}''expression''<br/>END-PERFORM</code>{{ref|COBOL GREATER THAN|[d]}}

| {{n/a}}

Line 2,213 ⟶ 2,221:

* {{note|step|a}} "<code>step</code> n" is used to change the loop interval. If "<code>step</code>" is omitted, then the loop interval is 1.

* {{note|Ada_quantifiers|b}} This implements the [[universal quantifier]] ("for all" or "<{{math>\|&forall</math>";}}) as well as the [[existential quantifier]] ("there exists" or "<{{math>\exists</math>"|&exist;}}).

* {{note|COBOL THRU|c}} <code>THRU</code> may be used instead of <code>THROUGH</code>.

* {{note|COBOL GREATER THAN|d}} <{{code>|2=cobolfree|«IS» GREATER «THAN»</code>}} may be used instead of <code>></code>.

* {{note|Rust FOREACH|e}} Type of set expression must implement trait <code>std::iter::IntoIterator</code>.

Line 2,230 ⟶ 2,238:

| <code>raise ''exception_name'' «with ''string_expression»''</code>

| <code>begin{{indent|2}}''statements''<br/>exception{{indent|2}}when ''exception_list₁'' <nowiki>=></nowiki> ''statements;''{{indent|2}}when ''exception_list₂'' <nowiki>=></nowiki> ''statements;''<br/>''...''{{indent|2}}«when others <nowiki>=></nowiki> ''statements;''»<br/>end</code>{{ref|Ada_uncaught_exceptions|[b]}}

| <code>{{codett|2=ada|1=pragma Assert}} («Check <nowiki>=></nowiki>» ''boolean_expression'' ««Message =>» ''string_expression''»)<br/>''[function {{pipe}} procedure {{pipe}} entry]'' with{{indent|2}}Pre <nowiki>=></nowiki> ''boolean_expression''{{indent|2}}Post <nowiki>=></nowiki> ''boolean_expression''<br/>''any_type'' with Type_Invariant <nowiki>=></nowiki> ''boolean_expression''</code>

|-

| [[APL (programming language)|APL]]

| <code>''«string_expression»'' ⎕SIGNAL ''number_expression''</code>

| <code>:Trap ''number«s»_expression''{{indent|2}}''statements''<br/>«:Case ''number«s»_expression''{{indent|2}}''statements''»<br/>''...''<br/>«:Else ''number«s»_expression''{{indent|2}}''statements''»<br/>:EndTrap</code>

| <code>''«string_expression»'' {{codett|⎕SIGNAL 98/⍨~|apl}}''condition''</code>

|-

| [[C (programming language)|C]] ([[C99]])

Line 2,266 ⟶ 2,274:

| <code>assert(''condition'');</code>

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>try { ''instructions'' } catch ''«exception»'' { ''instructions'' } ''...'' «finally { ''instructions'' }»</code>

| {{dunno}}

Line 2,272 ⟶ 2,280:

| [[Windows PowerShell]]

| <code>trap «[''exception'']» { ''instructions'' } ''... instructions''</code><br/>or<br/><code>try { ''instructions'' } catch «[''exception'']» { ''instructions'' } ''...'' «finally { ''instructions'' }»</code>

| <code>{{codett|[Debug]::Assert(|ps1}}''condition'')</code>

|-

| [[Objective-C]]

Line 2,286 ⟶ 2,294:

| [[Perl]]

| rowspan=2| <code>die ''exception'';</code>

| <code>eval { ''instructions'' {{codett|}; if ($@) {|perl}} ''instructions'' }</code>

| {{dunno}}

|-

Line 2,325 ⟶ 2,333:

| [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]]

| <code>Err.Raise ''ERRORNUMBER''</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=vbnet|With New}} ''Try''{{codett|2=vbnet|: On Error Resume Next}}{{indent|2}}''OneInstruction<br/>.Catch''{{codett|2=vbnet|: On Error GoTo 0: Select Case}} ''.Number''{{indent|2}}Case ''SOME_ERRORNUMBER''{{indent|4}}''instructions''<br/>{{codett|2=vbnet|End Select: End With}}</code><syntaxhighlight lang="vbnet">

'*** Try class ***

Private mstrDescription As String

Line 2,341 ⟶ 2,349:

Public Property Get Description() As String

Description = mstrDescription

End Property</syntaxhighlight><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/truetryforvisualbasic/|title=Try-Catch for VB|work=google.com|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416093023/https://sites.google.com/site/truetryforvisualbasic/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| <code>Debug.Assert ''condition''</code>

|-

Line 2,347 ⟶ 2,355:

| <code>Throw ''exception''</code><br/>or<br/><code>Error ''errorcode''</code>

| <code>Try{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>Catch« ''name'' As ''exception''»« When ''condition''»{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>''...''<br/>«Finally{{indent|2}}''instructions''»<br/>End Try</code>

| <code>System.Diagnostics.<wbr/code><code>Debug.Assert(''condition'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>System.Diagnostics.<wbr/>Trace.Assert(''condition'')</code>

|-

| [[Xojo]]

Line 2,386 ⟶ 2,394:

|-

| [[COBOL]]

| <code>{{codett|2=cobolfree|RAISE «EXCEPTION»}} ''exception''</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=cobolfree|USE «AFTER» EXCEPTION OBJECT}} ''class-name''.</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=cobolfree|USE «AFTER» EO}} ''class-name''.</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=cobolfree|USE «AFTER» EXCEPTION CONDITION}} ''exception-name'' «FILE ''file-name»''.</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=cobolfree|USE «AFTER» EC}} ''exception-name'' «FILE ''file-name»''.</code>

| {{n/a}}

|-

Line 2,395 ⟶ 2,403:

|}

* {{note|common lisp restarts|a}} Common Lisp allows {{<code|>with-simple-restart}}</code>, {{<code|>restart-case}}</code> and {{<code|>restart-bind}}</code> to define restarts for use with {{<code|>invoke-restart}}</code>. Unhandled conditions may cause the implementation to show a restarts menu to the user before unwinding the stack.

* {{note|Ada uncaught exceptions|b}} Uncaught exceptions are propagated to the innermost dynamically enclosing execution. Exceptions are not propagated across tasks (unless these tasks are currently synchronised in a rendezvous).

Line 2,418 ⟶ 2,426:

| <code>''value'' exit;</code> ...

| <code>do ''statements;'' skip exit; ''label: statements'' od</code>

| {{<code|>label:}}</code> ...

| <code>go to ''label; ...''<br/>goto ''label; ...<br/>label; ...''</code>

| <code>yield(value)</code>

Line 2,520 ⟶ 2,528:

|-

| [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]]

| rowspan=3| <code>Exit ''block''</code>Alternatively, for methods,<br/>{{<code|>Return}}</code>

| {{n/a}}

| rowspan=3| <code>''label'':</code>

Line 2,544 ⟶ 2,552:

|

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>break;</code>

| <code>continue;</code>

Line 2,554 ⟶ 2,562:

| <code>EXIT</code>

| <code>CYCLE</code>

| {{<code|>label}}</code>{{ref|Fortran label|[b]}}

| <code>GOTO ''label''</code>

| {{n/a}}

Line 2,596 ⟶ 2,604:

== [[Subroutine|Function]]s ==

See ''[[Reflectionreflective (computer science)|reflectionprogramming]]'' for calling and declaring functions by strings.

{{sort-under}}

{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under"

|- valign="top"

!

Line 2,627 ⟶ 2,636:

| rowspan="5" | <code>[[void type|void]] ''foo''(''«parameters»'') { ''instructions'' }</code>

| rowspan="5" | <code>''type'' ''foo''(''«parameters»'') { ''instructions ...'' return ''value''; }</code>

| rowspan=3| <code>''«global declarations»''<br/>{{codett|2=c|int main(«int argc, char *argv[]»)}} { {{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>}</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[Objective-C]]

Line 2,634 ⟶ 2,643:

|- valign="top"

| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

| <code>{{codett|2=java|public static void main(String[] args)}} { ''instructions'' }</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=java|public static void main(String}}[[variadic function|...]] args) { ''instructions'' }</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[D (programming language)|D]]

| <code>{{codett|2=d|int main(«char[][] args»)}} { ''instructions''}</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=d|int main(«string[] args»)}} { ''instructions''}</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=d|void main(«char[][] args»)}} { ''instructions''}</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=d|void main(«string[] args»)}} { ''instructions''}</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]

Line 2,644 ⟶ 2,653:

| Same as above; alternatively, if simple enough to be an expression:

<code>[[void type|void]] foo(''«parameters»'') => ''expression'';</code>

| <{{code>|2=c#|static void Main(«string[] args») method_body</code>}}<br/>May instead return {{<code|>int}}</code>.<br/>(starting with C# 7.1:) May return {{<code|>Task}}</code> or {{code|2=c#|Task<int>}}, and if so, may be {{<code|>async}}</code>.

|- valign="top"

| [[JavaScript]]

| <code>function foo(''«parameters»'') { ''instructions'' }</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=javascript|1=var foo = function (}}''«parameters»'') { ''instructions'' }</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=javascript|1=var foo = new Function (}}''"«parameter»"'', ''...'', ''"«last parameter»"'' "''instructions''");</code>

| <code>function foo(''«parameters»'') { ''instructions ...'' return ''value''; }</code>

| {{n/a}}

Line 2,663 ⟶ 2,672:

| [[Common Lisp]]

| rowspan=3| <code>(foo ''«parameters»'')</code>

| <code>([[defun]] foo (''«parameters»''){{indent|2}}''instructions'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=lisp|1=(setf (symbol-function <nowiki>'</nowiki>}}''symbol''){{indent|2}}''function'')</code>

| <code>([[defun]] foo (''«parameters»''){{indent|2}}''...{{indent|2}}value'')</code>

| rowspan=3 {{n/a}}

Line 2,689 ⟶ 2,698:

| [[Visual Basic .NET]]

| rowspan=2| Same as above; alternatively:

<code>Function Foo«(''parameters'')»« As ''type»''{{indent|2}}''instructions''{{indent|2}}Return ''value''<br/>End Function</code><br/>The {{<code|>As}}</code> clause is not required if {{<code|>Option Strict}}</code> is off. A type character may be used instead of the {{<code|>As}}</code> clause.<br/>If control exits the function without a return value having been explicitly specified, the function returns the default value for the return type.

| rowspan=2| <code>{{codett|2=vbnet|Sub Main(««ByVal »args() As String»)}}{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>End Sub</code>or<br/><code>{{codett|2=vbnet|Function Main(««ByVal »args() As String») As Integer}}{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>End Function</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[Xojo]]

Line 2,700 ⟶ 2,709:

| {{n/a}}

|- valign="top"

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>foo(''«parameters» «;qualifiers»'')</code>

| <code>define foo (''«parameters»'') { ''instructions'' }</code>

Line 2,714 ⟶ 2,723:

| [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]]

| <code>''«parameters» ''FOO</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=forth|: FOO « stack effect comment:}} ('' before'' -- ) »{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>;</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=forth|: FOO « stack effect comment:}} ('' before'' -- ''after'' ) »{{indent|2}}''instructions''<br/>;</code>

| {{n/a}}

|- valign="top"

Line 2,726 ⟶ 2,735:

| [[Perl]]

| <code>foo(''«parameters»'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>&foo«(''parameters'')»</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=perl|sub foo { «my (}}''parameters'') = @_;» ''instructions ''}</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=perl|sub foo { «my (}}''parameters'') = @_;» ''instructions''... «return» ''value''; }</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

| <code>foo(''«parameters»'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>&foo«(''parameters'')»</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=raku|«multi »sub foo(}}''parameters'') { ''instructions'' }</code>

| <code>«our «''«type''» »{{codett|2=raku|«''multi »sub foo(}}''parameters'') { ''instructions ...'' «return» ''value''; }</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]

Line 2,749 ⟶ 2,758:

| <code>def ''foo''«(''parameters'')»«: Unit =» { ''instructions'' }</code>

| <code>def ''foo''«(''parameters'')»«: ''type»'' = { ''instructions ...'' «return» ''value'' }</code>

| <code>{{codett|2=scala|1=def main(args: Array[String])}} { ''instructions'' }</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[Windows PowerShell]]

Line 2,776 ⟶ 2,785:

|- valign="top"

| [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]

| <code>{{codett|2=f#|[<EntryPoint>] let main args}} ='' instructions''</code>

|- valign="top"

| [[Standard ML]]

Line 2,796 ⟶ 2,805:

| rowspan=2| [[CoffeeScript]]

| <code>foo()</code>

| <{{code>|2=coffeescript|1=foo = <nowiki>-></nowiki></code>}}

| <code>{{codett|2=coffeescript|1=foo = <nowiki>-></nowiki>}} ''value''</code>

| rowspan=2 {{n/a}}

|- valign="top"

| <code>foo ''parameters''</code>

| <{{code>|2=coffeescript|1=foo = <nowiki>() -></nowiki></code>}}

| <code>foo = ( ''parameters'' ) <nowiki>-></nowiki> ''value''</code>

|- valign="top"

Line 2,814 ⟶ 2,823:

|}

* {{note|forward declaration|a}} Pascal requires "{{<code|>forward;}}</code>" for [[forward declaration]]s.

* {{note|root class and feature|b}} Eiffel allows the specification of an application's root class and feature.

* {{note|Fortran arguments|c}} In Fortran, function/subroutine parameters are called arguments (since {{<code|>PARAMETER}}</code> is a language keyword); the {{<code|>CALL}}</code> keyword is required for subroutines.

* {{note|COBOL calling programs|d}} Instead of using {{<code|>"foo"}}</code>, a string variable may be used instead containing the same value.

== [[Type conversion]]s{{anchor|Data conversions}} ==

Where ''string'' is a signed decimal number:

{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under"

|-

!

Line 2,840 ⟶ 2,849:

| colspan=5 align=center| With prior declarations and association of: <code>string ''buf := "12345678.9012e34 ";'' file ''proxy; associate(proxy, buf);''</code>

|-

| {{<code|>get(proxy, ivar);}}</code>

| {{<code|>get(proxy, livar);}}</code>

| {{<code|>get(proxy, rvar);}}</code>

| {{<code|>put(proxy, ival);}}</code>

| {{<code|>put(proxy, rval);}}</code>

|-

| {{<code|>getf(proxy, ($g$, ivar));}}</code><br/>or<br/>{{<code|>getf(proxy, ($dddd$, ivar));}}</code>

| {{<code|>getf(proxy, ($g$, livar));}}</code><br/>or<br/>{{<code|>getf(proxy, ($8d$, livar));}}</code>

| {{<code|>getf(proxy, ($g$, rvar));}}</code><br/>or<br/>{{<code|>getf(proxy, ($8d.4dE2d$, rvar));}}</code>

| {{<code|>putf(proxy, ($g$, ival));}}</code><br/>or<br/>{{<code|>putf(proxy, ($4d$, ival));}}</code>

| {{<code|>putf(proxy, ($g(width, places, exp)$, rval));}}</code><br/>or<br/>{{<code|>putf(proxy, ($8d.4dE2d$, rval));}}</code>

|-

| [[APL (programming language)|APL]]

Line 2,870 ⟶ 2,879:

| <code>''long'' = [''string'' longLongValue];</code>

| <code>''float'' = [''string'' doubleValue];</code>

| <code>''string'' = {{codett|2=objc|[NSString stringWithFormat<wbr/>:@"%i",}} ''integer''];</code>

| <code>''string'' = {{codett|2=objc|[NSString stringWithFormat<wbr/>:@"%f",}} ''float''];</code>

|-

| [[C++]] (STL)

Line 2,967 ⟶ 2,976:

| colspan=2| <code>''string'' = str(''number'')</code>

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>''integer'' = [[atoi]](''string'');</code>

| <code>''long'' = [[atol (programming)|atol]](''string'');</code>

Line 3,037 ⟶ 3,046:

|-

| [[COBOL]]

| colspan=3 | <code>{{codett|2=cobolfree|MOVE «FUNCTION» NUMVAL(}}''string''){{ref|COBOL's NUMVAL alternatives|[c]}} TO ''number''</code>

| colspan=2 | <code>MOVE ''number'' TO ''numeric-edited''</code>

|-

Line 3,044 ⟶ 3,053:

* {{note|JavaScript's technicalities|a}} JavaScript only uses floating point numbers so there are some technicalities.<ref name="Javascript numbers" />

* {{note|Perl's technicalities|b}} Perl doesn't have separate types. Strings and numbers are interchangeable.

* {{note|COBOL's NUMVAL alternatives|c}} {{<code|>NUMVAL-C}}</code> or {{<code|>NUMVAL-F}}</code> may be used instead of {{<code|>NUMVAL}}</code>.

* {{note|Rust type conversion}} [https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.parse {{<code|>str::parse}}</code>] is available to convert any type that has an implementation of the [https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/str/trait.FromStr.html {{<code|>std::str::FromStr}}</code>] trait. Both {{<code|>str::parse}}</code> and [https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/str/trait.FromStr.html#tymethod.from_str {{<code|>FromStr::from_str}}</code>] return a [[result type|{{<code|>Result}}</code>]] that contains the specified type if there is no error. The [[turbofish]] ({{<code|><nowiki>::<_>}}</nowiki></code>) on {{<code|>str::parse}}</code> can be omitted if the type can be inferred from context.

== [[Standard streams|Standard stream I/O]] ==

Line 3,099 ⟶ 3,108:

|-

| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

| {{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="java|1=" inline>x = System.in.read();}}</syntaxhighlight><br/>or<br/>{{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="java|1=" inline>x = new Scanner(System.in).nextInt();}}</syntaxhighlight><br/>or<br/>{{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="java|1=" inline>x = new Scanner(System.in).nextLine();}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>System.out.print(''x'');</code><br/>or<br/><code>System.out.[[printf]](''format'', ''x'');</code><br/>or<br/><code>System.out.println(''x'');</code>

| <code>System.err.print(''x'');</code><br/>or<br/><code>System.err.[[printf]](''format'', ''x'');</code><br/>or<br/><code>System.err.println(''x'');</code>

|-

| [[Go (programming language)|Go]]

| <code>fmt.Scan(&''x'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>fmt.[[Scanf]](''format'', &''x'')</code><br/>or<br/>{{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="go|1=" inline>x = bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin).ReadString('\n')}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>fmt.Println(''x'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>fmt.[[Printf]](''format'', ''x'')</code>

| <code>fmt.Fprintln(os{{Not a typo|.}}Stderr, x)</code><br/>or<br/><code>fmt.[[Fprintf]](os{{Not a typo|.}}Stderr, ''format'', ''x'')</code>

Line 3,129 ⟶ 3,138:

|-

| [[Common Lisp]]

| {{code|<syntaxhighlight lang="lisp" inline>(setf x (read-line))|lisp}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>(princ ''x'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>(format t ''format x'')</code>

| {{code|<syntaxhighlight lang="lisp" inline>(princ x *error-output*)|lisp}}</syntaxhighlight><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|(format *error-output*|lisp}} ''format x'')</code>

|-

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] ([[R6RS|R⁶RS]])

| {{code|<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme" inline>(define x (read-line))|scheme}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>(display ''x'')</code><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|(format #t|scheme}} ''format x'')</code>

| {{code|<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme" inline>(display x (current-error-port))|scheme}}</syntaxhighlight><br/>or<br/><code>{{codett|(format (current-error-port)|scheme}} ''format x'')</code>

|-

| [[ISLISP]]

| {{<code|>(setf x (read-line))|lisp}}</code>

| <code>{{codett|(format (standard-output)|lisp}} ''format x'')</code>

| <code>{{codett|(format (error-output)|lisp}} ''format x'')</code>

Line 3,173 ⟶ 3,182:

| <code>print(''x«'', end=""», file=sys.stderr)</code>

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>[[fgets]] (&''x'', stdin)</code>

| <code>[[fputs]] (''x'', stdout)</code>

Line 3,199 ⟶ 3,208:

|-

| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

| {{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="raku|1=" inline>$x = $*IN.get;}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>''x''.print</code><br/>or<br/><code>''x''.say</code>

| <code>''x''.note</code><br/>or<br/>{{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="raku|1=" inline>$*ERR.print(x)}}</syntaxhighlight><br/>or<br/>{{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="raku|1=" inline>$*ERR.say(x)}}</syntaxhighlight>

|-

| [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]

| <code>''x'' = gets</code>

| <code>puts ''x''</code><br/>or<br/><code>[[printf]](''format'', ''x'')</code>

| {{<code|2=ruby|1=>$stderr.puts(x)}}</code><br/>or<br/><code>$stderr.[[printf]](''format'', ''x'')</code>

|-

| [[Windows PowerShell]]

| <code>''$x'' = Read-Host«« -Prompt» ''text''»;</code><br/>or<br/>{{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="ps1|1=" inline>$x = [Console]::Read();}}</syntaxhighlight><br/>or<br/>{{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="ps1|1=" inline>$x = [Console]::ReadLine()}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>''x'';</code><br/>or<br/><code>Write-Output ''x'';</code><br/>or<br/><code>echo ''x''</code>

| <code>Write-Error ''x''</code>

Line 3,219 ⟶ 3,228:

|-

| [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]

| {{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="f#|1=" inline>let x = System.Console.ReadLine()}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>[[printf]] ''format x ...''</code><br/>or<br/><code>[[printf]]n ''format x ...''</code>

| <code>[[fprintf|eprintf]] ''format x ...''</code><br/>or<br/><code>[[fprintf|eprintf]]n ''format x ...''</code>

|-

| [[Standard ML]]

| {{code|2<syntaxhighlight lang="sml|1=" inline>val str = TextIO.inputLIne TextIO.stdIn}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>print ''str''</code>

| <code>{{codett|TextIO.output (TextIO.stdErr,|sml}}'' str'')</code>

Line 3,292 ⟶ 3,301:

| [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]{{ref|Rust args|[a]}}

| <code>std::env::args().nth(''n'')</code><br/><code>std::env::args_os().nth(''n'')</code>

| <{{code>|2=rust|std::env::args().count()</code>}}<br/><{{code>|2=rust|std::env::args_os().count()</code>}}

| <{{code>|2=rust|std::env::args().next()</code>}}<br/><{{code>|2=rust|std::env::args_os().next()</code>}}

|-

| [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]

Line 3,306 ⟶ 3,315:

|-

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] ([[R6RS|R⁶RS]])

| {{code|2=lisp|(list-ref (command-line) n)|scheme}}

| {{code|2=lisp|(length (command-line))|scheme}}

| first argument

|-

Line 3,328 ⟶ 3,337:

| <code>CmdArgs(''n'')</code>

| <code>CmdArgs.Length</code>

| <{{code>|2=vbnet|[Assembly].GetEntryAssembly().Location</code>}}

|-

| [[Xojo]]

Line 3,340 ⟶ 3,349:

| first argument

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>__argv[''n'']</code>

| <code>__argc</code>

Line 3,362 ⟶ 3,371:

| [[Perl]]

| <code>$ARGV[''n'']</code>

| <{{code>|2=perl|scalar(@ARGV)</code>}}

| <code>$0</code>

|-

| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

| <code>@*ARGS[''n'']</code>

| <{{code>|2=raku|@*ARGS.elems</code>}}

| <code>$PROGRAM_NAME</code>

|-

Line 3,405 ⟶ 3,414:

|}

* {{note|Rust args|a}} In Rust, {{<code|>std::env::args}}</code> and {{<code|>std::env::args_os}}</code> return iterators, {{<code|>std::env::Args}}</code> and {{<code|>std::env::ArgsOs}}</code> respectively. {{<code|>Args}}</code> converts each argument to a {{<code|>String}}</code> and it panics if it reaches an argument that cannot be converted to [[UTF-8]]. {{<code|>ArgsOs}}</code> returns a non-lossy representation of the raw strings from the operating system ({{<code|>std::ffi::OsString}}</code>), which can be invalid UTF-8.

* {{note|unseparated|b}} In Visual Basic, command-line arguments are not separated. Separating them requires a split function <code>Split(''string'')</code>.

* {{note|COBOL Arguments|c}} The COBOL standard includes no means to access command-line arguments, but common compiler extensions to access them include defining parameters for the main program or using {{<code|>ACCEPT}}</code> statements.

== Execution of commands ==

Line 3,428 ⟶ 3,437:

|-

| [[Objective-C]]

| {{code|<syntaxhighlight lang="objc" inline>[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:(NSString *)path arguments:(NSArray *)arguments];|objectivec}}</syntaxhighlight>

|

|-

Line 3,467 ⟶ 3,476:

| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

|

| <code>Runtime.exec(''command'');</code><br/>or<br/>{{<code|>new ProcessBuilder(command).start();|java}}</code>

|

|-

Line 3,496 ⟶ 3,505:

|-

| [[OCaml]]

| <code>Sys.command ''command,'', Unix.open_process_full ''command env (stdout, stdin, stderr),...''</code>

| <code>Unix.create_process ''prog args new_stdin new_stdout new_stderr, ...''</code>

| <code>Unix.execv ''prog args''</code><br/>or<br/><code>Unix.execve ''prog args env''</code>

Line 3,530 ⟶ 3,539:

| <code>os.execv(''path'', ''args'')</code>

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming language)|S-Lang]]

| <code>system(''command'')</code>

|

Line 3,541 ⟶ 3,550:

|-

| [[Windows PowerShell]]

| {{code|<syntaxhighlight lang="ps1" inline>[Diagnostics.Process]::Start(command)|ps1}}</syntaxhighlight>

| <code>«Invoke-Item »''program arg1 arg2 ...''</code>

|

Line 3,547 ⟶ 3,556:

| [[Bash shell]]

| <code>''output''=`''command''`</code><br/>or<br/><code>''output''=$(''command'')</code>

| {{<code|>program arg1 arg2 ...}}</code>

|

|}

{{note|Fortran 2008|a}} Fortran 2008 or newer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gfortran/EXECUTE_005fCOMMAND_005fLINE.html|title=EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE – The GNU Fortran Compiler|work=gnu.org|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of open-source programming languages]]

== References ==