Institutional analysis and development framework: Difference between revisions

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{{technical|date=January 2015}}

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The '''Institutional Analysis and Development framework''' ('''IAD''') is a theoretical framework for investigating how people ("actors") interact with [[Common-pool resource|common-pool resources]] (CPRs). CPRs are economic goods which are rivalrous (i.e. one person's use reduces the ability of others to use) and non-excludable (i.e. it's impractical to prevent people accessing it) - examples include forests as a source of timber, or fields as a source of pasture.

The '''Institutional Analysis and Development framework''' ('''IAD''') is a [[Systematic sampling|systematic method]] to collect policy analysis functions similar to [[analytical technique|analytic technique]] commonly used in [[Physical science|physical]] and [[social science]]s and understand the ways an institution can operate and change over a period of time.<ref name=indiana>{{cite web|author1=Michael D. McGinnis|title=An Introduction to IAD and the Language of the Ostrom Workshop: A Simple Guide to a Complex Framework for the Analysis of Institutions and Their Development|url=http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=751119001100098006090092064001065006034048031046008017077070065006068117100125067022058117006035008099001118111016111092122095106078039042042125118092118002001030086033030046005106074116117000084089121084&EXT=pdf&TYPE=1|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=mason>{{cite book|author1=Margaret M. Polski|author2=Elinor Ostrom|title=An Institutional Framework for Policy Analysis and Design|url=https://mason.gmu.edu/~mpolski/documents/PolskiOstromIAD.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2015}}</ref> It was developed by [[Elinor Ostrom]], an American [[political scientist]], also known as the first woman to receive the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] in 2009.<ref>[[Elinor Ostrom|Ostrom, Elinor]]. (1990) ''Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action''. New York: Cambridge University.</ref>

[[File:IAD framework diagram.png|thumb|400px|IAD framework diagram]]

The Institutional Analysis and Development Framework views institutions as human-made system within which individual choices take place and which configure consequences of the respective choices.<ref name=indiana/><ref>{{cite web|author1=Charlotte Hess|author2=Elinor Ostrom|title=Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities: Information as a Common-Pool Resource|url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=lcp|publisher=Duke University School of Law|accessdate=30 January 2015|page=22}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2015}} According to Ostrom, IAD is a "multi-level conceptual map" with which one could zoom in and out of particular hierarchical parts of the regularised interactions in an established social system. It assumes a context to the particular interaction in which the general network of regular actors would be analysed, the particular rules-in-use, and the particular common outcome that they hope to achieve. In the traditional analysis of [[Common-pool resource|common pool arrangements]], the common outcome would be a particular resource which the actors draw on.<ref name="Understanding Institutional Diversity">{{cite book|author=Elinor Ostrom|title=Understanding Institutional Diversity|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|___location=Princeton|isbn=9781400831739|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8085.pdf|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> IAD defines institutions as, "shared concepts used by humans in repetitive situations organized by rules, norms, and strategies".<ref>{{cite web|author1=Xavier Basurto|author2=Gordon Kingsley|author3=Kelly McQueen|author4=Mshadoni Smith|author5=Christopher M. Weible|title=A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS: APPLYING CRAWFORD AND OSTROM’S GRAMMATICAL SYNTAX|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/W08-33%20Draft.pdf|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>

It was developed by [[Elinor Ostrom]], an American [[political scientist]] and the first woman to receive the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] in 2009.<ref>[[Elinor Ostrom|Ostrom, Elinor]]. (1990) ''Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action''. New York: Cambridge University.</ref> Ostrom researched which institutional structures supported CPR actors to sustainably use their resources, balancing individuals' use with the interest of a wider public. Under [[Rational choice theory|rational choice]] assumptions, the IAD was devised in an attempt to ''explain and predict'' outcomes by formally exploring and documenting governance structures, actors' positions, and informal and formal rules. Thus, the IAD is a [[Systematic sampling|systematic method]] to document policy analysis functions similar to [[analytical technique|analytic technique]] commonly used in [[Physical science|physical]] and [[social science]]s to understand how institutions operate and change over a period of time.<ref name="indiana">{{cite web|author1=Michael D. McGinnis|title=Updated Guide to IAD and the Language of the Ostrom Workshop: A Simplified Overview of a Complex Framework for the Analysis of Institutions and their Development|url=https://mcginnis.pages.iu.edu/iad_guide.pdf|publisher=[[Indiana University]]|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="mason">{{cite book|author1=Margaret M. Polski|author2=Elinor Ostrom|title=An Institutional Framework for Policy Analysis and Design|url=https://mason.gmu.edu/~mpolski/documents/PolskiOstromIAD.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2015}}</ref>

The IAD framework helps to perceive complex social phenomenon by dividing them into smaller pieces of practically understandable function.<ref name=indiana/> The important aspect of IAD framework is that outcome is influenced by the institutional arrangements created by local actors in a given context.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Krister Andersson|title=Understanding decentralized forest governance: an application of the institutional analysis and development framework|journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy|url=http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol2iss1/0507-010.andersson.html|accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>

== Components of the framework ==

Charlotte Hess noted researcher on [[Common-pool resource]],<ref>{{cite web|title=SelectedWorks of Charlotte Hess|url=http://works.bepress.com/charlotte_hess/|accessdate=1 February 2015}}</ref> said that the repositories at her academic institutions resembled commons in respects to the incentives for contributing information and the sharing of network capacity in the cases where information resource is in high demand.<ref name="Charlotte Hess">{{cite web|author1=Charlotte Hess|title=The Virtual CPR: The Internet as a Local and Global Common Pool Resource|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/234/iascp-95-II.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=Indiana University|accessdate=30 January 2015|pages=5–6|date=May 1995}}</ref>

[[File:IAD framework diagram.png|thumb|400px|IAD framework diagram]]

Ostrom thought of the IAD as a "multi-level conceptual map" with which one could zoom in and out of particular hierarchical parts of the governance structures in a social system.

The IAD framework helps to perceive complex collective action problems by dividing them into 'action arenas', that are smaller pieces of practically understandable function.<ref name="indiana" /> The analyst assumes that the structure of the action situation is fixed in the short-term. For an action situation to exist, there must be "actors in positions" (the number of possible roles that are available in this recurring interaction situation).<ref name="Understanding Institutional Diversity">{{cite book|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8085.pdf|title=Understanding Institutional Diversity|author=Elinor Ostrom|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400831739|___location=Princeton|accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> Actors have choices within the existing (rule) structure. In the study of outcomes from collective choice situations, actors are influenced by the institutional arrangements, the socio-economic conditions, and the physical environment.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Krister Andersson|title=Understanding decentralized forest governance: an application of the institutional analysis and development framework|url=http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol2iss1/0507-010.andersson.html|journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy|date=2006 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=25 |doi=10.1080/15487733.2006.11907975 |bibcode=2006SSPP....2...25A |accessdate=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905060853/http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol2iss1/0507-010.andersson.html|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=dead|hdl=10535/5284|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The institutional arrangements can be studied by seven rule types (as per below).<ref name="Understanding Institutional Diversity" />

Before Ostrom died in 2010, she further elaborated the possible rules to analyze a particular action situation.<ref name="Understanding Institutional Diversity"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:90%; align:center; margin:auto; background:lightblue;"

|+Rule types in institutional analysis<ref name="Understanding Institutional Diversity" />

|-

! Rule typeRules !! Description

|-

| Position || The number of possible "positions" actors in the action situation can assume (in terms of formal positions these might be better described as job roles, while for informal positions these might rather be social roles of some capacity

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==Further reading==

* {{cite web|author1=Elinor Ostrom|title=INSTITUTIONALInstitutional ANALYSISAnalysis ANDand DEVELOPMENTDevelopment: ELEMENTSElements OFof THEthe FRAMEWORKFramework INin HISTORICALHistorical PERSPECTIVEPerspective|url=http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-99A-34.pdf|accessdate=2 February 2015}}

* {{cite book|title=Historical Developments and Theoretical Approaches in Sociology.|date=2010|publisher=Eolss Publishers|___location=Ramsey|isbn=9781848263321}}

[[Category:Social sciences]]

[[Category:Social institutions]]

[[Category:Urban studies and planning]]

[[Category:Political science]]

[[Category:Social systems]]