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{{Short description|
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{{HTML}}
'''Hypertext Markup Language''' ('''HTML''') is the standard [[markup language]]{{efn|Even though HTML can be run in a browser, it is not viewed as a [[programming language]] in programming language discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |author-link=Felienne Hermans|last1=Hermans |first1=Felienne |last2=Schlesinger |first2=Ari |title=Proceedings of the 2024 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software |chapter=A Case for Feminism in Programming Language Design |date=2024-10-17 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=205–222 |doi=10.1145/3689492.3689809 |isbn=979-8-4007-1215-9}}</ref>}} for documents designed to be displayed in a [[web browser]]. It defines the content and structure of [[web content]]. It is often assisted by technologies such as [[Cascading Style Sheets]] (CSS) and [[scripting language]]s such as [[JavaScript]]
[[Web browser]]s receive HTML documents from a [[web server]] or from local storage and [[browser engine|render]] the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a [[web page]] [[Semantic Web|semantically]] and originally included cues for its appearance.
[[HTML element]]s are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, [[HTML element#Images and objects|images]] and other objects such as [[Fieldset|interactive forms]] may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create [[structured document]]s by denoting structural [[semantics]] for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, [[Hyperlink|links]], quotes, and other items. HTML elements are delineated by ''tags'', written using [[Bracket#Angle brackets|angle brackets]]. Tags such as {{code|lang=html|code=<img>}} and {{code|lang=html|<input>}} directly introduce content into the page. Other tags such as {{code|lang=html|code=<p>}} and {{code|lang=html|code=</p>}} surround and provide information about document text and may include sub-element tags. [[Web browser|Browsers]] do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.
HTML can embed programs written in a [[scripting language]] such as [[JavaScript]], which affects the behavior and content of web pages. The inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of [[CSS]] over explicit presentational HTML {{as of|1997|lc=y|since=y|post=.}}<ref name="deprecated">{{cite web|title=HTML 4.0 Specification — W3C Recommendation — Conformance: requirements and recommendations |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40-971218/conform.html#deprecated|date=December 18, 1997|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705040855/http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40-971218/conform.html|archive-date=July 5, 2015|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref> A form of HTML, known as [[HTML5]], is used to display video and audio, primarily using the {{code|lang=html|<canvas>}} element, together with JavaScript.
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Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in the document's [[character encoding]], to be represented within the element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented <code>e</code> (<code>é</code>), a character typically found only on Western European and South American keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference <code>&eacute;</code> or as the numeric references <code>&#xE9;</code> or <code>&#233;</code>, using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. [[Unicode]] character encodings such as [[UTF-8]] are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all the characters of the world's writing systems.<ref>{{cite web|title=''The Unicode Standard'': A Technical Introduction |publisher=Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/standard/principles.html|access-date=2010-03-16}}</ref>
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== WHATWG HTML versus HTML5 ==
{{Main|#Transition of HTML
The HTML Living Standard, which is developed by WHATWG, is the official version, while W3C HTML5 is no longer separate from WHATWG.
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There are some [[WYSIWYG]] editors (''what you see is what you get''), in which the user lays out everything as it is to appear in the HTML document using a [[graphical user interface]] (GUI), often similar to [[word processor]]s. The editor renders the document rather than showing the code, so authors do not require extensive knowledge of HTML.
The WYSIWYG editing model has been criticized,<ref>Sauer, C.: WYSIWIKI – Questioning WYSIWYG in the Internet Age. In: Wikimania (2006)</ref><ref>Spiesser, J., Kitchen, L.: Optimization of HTML automatically generated by WYSIWYG programs. In: 13th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp.
WYSIWYG editors remain a controversial topic because of their perceived flaws such as:
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