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Line 1: {{Short description\|Parallel programming language}} {{Infobox programming language \| name = Chapel \| logo = ~~[[File:Cray~~ Chapel Logo (2020-present).~~png]]~~svg \| logo size = 180px \| screenshot = ▼ \| screenshot ~~caption~~ = ▲ \| screenshot caption = \| file ext = .chpl \| paradigm = [[Object-oriented programming\|Object-oriented]] <br/> [[Partitioned global address space]] <br/> [[Parallel programming model\|Parallel programming]] ~~\| scope =~~ \| scope = \| released = {{Start date and age\|2009}} \| designer = David Callahan, Hans Zima, Brad Chamberlain, John Plevyak \| developer = [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] =(previously [[Cray\|Cray Inc.]] ) ~~\| latest release version = 1.20~~ \| latest release ~~date~~ version = ~~{{start date and age\|2019\|09\|19}}~~2.3.0 \| latest ~~preview~~release ~~version~~date = {{Start date and age\|2024\|12\|12}} \| latest preview ~~date~~version = \| latest preview date = <!-- {{start date and age\|2013\|10\|17}} --> \| typing = [[Type system\|static]] <br/> [[Type inference\|inferred]] \| implementations = \| dialects = \| influenced by = [[Ada (programming language)\|Ada]], [[C Sharp (programming language)\|C#]],<ref name="chplspec">{{cite web\|title=Chapel spec (~~Acknowlegements~~Acknowledgments)\|url=http://chapel-lang.~~cray.com~~org/spec/spec-0.98.pdf\|date=2015-10-01\|~~accessdate~~access-date=2016-01-14\|publisher=Cray Inc}}</ref> [[C (programming language)\|C]], [[Fortran]], [[C++]], [[Java (programming language)\|Java]], [[High Performance Fortran\|HPF]], [[ZPL (programming language)\|ZPL]], [[Cray MTA]] / [[Cray XMT\|XMT]] extensions to C and Fortran.<ref name=Overview>{{cite web \|url=http://chapel-lang.~~cray.com~~org/papers/BriefOverviewChapel.pdf \|title=A Brief Overview of Chapel \|first=Bradford L. \|last=Chamberlain \|publisher=Cray Inc. \|~~accessdate~~access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> \| influenced = \| programming language = \| platform = multiplatform, including [[Amazon Web Services]], [[HPE Cray EX]] ~~\| platform = multiplatform~~ \| operating system = [[Mac OS]], [[Linux]], [[POSIX]], [[Windows]] (with [[Cygwin]]), [[NetBSD]] \| license = [[Apache License 2.0]] \| website = {{URL\|https://chapel-lang.org/}} \| wikibooks = }} '''Chapel''', the '''Cascade High Productivity Language''', is a [[parallel programming language]] that was developed by [[Cray]].,<ref>{{cite book \|title=Modular programming languages: 7th Joint Modular Languages Conference \|url=https://archive.org/details/modularprogrammi00ligh \|url-access=limited \|first=David E. \|last=Lightfoot \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-3-540-40927-4 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/modularprogrammi00ligh/page/n27 20]\|publisher=Springer }}</ref> and later by [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] which acquired Cray. It iswas being developed as part of the Cray Cascade project, a participant in [[DARPA]]'s [[High Productivity Computing Systems]] (HPCS) program, which had the goal of increasing [[supercomputer]] productivity by ~~the year~~ 2010. It is being developed as an [[~~Open~~open-source software\|open source]] project, under version 2 of the [[Apache license]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Chapel license information \|url=http://chapel-lang.~~cray.com~~org/license.html \|work=~~Chapel~~chapel-lang.~~Cray.com~~org \|~~accessdate~~access-date=November 15, 2015}}</ref> The Chapel compiler is written in [[C (programming language)\|C]] and [[C++]] ([[C++14]]). The backend (i.e. the optimizer) is [[LLVM]], written in C++. Python 3.7 or newer is required for some optional components such Chapel’s test system and c2chapel, a tool to generate C [[language binding\|bindings]] for Chapel. By default Chapel compiles to binary executables, but it can also compile to C code, and then LLVM is not used. Chapel code can be compiled to libraries to be callable from C, or Fortran or e.g. Python also supported. Chapel supports [[General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (software)\|GPU programming]] through code generation for NVIDIA and AMD graphics processing units.<ref name="GPUProgamming">{{cite web\|title=Chapel Technote: GPU Programming\|url=https://chapel-lang.org/docs/technotes/gpu.html\|date=2023-09-28\|access-date=2023-11-03\|publisher=Hewlett Packard Enterprise}}</ref> ==Goals== Chapel aims to improve the programmability of [[parallel computer]]s in general and the Cascade system in particular, by providing a higher level of expression than current programming languages do and by improving the separation between algorithmic expression and [[data structure]] implementation details. The language designers aspire for Chapel to bridge the gap between current [[~~High~~ high-performance computing~~\|HPC~~]] (HPC) programming practitioners, who they describe as Fortran, C or C++ users writing [[procedural code]] using technologies like [[OpenMP]] and [[~~Message~~message passing interface\|MPI]] on one side, and newly graduating computer programmers who tend to prefer Java, Python or Matlab with only some of them having experience with C++ or C. Chapel should offer the productivity advances offered by the latter suite of languages while not alienating the users of the first.<ref name=Overview/> ==Features== Chapel supports a [[~~Multithreading~~multithreading (computer architecture)\|multithreaded]] parallel programming model at a high level by supporting abstractions for [[data parallelism]], [[task parallelism]], and [[nested parallelism]]. It enables optimizations for the [[locality of data]] and computation in the program via abstractions for data distribution and [[Data-driven programming\|data-driven]] placement of subcomputations. It allows for [[code reuse]] and generality through [[Object-oriented programming\|object-oriented]] concepts and [[generic programming]] features. For instance, Chapel allows for the declaration of [[Locale (computer hardware)\|locales]].<ref> {{Cite conference \| author1 = Bongen Gu Line 40 ⟶ 44: \| author3 = Yoonsik Kwak \| title = Communication and Computation Overlap through Task Synchronization in Multi-locale Chapel Environment \| ~~booktitle~~book-title = Future Information Technology, Part I: 6th International Conference \| editor = James J. Park, Laurence T. Yang and Changhoon Lee \| pages = 285–292 \| publisher = Springer-Verlag \| ~~ISBN~~isbn = 978-3-642-22332-7 \| date = June 28–30, 2011 \| ___location = Loutraki, Greece Line 53 ⟶ 57: While Chapel borrows concepts from many preceding languages, its parallel concepts are most closely based on ideas from [[High Performance Fortran]] (HPF), [[ZPL (programming language)\|ZPL]], and the [[Cray MTA-2\|Cray MTA]]'s extensions to [[Fortran]] and [[C (programming language)\|C]]. == See also == {{Portal\|Free and open-source software}} * [[Coarray Fortran]] Line 68 ⟶ 72: ==Further reading== {{cite news \|title=Why Chapel for Parallel Programming? \|date=August 6, 2014 \|first=Rich \|last=Brueckner \|work=InsideHPC \|url=http://insidehpc.com/2014/08/chapel-parallel-programming/ \|~~accessdate~~access-date=2015-03-23}} {{cite ~~journal~~book \|last1=Dun \|first1=Nan \|last2=Taura \|first2=K. \|title=An2012 ~~Empirical~~IEEE ~~Performance~~26th ~~Study~~International ~~of Chapel Programming Language \|journal=~~Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops & ~~PHD~~PhD Forum ~~(IPDPSW),~~\|chapter=An ~~2012~~Empirical ~~IEEE~~Performance ~~26th~~Study ~~International~~of Chapel Programming Language \|publisher=[[IEEE]] \|year=2012 \|isbn=978-1-4673-0974-5 \|doi=10.1109/IPDPSW.2012.64 \|pages=497–506 \|~~url~~s2cid=~~https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6270684~~5904611 ~~\|accessdate=2015-03-23~~}} {{cite book \|editor=Padua, David \|title=Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing \|volume=~~Volume~~ 4 \|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media \|year=2011 \|isbn=9780387097657 \|pages=249–256}} Panagiotopoulou, K.; Loidl, H. W. (2016). [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7530055/ "Transparently Resilient Task Parallelism for Chapel"] ''Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW), 2016 IEEE International Symposium'', Chicago, IL. {{doi\| 10.1109/IPDPSW.2016.102}} {{ISBN\|978-1-5090-3682-0}} ==External links== * {{official website\|~~http~~https://chapel-lang.~~cray.com~~org/}} * {{GitHub\|chapel-lang/chapel}} * [http://99-bottles-of-beer.net/language-chapel-1215.html 99 bottles of beer in Chapel] Line 90 ⟶ 94: [[Category:2009 software]] [[Category:Free software projects]] [[Category:Statically typed programming languages]]