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[[File:Velvet D'Amour.jpg|thumb|[[Velvet D'Amour]], model for [[John Galliano]], then muse of [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]], at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]].]]
A '''plus-size model''' is an individual size 12 and above who is engaged primarily in [[Model (person)|modeling]] [[plus-size clothing]]. Plus-size clothing worn by plus-size models is typically catering for and marketed to either
Synonymous and interchangeable with plus-size model is "full-figured model",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2013/05/ashley-stewart-and-plus-model-magazine-launch-nationwide-search-for-full-figured-models/ |title=Ashley Stewart and Plus Model Magazine Launch Nationwide Search for Full-figured Models |work=PlusModel |date=2014-05-13 |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329012740/http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2013/05/ashley-stewart-and-plus-model-magazine-launch-nationwide-search-for-full-figured-models/ |archive-date=29 March 2016
==Plus-size industry ==
Fashion designers are starting to look more closely at the earning potential from plus-size clothing, and have used plus-size models for their advertising campaigns and catwalks. [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]] and [[John Galliano]] both used plus-size models<ref>Crystal Renn (Jean Paul Gaultier), Johanna Dray (John Galliano)</ref> in their Spring 2006 showings in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crystal Shines On |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2010/07/14/crystal-renn-for-jean-paul-gaultier |author=Deeks, Sarah |date=14 July 2010 |work=Vogue |___location=UK |access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> Gaultier also used plus-size models Marquita Pring and [[Crystal Renn]] in his Spring 2011 [[Ready-to-Wear]] show.<ref name="Model Call: Marquita Pring">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwd.com/eye/fashion/model-call-marquita-pring-5007890 |title=Model Call: Marqsuita Pring |work=Women's Wear Daily |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=
Why Did Ultrathin Models Make a Comeback at Fashion Week?|work=The New York Times|date=11 March 2023|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/fashion/why-did-ultrathin-models-make-a-comeback-at-fashion-week.html}}</ref>
=== Origins in North America ===
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=== Specialty model agency divisions ===
Plus size models were first represented by model agencies in the 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Stewart |first=Anna |date=July 9, 1979 |title=Big is Beautiful, Large is Lovely, Size 16 is Sexy - and Two Models Cash in On the Trend |volume=12 |pages=86–7 |work=People Magazine |publisher=Time, Inc. |issue=2 |department=In Style |type=Hard copy of magazine (along with URL for archives) |url=https://people.com/archive/big-is-beautiful-large-is-lovely-size-16-is-sexy-and-two-models-cash-in-on-the-trend-vol-12-no-2/ |access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref> Prior to this, models freelanced directly with retailers, designers and magazines.<ref name="Hour"/> Former plus-size model [[Mary Duffy]] owned Big Beauties Little Women, the first agency specializing in plus-size and petite models in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19840405&id=30VPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6880,1905409 |title=Founder of Big Beauties battles thin attitudes |date=5 April 1984 |author=Russel Stewart, Rose |work=Toledo Blade |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> Pat Swift, a plus-size model at the time, founded Plus Models in 1978.<ref name="Hour">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QUsjAAAAIBAJ&pg=1257,4104488&dq=large+size+clothing&hl=en |title=Clothing makers woo plus-size shoppers |agency=Associated Press |date=21 May 1987 |work=The Hour |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> [[Ford Models]] began representing plus size models in 1978, and added two models to their board, including top model Ann Harper, due to demand from clients.<ref name=Schiro1979 /> By the late 1980s, Plus Models was the largest and most successful plus-size specialty agency, representing over 65 models and grossing over 2 million dollars in revenue.<ref name="Hour"/> By 1984, Big Beauties Little Women was successful enough to run national model searches advertised in the press.<ref name="nl.newsbank.com">{{cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LH&s_site=kentucky&p_multi=LH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB736C45AE7E03C&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=This Model Doesn't Have To Stay Thin |date=10 June 1984 |work=Lexington Herald-Leader |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> 18-year old Angelia Taylor was the first winner of the inaugural Big Beauty Model Search in 1984. The prize included the cover of It's Me magazine, a nationally published magazine for plus-size women.<ref name="nl.newsbank.com"/> Not long after, Plus Models began holding national model searches. By the mid-1980s, top plus size models could earn as much as 150,000 to 200,000 dollars a year.<ref name=Sizeaplus/> Ford Models bought Big Beauties Little Women in 1988, later renaming the division Special Sizes and then Ford 12+.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB36E145016325E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=Majority of U. S. women fit into the 'special' sizes |author=Boies, Elaine |date=20 November 1988 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04CF2B4E638C0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=A Plus: No More Back To Basics |author=Cloud, Barbara |date=6 December 1990 |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref>
[[Wilhelmina Models|Wilhelmina NYC]] agent Susan Georget started the ''Wilhelmina 10/20'' division in New York in 1994, recently re-branded W Curve.<ref name="Odell, Amy"/><ref name="Jones, Maddy">{{cite web |title=Passion, Drive, and Intuitiveness- Susan Georget is Back! |date=12 August 2011 |author=Jones, Maddy |url=http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2011/08/passion-drive-and-intuitiveness-susan-georget-is-back/ |publisher=Plus Model Magazine |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Gary Dakin headed New York's Karin Models' ''Curves'' division, only to leave after a short time to develop Ford Models' ''Ford 12+''(rebranded Ford+) model division in their New York office in 1998.<ref name="Odell, Amy">{{cite magazine |title=The Rise of the Plus-Size Model |date=9 February 2011 |author=Odell, Amy |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2011/02/plus-sized_models.html |magazine=New York |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curve-film.com/agents.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011213112046/http://www.curve-film.com/agents.html |archive-date=2001-12-13 |title=Making It big:The Agents |work=curve-film.com |publisher=Constantine Varhouli |access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> In Constantine Valhouli's 2001 plus-size model documentary ''Curve'', Dakin states, "We're celebrating our 25th anniversary of the Ford 12+ division. It was the first and longest-existing plus division in the industry."(sic) Together, these agents created agency divisions that have continued to recruit the highest caliber of models in the industry and are credited with expanding opportunities for plus-size models beyond working solely for plus-size clothing retailers.<ref name="Odell, Amy"/><ref name="Jones, Maddy"/>
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Ford Models closed its plus-size division in June 2013 to focus on its editorial divisions.<ref name=FashionistaJag>{{cite web |last=Chernikoff |first=Leah |title=First Modeling Agency Devoted to Girls of All Sizes Sets Up Shop in NYC |url=http://fashionista.com/2013/07/first-modeling-agency-devoted-to-girls-of-all-sizes-sets-up-shop-in-nyc/ |work=fashionista.com |access-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Gary Dakin and Jaclyn Sarka founded Jag Models in July 2013, which currently represents about 30 models sizes 8-18.<ref name=FashionistaJag/> The agency does not brand its models as plus-size.<ref name=FashionistaJag/><ref>{{cite web |last=Chang |first=Juju |title=Jag Model Agency Pledges to Feature 'Real Women' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/lifestyle/2013/08/jag-model-agency-pledges-to-feature-real-women/ |publisher=ABC News |access-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stewart |first=Sara |title=NYC modeling agency showcases full-figured beauties to mirror the real world |url=https://nypost.com/2013/08/20/nyc-modeling-agency-showcases-full-figured-beauties-to-mirror-the-real-world/ |work=New York Post |access-date=29 October 2013 |date=20 August 2013}}</ref>
There are a large number of reputable agencies throughout the U.S. and Canada, and internationally in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, [[Czech Republic]], Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, [[South Africa]], Spain, Switzerland, [[The Netherlands]], Turkey and the UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of US Model Agencies |url=http://www.plusmodelmag.com/general/plus-model-marketplace-vendors.asp?link-type=MODAGENTUS |publisher=Plus Model Magazine |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of International Model Agencies |url=http://www.plusmodelmag.com/general/plus-model-marketplace-vendors.asp?link-type=MODAGENTIN |publisher=Plus Model Magazine |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elle.co.za/do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-be-a-plus-size-model/ |title=Do You Have What It Takes To Be A Plus-Size Model? |date=18 October 2011 |work=elle.co.za |access-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109022521/http://www.elle.co.za/do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-be-a-plus-size-model/ |archive-date=9 November 2012
===Specialty media and other ventures in North America===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:BBW Cover Sample-1979-2003.png|thumb|Sample Covers of BBW Magazine as they appeared on newsstands from 1979-2003 (L-R from Top Row: 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1997, 2003)]] --><!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sample Covers of BBW Magazine circa 1979-2003.png|thumb|Small sample of covers of BBW Magazine showing change in Header over its 24 year print run (1979-2003)]] -->
In 1979 ''[[Big Beautiful Woman]]'' magazine (more commonly known via the acronym ''BBW'') began publication and was one of the first publications in the US catering specifically to plus-size clothing consumers.<ref name=":0" /> It ceased publication in 1995, but the "BBW" brand was sold onwards.<ref name="BBW Magazine, Past and Present">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbwmagazine.com/pastandpresent_3.htm |title=BBW Magazine, Past and Present |publisher=BBW Magazine |access-date=31 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127090055/http://www.bbwmagazine.com/pastandpresent_3.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013
In Spring 1981, Lane Bryant began publishing ''It's Me'' magazine. Along with ''Big Beautiful Woman'', ''It's Me'' was one of the few print magazines for plus-size women.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x34hAAAAIBAJ&pg=7001,2046588&dq=it%27s-me+magazine&hl=en |title=New magazine favors larger woman |author=Cannon, Carl |date=11 April 1982 |work=Tri City Herald |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> In 1982, the magazine was sold to Happy Hands Publishing Company.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/15/business/advertising-it-s-me-magazine-sold-to-texas-company.html |title=
In addition to magazines, books dedicated to plus size (aka "full figured") fashion and lifestyles began to be released from major publishers in the 1980s. Some of these include: ''Making It Big'' (1980),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=DuCoffe |first1=Jean |title=Making It Big: A Guide to Health, Success and Beauty For the Woman Size 16 and Over |last2=Cohen |first2=Sherry Suib |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1980 |isbn=0-671-25097-3 |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref> ''The Big Beauty Book'' (1982),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harper |first1=Ann |title=The Big Beauty Book: Glamour for the Fuller-Figured Woman |last2=Lewis |first2=Glenn |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |year=1982 |isbn=0-03-060561-X |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref> ''The Lane Bryant Fashion Math Make-Over'' (1987)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lulow |first1=Kalia |title=The Lane Bryant Fashion Math Make-Over |last2=Geddie |first2=Wanda |publisher=Dell |year=1987 |isbn=0-440-14597-X |___location=New York, NY, U.S.A. |type=Paperback}}</ref> and ''Sizing Up'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Head |first=Sandy Summers |title=Sizing Up: Fashion, Fitness and Self-Esteem for Full Figured Women |publisher=Fireside |year=1989 |isbn=0-671-67572-9 |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref>
Spiegel catalog launched their For You from Spiegel plus-size collection in 1989 with [[Linda Arroz]] as their official consultant and spokesmodel.<ref>{{cite news |url=
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mode Magazine Premiere Issue Cover.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Mode Magazine (premiere issue, 1997)]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sample Cover of Grace Woman Magazine.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Grace magazine from 2003]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sample Cover of Figure Magazine-February 2006.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Figure Magazine from 2006]] -->
In 1995, Lane Bryant began a transformation of the brand which included large-scale fashion showings and celebrity endorsement. [[Queen Latifah]], [[Mia Tyler]], [[Camryn Manheim]], [[Anna Nicole Smith]] and [[Chris Noth]] have appeared in advertising and/or events on behalf of the brand. Lane Bryant held a large-scale lingerie fashion show<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYPvdZIxWCo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/QYPvdZIxWCo |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live |title=Lane Bryant runway show 2000 - Part 1 |last=Neidenburg |date=19 November 2009 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> to launch the "Cacique Intimates" lingerie collection on 1 February 2000. The 2003 final large-scale catwalk show<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2u773_mia-tyler-walks-the-runway-for-lane_people |title=Mia Tyler walks the runway for Lane Bryant Spring 2003 - vidéo Dailymotion |date=26 August 2007}}</ref> featured [[Roseanne Barr]] as Matron of Ceremonies in a cabaret setting complete with [[Moulin Rouge]]-style singers and dancers.
Lane Bryant was acquired by [[Charming Shoppes]] for $335 million in August 2001. In 2003 a cost-reduction plan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digital50.com/news/items/PR/2005/03/16/NYW041/charming-shoppes-reports-preliminary-unaudited-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091835/http://www.digital50.com/news/items/PR/2005/03/16/NYW041/charming-shoppes-reports-preliminary-unaudited-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |title=Charming Shoppes Reports Preliminary, Unaudited Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results |work=Digital50}}</ref> was announced to improve the company's pre-tax position by $45 million. Shortly afterwards, the annual Lane Bryant fashion show ceased production.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mode-Magazine Premiere-Issue-Spring-1997.jpeg|thumb|Mode Magazine Premiere Issue as it appeared at checkout counters and newsstands circa 1997]] -->
With strong cooperation from Wilhelmina 10/20, Curves and Ford 12+ agencies, ''[[MODE (magazine)|MODE]]'' magazine, was launched in the spring of 1997.<ref name="Herman, Valli">{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U3UzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5446,6750896&dq=givenchy+plus-size&hl=en |title=Fashion Mode |date=19 May 1998 |author=Herman, Valli |work=The Spokesman-Review |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> No other fashion magazine specifically targeted the plus-size consumer with a ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''-like fashion philosophy.<ref name="Herman, Valli"/> MO''D''E's editorial practice of providing models' names, sometimes attached to quotes on self-esteem to make them more approachable, greatly aided the popularity of the models and gave them a form of celebrity.<ref name=Mogel>{{cite book |last1=Mogel |first1=Leonard |title=The Magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbGsXKFRhh0C&q=lewinter+mode&pg=PA106 |access-date=27 December 2012 |edition=4th |year=1998 |publisher=GATF Press |___location=Sewickly, Pennsylvania |isbn=0-88362-223-8 |pages=106–107}}</ref> The magazine also received industry acclaim, being named the best new magazine launch by [[Ad Week]] and [[Advertising Age]] in 1997.<ref name="Herman, Valli"/> MO''D''E ran model search competitions in conjunction with the Wilhelmina modeling agency, drawing entries from thousands of hopefuls from the US and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plusmodelmag.com/General/plus-model-magazine-article-detail.asp?article-id=910380941 |title=Interview With Cover Model Jordan Tesfay |author=Jones, Maddy |date=1 May 2010 |publisher=Plus Model Magazine |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515092730/http://www.plusmodelmag.com/General/plus-model-magazine-article-detail.asp?article-id=910380941 |archive-date=15 May 2013
Occurring shortly before the time of ''MODE''{{'}}s closure was the failure of several designers' ventures into the plus-size market. [[Versace]] (''GV Versatile Couture''), [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]] (''Carisma''), and others ceased producing the clothing which ''MODE'' relied upon, leaving an unfortunate deficit in the fashion department wardrobes and advertising revenue coffers of MO''D''E magazine and its successors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b_gaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4323,948065&dq=lewit+winter+mode&hl=en |title=Full-figured women get their fashion desserts a la Mode |author=Gottschalk, Mary |date=7 March 1997 |work=The Daily News |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> Its circulation was approximately 600,000 at the time of its demise<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedom.com/company/archive_122801.html |title=Freedom Communications, Inc. - Company News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912081804/http://www.freedom.com/company/archive_122801.html |archive-date=12 September 2012}}</ref> in late 2001.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Grace Woman Magazine-Sept-Oct-2003.jpg|thumb]] -->
''Grace Magazine'' was launched on 14 May 2002 by MO''D''E magazine's last executive editor, Ceslie Armstrong, and many of the ex-MO''D''E staff as an independent quarterly publication and website under a similar concept.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelwriters.com/articles/view.asp?articleID=167 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204150402/http://www.travelwriters.com/articles/view.asp?articleID=167
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Figure Magazine-JanFeb-2006.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Figure magazine as it appeared for retail sale in 2006]] -->
Charming Shoppes' custom [[advertorial]] magazine, ''Figure'', was launched in 2002 and was revamped during 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magazine.org/content/Files/figure072606.pdf |title=The New Shape of ''Figure'' Magazine: Fashion Magazine for Plus-Size Women Re-launches |work=magazine.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321192812/http://www.magazine.org/content/Files/figure072606.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2012
U.S. television program ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'' has featured contestants<ref>Robin Manning/Cycle 1, Anna Bradfield/Cycle 2, [[Toccara Jones]]/Cycle 3, Diane Hernandez/Cycle 5, Diana Zalewski/Cycle 8, Whitney Cunningham/Cycle 8, Sarah Hartshorne/Cycle 9, Whitney Thompson/Cycle 10, Kortnie Coles/Cycle 12, Alexandra Underwood/Cycle 14, Seymone Cohen-Fobish/Cycle 18, Louise Watts/Cycle 18, Yvonne Powless/Cycle 19, Chlea Ramirez/Cycle 20, Ivana Thomas/Cycle 24, Liz Woodbury/Cycle 24, and Khrystyana Kazakova/Cycle 24</ref> acknowledging the plus-size industry's relevance to fashion since the show's launch in 2003. After elimination from the competition several of the contestants have signed contracts with the Wilhelmina agency, although only Kortnie Coles, Diane Hernandez, [[Toccara Jones]], [[Whitney Thompson]], Yvonne Powless, Khrystyana Kazakova, Liz Woodbury, and Alexandra Underwood have successfully translated their TV celebrity into ongoing modeling careers.
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Canadian magazine ''[[LOU LOU]]'' has included specifically produced bi-annual plus-size fashion inserts featuring editorials and product pages since 2008. Echoing the [[advertorial]] relationship of ''Figure'' to Lane Bryant, ''LouLou''{{'}}s supplement features products from [[Reitmans]] group of plus-size apparel companies (Addition-Elle, MXM, Pennington's) on its pages.
''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' U.S. has faltered on the continued use of recognisable plus-size models for the annual "Shape Issue" (April) issue; however British vocalist [[Adele]] appeared on the March 2012 cover as the first overtly larger-sized cover subject since sportsman [[LeBron James]] in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/lebron-james-and-gisele-b252ndchen-dream-team/#1 |title=LeBron James and Gisele Bündchen: Dream Team |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815040239/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/lebron-james-and-gisele-b252ndchen-dream-team/#1 |archive-date=15 August 2014
''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' Quebec featured plus-size models three times on its cover: in May 1997, May 2013 and June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plus-size model graces the cover of Elle |url=http://www.aww.com.au/style/your-fashion/2013/5/plus-size-model-graces-the-cover-of-elle/ |work=aww.com.au |publisher=Australia Women's Weekly |access-date=2 January 2014 |date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Elle Quebec Draws International Attention |url=http://tctranscontinental.com/documents/10180/38406/PressRelease_Ellequebec.pdf |publisher=TC Transcontinental |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716044557/http://tctranscontinental.com/documents/10180/38406/PressRelease_Ellequebec.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014
High fashion print publication ''[[V (American magazine)|V]]'' magazine featured seven agency-represented plus-size models in "The Size Issue" #63, photographed by prominent fashion photographers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vmagazine.com/fashion_article.php?n=14446 |title=Curves Ahead by Solve Sundsbo, featuring Candice Huffine, Marquita Pring, Kasia Pilewicz, Michelle Olson and Tara Lynn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vmagazine.com/fashion_article.php?n=14368 |title=One Size Fits All by Terry Richardson, featuring Crystal Renn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vmagazine.com/article.php?n=14505 |title=V love U just the way U R – Terry Tsiolas, featuring Inga Eiriksdottir}}</ref>
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[[Evans (clothing retailer)|Evans]], a U.K.-based retailer, was founded in 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evans.co.uk/careers/about_us_history.html |title=Our History |work=evans.co.uk |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Evans specializes in plus-sized clothing, lingerie, shoes and swimwear.
[[Max Mara]] started [[Marina Rinaldi]], one of the first high-end clothing lines, for plus-size women in 1980.<ref name="Agins, Teri">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=laZNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659,6867013&dq=marina-rinaldi&hl=en |title=Queen sizes get a lift in the market |author=Agins, Teri |date=10 May 1996 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Marina Rinaldi started advertising in 1981.<ref name=MRhistory/> The line's campaigns were photographed by top photographers such as [[Richard Avedon]], [[Patrick Demarchelier]], [[Arthur Elgort]], [[Greg Kadel]], [[Peter Lindbergh]], and [[Craig McDean]], used top models and celebrities(including [[Carré Otis]], [[Candice Huffine]], [[Crystal Renn]], and [[Kate Dillon Levin]]), and were featured in magazines and on billboards.<ref name=MRhistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinarinaldi.com/en/About-Us-History-and-Philosophy |title=History & Philosophy |work=marinarinaldi.com |access-date=17 January 2013
=== Specialty model agency divisions ===
Cheryl Hughes founded Hughes models, the UK's first plus-size agency in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/plussize-models-still-rare-on-ny-and-london-catwalks-2080929.html |title='Plus-size' models still rare on NY and London catwalks |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The Independent |date=16 September 2010 |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Allison Bramwell Bewley, a former straight size and plus-size model founded Excel Models in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/CURVE+IS+ALL+AROUND%3B+Big+is+beautiful+as+size-14+Alice+wins+Cosmo...-a0172377556 |title=
===Specialty media and other ventures in Europe===
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Yes!, a print fashion magazine for plus size women founded and edited by Janice Bhend, launched in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/were-happy-to-be-the-fat-of-the-land-1505841.html |title=We're happy to be the fat of the land |author=Nowicka, Helen |date=21 November 1993 |work=The Independent |access-date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jan/06/ameliahill.johnarlidge |title=Thin end of a big fat juicy scam |author1=Hill, Amelia |author2=Aldridgge, John |date=5 January 2002 |access-date=24 July 2012 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> At the time, Yes! was the only print magazine especially for plus size women in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/proud-to-say-yes-156559505.html |title=PROUD TO SAY YES! |author=YES! Magazine |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> The magazine stopped publishing in 1998 due to a lack of funding.
Fashion editor Rivkie Baum launched SLiNK, a fashion and lifestyle magazine for full-figured women in 2011.<ref name=Driscoll>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/12/10/slink-plus-size-fashion-magazine_n_2271412.html |title=Plus-Size Fashion Magazine SLiNK Features Models Sizes 8-16 on Cover |author=Driscoll, Brogan |work=HuffPost |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> SLiNK is one of the few magazines focused on plus size women to photograph models with a Vogue-like aesthetic.<ref name=Driscoll/> The magazine began publishing in print for its fifth issue in March 2012.<ref name=gorkana>{{cite web |url=http://gorkana.com/news/consumer/little-black-book/gorkana-meetsrivkie-baum/ |title=Gorkana Meets...Rivkie Baum |date=18 April 2012 |work=gorkana.com |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> The magazine was also the first to feature a plus size model in a 3D editorial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artslondonnews.com/2012/11/21/design-graduates-create-3-d-magazine-cover/ |title=Design grads create 3D magazine cover |author=Okafor, Chinedu |date=21 November 2012 |work=Arts London News |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> SLiNK was also one of the few magazines to feature plus-size and smaller sized models on a magazine cover.<ref name=Driscoll/>
European versions of Vogue and Elle have featured plus size models in many editorials, often photographed by top photographers. In 1997, British Vogue published an editorial with Sara Morrison photographed by [[Nick Knight (photographer)|Nick Knight]].<ref name="Spencer, Mimi">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2006/aug/06/healthandwellbeing.features |title=The shape we're in |author=Spencer, Mimi |date=5 August 2006 |work=The Observer |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> Vogue Italia featured plus size models on the cover of three issues. Sophie Dahl appeared on two covers in 2000(February and April).<ref name="fashionmodeldirectory.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Sophie_Dahl/ |title=Sophie Dahl |work=fashionmodeldirectory.com |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Sophie Dahl">{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/sdahl/sophiedahl/ |title=Sophie Dahl |work=New York |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> In June 2011, [[Candice Huffine]], [[Robyn Lawley]], and [[Tara Lynn]] appeared on the magazine's cover.<ref name=huffpovogueitalia2011cover/> The main editorial of the issue featured those three models plus Marquita Pring.<ref name=huffpovogueitalia2011cover/> Robyn Lawley also appeared in another editorial in that issue. Elle France has featured Tara Lynn on two covers in April 2010 and April 2012, and Robyn Lawley on their April 2011 cover. The April 2010 issue also included a 20-page spread with Lynn. Elle Italia has featured [[Crystal Renn]] on its April 2008 cover. Elle Belgium featured Deborah Dauchot on its May 2012 cover.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deborah Dauchot for Belgian Elle Magazine |url=http://madisonplus.com/style-file/deborah-dauchot-for-belgian-elle-magazine/ |work=madisonplus.com |access-date=2 January 2014 |date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In November 2013, Tara Lynn appeared on the cover of Elle Spain. In December 2013, Iris Monroe Baker appeared on the cover of Elle Netherlands.<ref name="Toeps">{{cite web |last=Toeps |title=
Other magazines that have featured plus size models on their covers include ''Amica, Avantgarde, Biba, D Reppublicca della Donna, i-D'', and ''S Moda''. In addition, magazines such as ''Bon, Diva e Donna, Gioia, Glamour UK, Glass, Grazia, Numéro, Paradis, Ponystep'', and ''Yo Dona'' have featured plus size models in editorials.
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''[[Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model]]'' has featured several contestants, including Louise Watts, who was Season 3's runner up and competed in America's Next Top Model Cycle 18.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.look.co.uk/pictures/britains-next-top-model-season-6-the-contestants/britains-next-top-model-season-6-simone-clark |title=Britain's Next Top Model Season 6: Simone Clark |work=The Look |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref>
In 2016, [[Scandinavia's Next Top Model]] was rebooted as [[Top Model Curves]], and all contestants featured were plus-size models from [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]. Swede Ronja Manfredsson was declared the winner during the finale episode in [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=de la Bastide |first1=Danielle |title=Meet Ronja Manfredsson: The Swedish Stunner And Top Model Winner with the Killer Curves |url=https://loaded.co.uk/meet-ronja-manfredsson-the-swedish-stunner-and-top-model-winner/ |website=loaded.uk |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>
=== Origins in Asia and the Pacific ===
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Consumer-based criticism regarding the lower sizes of plus-size models was for a long time commonplace and wide-spread. While the reputed 'average' dress size of an American woman is size 14, the majority of models represented as plus-size were between a US size 6-12; therefore, the models did not reflect the average consumer size.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123604722 |title=Fashion Week's Latest Trend? Plus-Size Models |publisher=NPR News |date=15 February 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref> However, over the past ten years, larger plus-size models have appeared, particularly on social media, and Tess Holliday (US size 22, UK size 26) was featured on the September 2018 cover of Cosmopolitan.
Like other models, plus-size models use food tricks to temporarily alter their size long enough to meet client demands, such as eating salty food to go up in size or eating cotton balls dipped in juice to shrink for a shoot.<ref name="Sauers, Jenna">{{cite web |url=http://jezebel.com/5824896/plus+size-models-wear-body-padding-to-please-certain-clients-and-other-modeling-non+secrets |title=Plus-Size Models Wear Body Padding To Please Certain Clients, And Other Modeling Non-Secrets |author=Sauers, Jenna |date=26 July 2001 |work=Jezebel |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Agents have suggested plastic surgery to some models.<ref>{{cite news |url=
German fashion designer [[Karl Lagerfeld]] and other fashion designers have deferred on the use of plus-size models through a lack of interest in the consumers associated with the term plus-size. Lagerfeld in particular has been vocal on the matter of his preferred clientele: "What I designed was fashion for slender and slim people" and received criticism for demanding that mass retailer [[H&M]] not produce their collaboration designs to size 16.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/designer-says-plussize-models-are-a-joke-2001677.html |title=Designer Says Plus-Size Models Are 'a Joke' |work=The Independent |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010 |___location=London |first=Harriet |last=Walker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/no-one-wants-to-see-curvy-women-german-designer-1801469.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015003542/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/no-one-wants-to-see-curvy-women-german-designer-1801469.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2009 |title='No One Wants to See Curvy Women': German designer Karl Lagerfeld |work=The Independent |date=12 October 2009 |access-date=16 October 2010 |___location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2004/11/18/lagerfelds-high-street-split |title=Lagerfeld's High Street Split |work=Vogue UK |date=18 November 2004 |author=unattributed}}</ref>▼
▲German fashion designer [[Karl Lagerfeld]] and other fashion designers have deferred on the use of plus-size models through a lack of interest in the consumers associated with the term plus-size. Lagerfeld in particular has been vocal on the matter of his preferred clientele: "What I designed was fashion for slender and slim people" and received criticism for demanding that mass retailer [[H&M]] not produce their collaboration designs to size 16.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/designer-says-plussize-models-are-a-joke-2001677.html |title=Designer Says Plus-Size Models Are 'a Joke' |work=The Independent |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010 |___location=London |first=Harriet |last=Walker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/no-one-wants-to-see-curvy-women-german-designer-1801469.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015003542/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/no-one-wants-to-see-curvy-women-german-designer-1801469.html
In the past, the industry was criticized for lacking racial diversity.<ref name="Richardson, Lisa">{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-08-21/features/0108210018_1_plus-size-model-asian-women-modeling-agencies |title=Plus-size model defies a stereotype -- for herself and for other Asian women |author=Richardson, Lisa |date=21 August 2001 |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.racialicious.com/2010/04/23/where-my-sistas-at-the-underrepresentation-of-black-plus-size-models-in-mainstream-fashion/ |title=Where My Sistas At? The Underrepresentation of Black Plus Size Models in Mainstream Fashion |date=23 April 2010 |work=Racialicious |access-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023023747/http://www.racialicious.com/2010/04/23/where-my-sistas-at-the-underrepresentation-of-black-plus-size-models-in-mainstream-fashion/ |archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> For example, critics have noted that there are few Asian plus-size models.<ref name="Richardson, Lisa"/> Others have noted that there are few black plus-size models with darker skin tones.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2012/06/ford-models-agency-showing-some-curves/ |title=Ford Models Agency Showing Some Curves |date=28 June 2012 |work=Plus Model Magazine |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref>▼
▲In the past, the industry was criticized for lacking racial diversity.<ref name="Richardson, Lisa">{{cite news |url=
In February 2015, Australian model [[Stefania Ferrario]] and television presenter [[Ajay Rochester]] began a campaign to end the use of the term "plus-size" to describe models who are above a [[US standard clothing size#Women.27s sizes|US dress size 4]] by the modelling industry. Ferrario posted a picture with the caption "I am a model FULL STOP" with the [[hashtag]] "#droptheplus" which gained coverage in the media and was heavily discussed, with mixed, but mostly positive reactions, on social media and within the fashion industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/03/23/should-modeling-industry-get-rid-term-plus-size/ |title=Fox News article on Stefania Ferrario and #droptheplus campaign |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221191143/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/03/23/should-modeling-industry-get-rid-term-plus-size/ |archive-date=21 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/72225-droptheplus-campaign-by-stefania-ferrario-and-ajay-rochester-ignites-social-media-but-is-it-invalidating |title=Bustle article on #droptheplus |magazine=Bustle |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>▼
▲In February 2015, Australian model [[Stefania Ferrario]] and television presenter [[Ajay Rochester]] began a campaign to end the use of the term "plus-size" to describe models who are above a [[US standard clothing size#Women.27s sizes|US dress size 4]] by the modelling industry. Ferrario posted a picture with the caption "I am a model FULL STOP" with the [[hashtag]] "#droptheplus" which gained coverage in the media and was heavily discussed, with mixed, but mostly positive reactions, on social media and within the fashion industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/03/23/should-modeling-industry-get-rid-term-plus-size/ |title=Fox News article on Stefania Ferrario and #droptheplus campaign |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221191143/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/03/23/should-modeling-industry-get-rid-term-plus-size/ |archive-date=21 February 2016
==See also==
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==External links==
* {{Commons category
{{DEFAULTSORT:model, Plus-size}}
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