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[[File:Velvet D'Amour.jpg|thumb|[[Velvet D'Amour]], model for [[John Galliano]], then muse of [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]], at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]].]]
A '''plus-size model''' is an individual size 12 and above who is engaged primarily in [[Model (person)|modeling]] [[plus-size clothing]]. Plus-size clothing worn by plus-size models is typically catering for and marketed to either
Synonymous and interchangeable with plus-size model is "full-figured model",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2013/05/ashley-stewart-and-plus-model-magazine-launch-nationwide-search-for-full-figured-models/ |title=Ashley Stewart and Plus Model Magazine Launch Nationwide Search for Full-figured Models |work=PlusModel |date=2014-05-13 |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329012740/http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2013/05/ashley-stewart-and-plus-model-magazine-launch-nationwide-search-for-full-figured-models/ |archive-date=29 March 2016 }}</ref> "extended-sizes model", "over-weight model", "fat model" and "outsize model". Previously, the term "large size model" was also frequently used.<ref name=Schiro1979>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uAJcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4103,1631931&dq=large-size-model&hl=en |title=Large Size Fashion Models in Demand |author=Schiro, Anne Marie |date=7 June 1979 |work=Times-Union |agency=New York Times News Service |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sizeaplus>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=T0cuAAAAIBAJ&pg=7093,5771059&dq=large-size-model&hl=en |title=Size is a plus for head of model agency |date=18 May 1986 |work=Tuscaloosa News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>
==Plus-size industry ==
Fashion designers are starting to look more closely at the earning potential from plus-size clothing, and have used plus-size models for their advertising campaigns and catwalks. [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]] and [[John Galliano]] both used plus-size models<ref>Crystal Renn (Jean Paul Gaultier), Johanna Dray (John Galliano)</ref> in their Spring 2006 showings in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crystal Shines On |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2010/07/14/crystal-renn-for-jean-paul-gaultier |author=Deeks, Sarah |date=14 July 2010 |work=Vogue |___location=UK |access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> Gaultier also used plus-size models Marquita Pring and [[Crystal Renn]] in his Spring 2011 [[Ready-to-Wear]] show.<ref name="Model Call: Marquita Pring">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwd.com/eye/fashion/model-call-marquita-pring-5007890 |title=Model Call: Marqsuita Pring |work=Women's Wear Daily |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=
Why Did Ultrathin Models Make a Comeback at Fashion Week?|work=The New York Times|date=11 March 2023|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/fashion/why-did-ultrathin-models-make-a-comeback-at-fashion-week.html}}</ref>
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In addition to magazines, books dedicated to plus size (aka "full figured") fashion and lifestyles began to be released from major publishers in the 1980s. Some of these include: ''Making It Big'' (1980),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=DuCoffe |first1=Jean |title=Making It Big: A Guide to Health, Success and Beauty For the Woman Size 16 and Over |last2=Cohen |first2=Sherry Suib |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1980 |isbn=0-671-25097-3 |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref> ''The Big Beauty Book'' (1982),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harper |first1=Ann |title=The Big Beauty Book: Glamour for the Fuller-Figured Woman |last2=Lewis |first2=Glenn |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |year=1982 |isbn=0-03-060561-X |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref> ''The Lane Bryant Fashion Math Make-Over'' (1987)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lulow |first1=Kalia |title=The Lane Bryant Fashion Math Make-Over |last2=Geddie |first2=Wanda |publisher=Dell |year=1987 |isbn=0-440-14597-X |___location=New York, NY, U.S.A. |type=Paperback}}</ref> and ''Sizing Up'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Head |first=Sandy Summers |title=Sizing Up: Fashion, Fitness and Self-Esteem for Full Figured Women |publisher=Fireside |year=1989 |isbn=0-671-67572-9 |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref>
Spiegel catalog launched their For You from Spiegel plus-size collection in 1989 with [[Linda Arroz]] as their official consultant and spokesmodel.<ref>{{cite news |url=
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mode Magazine Premiere Issue Cover.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Mode Magazine (premiere issue, 1997)]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sample Cover of Grace Woman Magazine.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Grace magazine from 2003]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sample Cover of Figure Magazine-February 2006.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Figure Magazine from 2006]] -->
In 1995, Lane Bryant began a transformation of the brand which included large-scale fashion showings and celebrity endorsement. [[Queen Latifah]], [[Mia Tyler]], [[Camryn Manheim]], [[Anna Nicole Smith]] and [[Chris Noth]] have appeared in advertising and/or events on behalf of the brand. Lane Bryant held a large-scale lingerie fashion show<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYPvdZIxWCo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/QYPvdZIxWCo |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live |title=Lane Bryant runway show 2000 - Part 1 |last=Neidenburg |date=19 November 2009 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> to launch the "Cacique Intimates" lingerie collection on 1 February 2000. The 2003 final large-scale catwalk show<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2u773_mia-tyler-walks-the-runway-for-lane_people |title=Mia Tyler walks the runway for Lane Bryant Spring 2003 - vidéo Dailymotion |date=26 August 2007}}</ref> featured [[Roseanne Barr]] as Matron of Ceremonies in a cabaret setting complete with [[Moulin Rouge]]-style singers and dancers.
Lane Bryant was acquired by [[Charming Shoppes]] for $335 million in August 2001. In 2003 a cost-reduction plan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digital50.com/news/items/PR/2005/03/16/NYW041/charming-shoppes-reports-preliminary-unaudited-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091835/http://www.digital50.com/news/items/PR/2005/03/16/NYW041/charming-shoppes-reports-preliminary-unaudited-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |title=Charming Shoppes Reports Preliminary, Unaudited Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results |work=Digital50}}</ref> was announced to improve the company's pre-tax position by $45 million. Shortly afterwards, the annual Lane Bryant fashion show ceased production.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mode-Magazine Premiere-Issue-Spring-1997.jpeg|thumb|Mode Magazine Premiere Issue as it appeared at checkout counters and newsstands circa 1997]] -->
With strong cooperation from Wilhelmina 10/20, Curves and Ford 12+ agencies, ''[[MODE (magazine)|MODE]]'' magazine, was launched in the spring of 1997.<ref name="Herman, Valli">{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U3UzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5446,6750896&dq=givenchy+plus-size&hl=en |title=Fashion Mode |date=19 May 1998 |author=Herman, Valli |work=The Spokesman-Review |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> No other fashion magazine specifically targeted the plus-size consumer with a ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''-like fashion philosophy.<ref name="Herman, Valli"/> MO''D''E's editorial practice of providing models' names, sometimes attached to quotes on self-esteem to make them more approachable, greatly aided the popularity of the models and gave them a form of celebrity.<ref name=Mogel>{{cite book |last1=Mogel |first1=Leonard |title=The Magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbGsXKFRhh0C&q=lewinter+mode&pg=PA106 |access-date=27 December 2012 |edition=4th |year=1998 |publisher=GATF Press |___location=Sewickly, Pennsylvania |isbn=0-88362-223-8 |pages=106–107}}</ref> The magazine also received industry acclaim, being named the best new magazine launch by [[Ad Week]] and [[Advertising Age]] in 1997.<ref name="Herman, Valli"/> MO''D''E ran model search competitions in conjunction with the Wilhelmina modeling agency, drawing entries from thousands of hopefuls from the US and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plusmodelmag.com/General/plus-model-magazine-article-detail.asp?article-id=910380941 |title=Interview With Cover Model Jordan Tesfay |author=Jones, Maddy |date=1 May 2010 |publisher=Plus Model Magazine |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515092730/http://www.plusmodelmag.com/General/plus-model-magazine-article-detail.asp?article-id=910380941 |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref>
Occurring shortly before the time of ''MODE''{{'}}s closure was the failure of several designers' ventures into the plus-size market. [[Versace]] (''GV Versatile Couture''), [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]] (''Carisma''), and others ceased producing the clothing which ''MODE'' relied upon, leaving an unfortunate deficit in the fashion department wardrobes and advertising revenue coffers of MO''D''E magazine and its successors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b_gaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4323,948065&dq=lewit+winter+mode&hl=en |title=Full-figured women get their fashion desserts a la Mode |author=Gottschalk, Mary |date=7 March 1997 |work=The Daily News |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> Its circulation was approximately 600,000 at the time of its demise<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedom.com/company/archive_122801.html |title=Freedom Communications, Inc. - Company News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912081804/http://www.freedom.com/company/archive_122801.html |archive-date=12 September 2012}}</ref> in late 2001.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Grace Woman Magazine-Sept-Oct-2003.jpg|thumb]] -->
''Grace Magazine'' was launched on 14 May 2002 by MO''D''E magazine's last executive editor, Ceslie Armstrong, and many of the ex-MO''D''E staff as an independent quarterly publication and website under a similar concept.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelwriters.com/articles/view.asp?articleID=167 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204150402/http://www.travelwriters.com/articles/view.asp?articleID=167 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title=Former Mode Editor to Try Again |author=Aaaronson, Trevor |date=7 May 2002 |work=travelwriters.com |publisher=Marco Polo Publications, Inc. |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> Even though the initial 400,000 print run sold out quickly and advertising revenue appeared high, the independent status and limited funding prohibited the ability to grow to fill the newsstand and subscription orders. Critics,{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} however, believed that ''Grace'' featured far less stylish fashion content than its predecessor and unwisely pursued an editorial emphasis on weight-related health issues. ''Grace Magazine'' ceased operation due to lack of funding in November 2003, after publishing 10 issues.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Figure Magazine-JanFeb-2006.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Figure magazine as it appeared for retail sale in 2006]] -->
Charming Shoppes' custom [[advertorial]] magazine, ''Figure'', was launched in 2002 and was revamped during 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magazine.org/content/Files/figure072606.pdf |title=The New Shape of ''Figure'' Magazine: Fashion Magazine for Plus-Size Women Re-launches |work=magazine.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321192812/http://www.magazine.org/content/Files/figure072606.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2012 }}</ref> Although it featured only Charming Shoppes' own products and related lifestyle articles, it remained the only fashion and lifestyle print magazine specifically targeted for plus-size consumers until its announced closure after the publication of the March/April 2009 issue.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.figuremagazine.com/ |title=Figuremagazine.com |website=www.figuremagazine.com}}</ref>
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=== Specialty model agency divisions ===
Cheryl Hughes founded Hughes models, the UK's first plus-size agency in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/plussize-models-still-rare-on-ny-and-london-catwalks-2080929.html |title='Plus-size' models still rare on NY and London catwalks |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The Independent |date=16 September 2010 |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Allison Bramwell Bewley, a former straight size and plus-size model founded Excel Models in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/CURVE+IS+ALL+AROUND%3B+Big+is+beautiful+as+size-14+Alice+wins+Cosmo...-a0172377556 |title=Curve Is All Around; Big is beautiful as size-14 Alice wins Cosmo modelling competition. |author=Booth, Samantha |date=13 December 2007 |work=Daily Record |___location=Scotland |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> The agency has represented notable models including [[Pollyanna McIntosh]] and Sara Morrison.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://showstudio.com/project/outsize |title=Outsize? |author=Alexander McQueen |author2=John Galliano |author3=Roland Mouret |author4=Sophia Kokosalaki |date=18 February 2002 |website=SHOWstudio |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Blanchard, Tamisin">{{cite news |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG6223994/London-Fashion-Week-may-not-be-ready-but-women-love-a-curvy-model.html |title=London Fashion Week may not be ready, but women love a curvy model |author=Blanchard, Tansin |date=24 September 2009 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308163240/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG6223994/London-Fashion-Week-may-not-be-ready-but-women-love-a-curvy-model.html |archive-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> Sarah Watkinson founded 12 + models in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.12plusuk.com/about-us/ |title=About Us |work=12plusuk.co.uk |publisher=12 + UK Model Management |access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> Former plus-size model Anna Shillinglaw founded the plus size division of Milk Management in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madisonplus.com/mp-insider/milk-management-promo/ |title=Milk Management Promo |date=9 December 2011 |work=madisonplus.com |publisher=Madison Plus |access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref> These agents have been credited with improving visibility of plus-size models in Europe and developing some of the top plus-size models for international markets. In recent years, the most prestigious fashion agencies in the UK have launched plus size divisions. In 2011, Excel Models merged with [[Models 1]], one of Europe's most prestigious fashion agencies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8618603/Plus-size-models-to-work-with-Models-1.html |title=Models 1 expands for plus-size models |author=Cowan, Natasha |date=5 July 2011 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> [[Storm Models]] started a plus size division, Curve in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Plus Size models that
===Specialty media and other ventures in Europe===
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Consumer-based criticism regarding the lower sizes of plus-size models was for a long time commonplace and wide-spread. While the reputed 'average' dress size of an American woman is size 14, the majority of models represented as plus-size were between a US size 6-12; therefore, the models did not reflect the average consumer size.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123604722 |title=Fashion Week's Latest Trend? Plus-Size Models |publisher=NPR News |date=15 February 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref> However, over the past ten years, larger plus-size models have appeared, particularly on social media, and Tess Holliday (US size 22, UK size 26) was featured on the September 2018 cover of Cosmopolitan.
Like other models, plus-size models use food tricks to temporarily alter their size long enough to meet client demands, such as eating salty food to go up in size or eating cotton balls dipped in juice to shrink for a shoot.<ref name="Sauers, Jenna">{{cite web |url=http://jezebel.com/5824896/plus+size-models-wear-body-padding-to-please-certain-clients-and-other-modeling-non+secrets |title=Plus-Size Models Wear Body Padding To Please Certain Clients, And Other Modeling Non-Secrets |author=Sauers, Jenna |date=26 July 2001 |work=Jezebel |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Agents have suggested plastic surgery to some models.<ref>{{cite news |url=
German fashion designer [[Karl Lagerfeld]] and other fashion designers have deferred on the use of plus-size models through a lack of interest in the consumers associated with the term plus-size. Lagerfeld in particular has been vocal on the matter of his preferred clientele: "What I designed was fashion for slender and slim people" and received criticism for demanding that mass retailer [[H&M]] not produce their collaboration designs to size 16.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/designer-says-plussize-models-are-a-joke-2001677.html |title=Designer Says Plus-Size Models Are 'a Joke' |work=The Independent |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010 |___location=London |first=Harriet |last=Walker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/no-one-wants-to-see-curvy-women-german-designer-1801469.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015003542/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/no-one-wants-to-see-curvy-women-german-designer-1801469.html |archive-date=15 October 2009 |title='No One Wants to See Curvy Women': German designer Karl Lagerfeld |work=The Independent |date=12 October 2009 |access-date=16 October 2010 |___location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2004/11/18/lagerfelds-high-street-split |title=Lagerfeld's High Street Split |work=Vogue UK |date=18 November 2004 |author=unattributed}}</ref>
In the past, the industry was criticized for lacking racial diversity.<ref name="Richardson, Lisa">{{cite news |url=
In February 2015, Australian model [[Stefania Ferrario]] and television presenter [[Ajay Rochester]] began a campaign to end the use of the term "plus-size" to describe models who are above a [[US standard clothing size#Women.27s sizes|US dress size 4]] by the modelling industry. Ferrario posted a picture with the caption "I am a model FULL STOP" with the [[hashtag]] "#droptheplus" which gained coverage in the media and was heavily discussed, with mixed, but mostly positive reactions, on social media and within the fashion industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/03/23/should-modeling-industry-get-rid-term-plus-size/ |title=Fox News article on Stefania Ferrario and #droptheplus campaign |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221191143/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/03/23/should-modeling-industry-get-rid-term-plus-size/ |archive-date=21 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/72225-droptheplus-campaign-by-stefania-ferrario-and-ajay-rochester-ignites-social-media-but-is-it-invalidating |title=Bustle article on #droptheplus |magazine=Bustle |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
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==External links==
* {{Commons category
{{DEFAULTSORT:model, Plus-size}}
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