Content deleted Content added
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Alter: title, template type. Add: doi, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:School terminology | #UCB_Category 57/110 |
m →External links: HTTP to HTTPS for Blogspot |
||
| (21 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown) | |||
Line 5:
== History ==
[[File:John Dewey in 1902.jpg|thumbnail|John Dewey in 1902]][[John Dewey]] is recognized as one of the early proponents of project-based education or at least its principles through his idea of "learning by doing".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bender|first=William N.|title=Project-Based Learning: Differentiating Instruction for the 21st Century|publisher=Corwin Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4522-7927-5|___location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=42}}</ref> In ''My Pedagogical Creed'' (1897) Dewey enumerated his beliefs including the view that "the teacher is not in the school to impose certain ideas or to form certain habits in the child, but is there as a member of the community to select the influences which shall affect the child and to assist him in properly responding to these".<ref name=":0">John Dewey, Education and Experience, 1938/1997. New York. Touchstone.</ref> For this reason, he promoted the so-called expressive or constructive activities as the centre of correlation.<ref name=":0" /> Educational research has advanced this idea of teaching and learning into a methodology known as "project-based learning". [[William Heard Kilpatrick]] built on the theory of Dewey, who was his teacher, and introduced the project method as a component of Dewey's problem method of teaching.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Beckett|first1=Gulbahar|title=Global Perspectives on Project-Based Language Learning, Teaching, and Assessment: Key Approaches, Technology Tools, and Frameworks|last2=Slater|first2=Tammy|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|isbn=978-0-429-78695-2|___location=Oxon}}</ref> Kilpatrick endorsed project-based learning in his 1918 essay ''The Project Method'', calling for "whole-hearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment". The essay was immediately lauded by progressive educators.<ref>{{cite book | last=Ravitch | first=Diane | year=2001 | title=Left back: A century of battles over school reform | publisher=Simon & Schuster | isbn=978-0-7432-0326-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyOxAKKwfDYC&pg=PA178 | page=178f}}</ref><ref name="Pondiscio 2010">{{cite magazine | last=Pondiscio | first=Robert | date=2010 | title=Edutopian vision | magazine=Education Next | volume=10 | number=3 | issn=1539-9664 | url=https://www.educationnext.org/edutopian-vision/}}</ref>
Some scholars (e.g. [[James Greeno|James G. Greeno]]) also associated project-based learning with [[Jean Piaget]]'s "situated learning" perspective<ref>Greeno, J. G. (2006). Learning in activity. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (pp. 79-96). New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> and [[Constructivism (philosophy of education)|constructivist]] theories. Piaget advocated an idea of learning that does not focus on memorization. Within his theory, project-based learning is considered a method that engages students to invent and to view learning as a process with a future instead of acquiring knowledge bases as a matter of fact.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarrazin|first=Natalie R.|title=Problem-Based Learning in the College Music Classroom|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-26522-5}}</ref>
Line 16:
[[Problem-based learning]] is a similar pedagogic approach; however, problem-based approaches structure students' activities more by asking them to solve specific (open-ended) problems rather than relying on students to come up with their own problems in the course of completing a project. Another seemingly similar approach is quest-based learning; unlike project-based learning, in questing, the project is determined specifically on what students find compelling (with guidance as needed), instead of the teacher being primarily responsible for forming the essential question and task.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Alcock, Marie |url=https://www.solutiontree.com/quest-for-learning.html |title=The Quest for Learning: How to Maximize Student Engagement |author2=Michael Fisher |author3=Allison Zmuda |date=2018 |publisher=Solution Tree |___location=Bloomington}}</ref>
Blumenfeld ''et al.'' elaborate on the processes of Project-based learning: "Project-based learning is a comprehensive perspective focused on teaching by engaging students in investigation. Within this framework, students pursue solutions to nontrivial problems by asking and refining questions, debating ideas, making predictions, designing plans and/or experiments, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, communicating their ideas and findings to others, asking new questions, and creating artifacts."<ref>Blumenfeld et al 1991, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST, 26(3&4) 369-398 "Motivating Project-Based Learning: Sustaining the Doing, Supporting the Learning." Phyllis C. Blumenfeld, [[Elliot Soloway]], Ronald W. Marx, Joseph S. Krajcik, Mark Guzdial, and Annemarie Palincsar.</ref> The basis of Project-based learning lies in the authenticity or real-life application of the research. Students working as a team are given a "driving question" to respond to or answer, then directed to create an artifact (or artifacts) to present their gained knowledge. Artifacts may include a variety of media such as writings, art, drawings, three-dimensional representations, videos, photography, or technology-based presentations.
Another definition of project-based learning includes a type of instruction where students work together to solve real-world problems in their schools and communities. This type of problem-solving often requires students to draw on lessons from several disciplines and apply them in a very practical way and the promise of seeing a very real impact becomes the motivation for learning.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education World |url=http://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/problem-based-learning-tips-ideas.shtml}}</ref> In addition to learning the content of their core subjects, students have the potential to learn to work in a community, thereby taking on social responsibilities.
Line 47:
Outside of the United States, the [[European Union]] has also providing funding for project-based learning projects within the [[Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013]]. In China, Project-based learning implementation has primarily been driven by [[international school]] offerings,<ref>[https://www.pblworks.org/blog/pbl-china-yes-maybe]. Larmer, John (2018)</ref> although public schools use Project-based learning as a reference for Chinese Premier Ki Keqiang's mandate for schools to adopt [[maker education]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ccc.princeton.edu/events/making-china-cultivating-entrepreneurial-living|title = Making China: Cultivating Entrepreneurial Living | Center on Contemporary China}}</ref> in conjunction with [[Micro-schooling|micro-schools]] like Moonshot Academy and ETU, and maker education spaces such as [[SteamHead]].<ref>[http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/13/c_136125085.htm] Xin Hua News, referenced 2017.</ref>
In [[Uganda]] since the introduction of the new lower curriculum,<ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=Droku Benbella |date=2024-02-29 |title='Despite challenges, schools have embraced the new curriculum' – Economic Policy Research Centre |url=https://eprcug.org/press-releases/despite-challenges-schools-have-embraced-the-new-curriculum/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Roles==
Line 54:
When students use technology as a tool to communicate with others, they take on an active role vs. a passive role of transmitting the information by a teacher, a book, or broadcast. The student is constantly making choices on how to obtain, display, or manipulate information. Technology makes it possible for students to think actively about the choices they make and execute. Every student has the opportunity to get involved, either individually or as a group.
The instructor's role in project-based learning is that of a facilitator. They do not relinquish control of the classroom or student learning, but rather develop an atmosphere of shared responsibility. The instructor must structure the proposed question/issue so as to direct the student's learning toward content-based materials. Upfront planning is crucial, in that the instructor should plan out the structural elements and logistics of the project far in advance in order to reduce student confusion once they assume ownership of their projects.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Tawfik |first1=Andrew A. |last2=Gishbaugher |first2=Jaclyn J. |last3=Gatewood |first3=Jessica |last4=Arrington |first4=T. Logan |date=2021-08-17 |title=How K-12 Teachers Adapt Problem-Based Learning Over Time
The student's role is to ask questions, build knowledge, and determine a real-world solution to the issue/question presented. Students must collaborate, expanding their active listening skills and requiring them to engage in intelligent, focused communication, therefore allowing them to think rationally about how to solve problems. Project-based learning forces students to take ownership of their success.
In the digital and remote learning era, traditional roles have adapted to incorporate virtual collaboration. Instructors now serve as digital facilitators, using online platforms to monitor progress and provide asynchronous feedback, while students must develop both project and digital management skills. This transformation has introduced new team dynamics, with students taking on specific digital responsibilities such as managing online repositories and coordinating virtual communication.
==Outcomes==
[[File:Cover to cover reading versus problem or project based learning.png|thumb|370px|Example of problem-/project-based learning versus reading cover to cover. The problem-/project-based learner may memorize a smaller amount of total information due to spending time searching for the optimal information across various sources, but will likely learn more useful items for real-world scenarios, and will likely be better at knowing where to find information when needed.<ref>Image by Mikael Häggström, MD, using source images by various authors. Source for useful context in problem-based learning: {{cite
Proponents of project-based learning cite numerous benefits to the implementation of its strategies in the classroom – including a greater depth of understanding of concepts, a broader knowledge base, improved communication, and interpersonal/social skills, enhanced [[leadership]] skills, increased [[creativity]], and improved writing skills.
Some of the most significant contributions of Project-based learning have been in schools of comparative disadvantage where it has been linked to increased self-esteem, better work habits, and more positive attitudes toward learning. The pedagogical practice is also linked to conversations revolving around equitable instruction, as it presents opportunities to provide learning experiences that are "equitable, relevant, and meaningful to each and every student while supporting the development of not only students' academic learning, but also their social, emotional, and identity development."<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Gavin |last2=Urban |first2=Rochelle |last3=Olabuenaga |first3=Gina |date=2023 |title=Designing for Equity: Moving Project-Based Learning From Equity Adjacent to Equity Infused |url=https://repository.isls.org//handle/1/10277}}</ref>
Teachers who implement Project-Based Learning assert that this approach emphasizes teachers helping their students track and develop their own processes of thinking, making them more aware of problem-solving strategies they can use in the future.<ref name=":2" />
Line 72 ⟶ 74:
==Criticism==
Opponents of project-based learning caution against negative outcomes primarily in projects that become unfocused, as underdeveloped assignments or lessons may result in the waste of class time and inability to achieve the learning objectives. Since Project-based learning revolves around student autonomy, student's self-motivation and ability to balance work time both inside and outside of school are imperative to a successful project and teachers may be challenged to present students with sufficient time, flexibility, and resources to be successful.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ramos-Ramos |first1=Pablo |last2=Botella Nicolás |first2=Ana María |date=2022-08-31 |title=Teaching Dilemmas and Student Motivation in Project-based Learning in Secondary Education |journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.14434/ijpbl.v16i1.33056 |issn=1541-5015|doi-access=free |hdl=10550/86538 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Furthermore, "Keeping these complex projects on track while attending to students' individual learning needs...requires artful teaching, as well as industrial-strength project management."<ref>{{cite web |title=Projects and Partnerships Build a Stronger Future - Edutopia |url=http://www.edutopia.org/blog/projects-partnerships-pbl-suzie-boss |website=edutopia.org}}</ref>
==See also==
Line 122 ⟶ 124:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070301102829/https://www.edutopia.org/php/article.php?id=Art_182 Testing the Water: project-based learning and high standards at Shutesbury Elementary School] – from [[Edutopia]] by the George Lucas Educational Foundation.
*[https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/education/k12/teach-elements.html Intel Teach Elements: Project-Based Approaches] is a free, online professional development course that explores project-based learning.
*[
*[https://www.certificationpoint.org/ CertificationPoint] - Project-based learning within work experience builders.
*[https://www.discoverydayacademy.com/the-4cs/ The 4Cs of Learning] provides a guide for integration aspects of project-based learning.
{{Education}}
| |||