SQL Plus: Difference between revisions

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'''SQL*Plus''' is an [[Oracle database|Oracle]] command line utility which runs [[SQL]] and [[PL/SQL]] commands interactively or from a script. Complete documentation for SQL*Plus can be found on the Oracle website<ref>{{cite web | title=Oracle SQL*Plus documentation | url=http://www.oracle.com/technology/docs/tech/sql_plus/index.html | accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref>.

[[File:SqlPlus connected.png|thumb|command line]]

'''SQL* Plus''' is athe simplemost toolbasic [[Oracle Database]] utility, with a basic [[command -line interface. It is]], commonly used becauseby itusers, is available in almost any Oracleadministrators, softwareand installationprogrammers.

==Command types==

SQL* Plus understands SQLfive statements,categories PL/SQL blocksof and internal commandstext:<ref name="CommandRef">{{cite web | url=http://www.orafaq.com/faq/sqlplus | title=SQL* Plus at orafaq.com | accessdateaccess-date=2007-11-26}}< |archive-url = https:/ref>/web.archive.org/web/20071109104758/http://www.orafaq.com/faq/sqlplus All<!-- ofBot theseretrieved mayarchive be--> combined|archive-date in= scripts.2007-11-09}}</ref>

# SQL statements

Launch SQL*Plus, for example, by entering <code>sqlplus scott/tiger</code> where <code>scott</code> is an Oracle user with the password <code>tiger</code>. SQL*Plus then presents a prompt:

# [[PL/SQL]] blocks

<pre>SQL&gt;</pre>

# SQL Plus internal commands, for example:

#* environment control commands such as SET

#* environment monitoring commands such as SHOW

# Comments

# External commands prefixed by the ! char

Scripts can include all of these components.

Enter a SQL statement (terminated by a semicolon) PL/SQL block or other command.

<pre>SQL&gt; select 'Hello world' as example from dual;

An Oracle programmer in the appropriately configured software environment can launch SQL Plus, for example, by entering:

$ sqlplus scott/tiger

where the Oracle user <code>scott</code> has the password <code>tiger</code>. SQL Plus then presents a prompt with the default form of:

SQL&gt;

Interactive use can then start by entering a SQL statement (terminated by a semicolon), a PL/SQL block, or another command. For example:

<syntaxhighlight lang="psql">

SQL> select 'Hello world' as example from dual;

EXAMPLE

--------------------------------

Hello world</pre>

</syntaxhighlight>

== History ==

The first version of SQL* Plus's predecessor was called ''UFI'' (''"User Friendly Interface''"). UFI was includedappeared in Oracle database releases up to Version 4.

After Oracle programmers had added new features to UFI, its name became ''Advanced UFI''. The name "Advanced UFI" changed to "SQL Plus" with the release of the version 5 of Oracle.<ref>{{cite book |year=2004 |title=Oracle Insights |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QE5UntUi-4oC&pg=PA35 |page=35| isbn = 978-1590593875|access-date=March 18, 2014|last1=Millsap |first1=Cary |last2=Kolk |first2=Anjo |last3=McDonald |first3=Connor |last4=Gorman |first4=Tim |last5=Hailey |first5=Kyle |last6=Ensor |first6=David |last7=Lewis |first7=Jonathan |last8=Vaidyanatha |first8=Gaja Krishna |last9=Ruthven |first9=David |last10=Morle |first10=James |publisher=Apress }}</ref>

After new features were added to UFI, it was renamed internally to ''Advanced UFI''. The name "Advanced UFI" was changed to SQL*Plus before this version was released.

==Usage==

The current name of the product is ''SQL*Plus''.

Graphical interfaces from Oracle or third parties have diminished the proportion of [[Oracle Database|Oracle database]] end-users who depend on the SQL Plus environment. Oracle shops typically continue to use SQL Plus scripts for batch updating or simple reports.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

==Uses==

Interactive use has mostly been replaced by graphical interfaces from Oracle or third parties. Oracle shops use SQL*Plus scripts for batch updating, simple reports.

[[Oracle Corporation]]'s wrappers/gui-fications/replacements for SQL Plus include:

* Oracle SQL Plus Worksheet, a component of [[Oracle Enterprise Manager|OEM]]<ref>{{cite web

|url = http://docs.cs.cf.ac.uk/html/601/node4.html

|title = The SQL Plus Worksheet

|access-date = 2008-11-21

|last = Evans

|first = Robert

|date = 2008-10-01

|publisher = Cardiff University

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201065932/http://docs.cs.cf.ac.uk/html/601/node4.html

|archive-date = 2008-12-01

|quote = Oracle's SQL Plus Worksheet is a straight-forward, easy-to-use, graphical user interface for SQL.

|url-status = dead

}}

</ref>

* iSQL Plus or iSQLPlus, a web-based utility<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/ISQLPlus

| title = ISQLPlus

| access-date = 2008-11-21

| date = 2008-02-29

| publisher = Oracle FAQ

| quote = iSQLPlus (iSQL Plus) is a web-based utility similar to the SQL Plus command line utility for executing SQL and PL/SQL commands (available up to Oracle 10gR2).

}}

</ref>

* SQL Worksheet,<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/sql_developer/files/featurelist_1_5.htm#nf_sql

| title = Oracle SQL Developer 1.5: Feature List

| access-date = 2008-11-21

| publisher = Oracle Corporation

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724133233/http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/sql_developer/files/featurelist_1_5.htm#nf_sql

| archive-date = 2008-07-24

| url-status = dead

| quote = The SQL Plus commands supported by Oracle SQL Developer SQL Worksheet are listed [...]

}}

</ref> a component of [[Oracle SQL Developer]]

* SQL Workshop (part of [[Oracle Application Express]])<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/application_express/html/what_is_apex.html

| title = Oracle Application Express

| access-date = 2008-11-21

| publisher = Oracle Corporation

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061021062241/http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/application_express/html/what_is_apex.html

| archive-date = 2006-10-21

| url-status = dead

| quote = SQL Workshop provides tools to enable you to view and manage database objects from a Web browser. Use SQL Commands to run SQL and PL/SQL statements. ...

}}

</ref>

=== Oracle 11g ===

Starting from Oracle database 11g, iSqlplus (web based) and sqlplus GUI no longer ship with Oracle database software.<ref>[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/install.111/b32006/whatsnew.htm#BGGBABGJ Deprecated Components in Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (11.1)], retrieve by 25-Jun-2009</ref>

The command-line SQL Plus interface continues in use, mostly{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} for non-interactive scripting or for administrative purposes. The Server Manager Command Line {{--}} a replacement of SQL*DBA {{--}} is obsolete and SQL Plus 8i and later allows the user to issue statements like {{mono|STARTUP}} and {{mono|SHUTDOWN}} when connected as SYSDBA. Server Manager 7.1 introduced the command {{code|2=sql|CONNECT / AS SYSDBA}} to replace {{code|2=sql|CONNECT INTERNAL}}.<ref>[http://docs.oracle.com/cd/A57673_01/DOC/server/doc/SAD73/ch1.htm#selectmethod] Oracle 7 doc, 1994</ref> SQL Plus 8i and later allows the use of CONNECT / AS SYSDBA

==Compatibility==

Other vendors have made their software somewhat compatible with SQL* Plus script commands or offer a SQL* Plus mode of operation. ProductsRelevant products include [[TOAD (software)|TOAD]] from [[Quest andSoftware]].<ref>{{Cite othersbook|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=31544&seqNum=17|title=TOAD SQL Editor|last1=Hotka|first1=Dan|last2=Scalzo|first2=Bert|date=2003-04-18}}</ref>

== Integration ==

{{Expand section|date=July 2009}}

=== Variables ===

SQL Plus-internal variables, accessible within an SQL Plus session, include:

* user variables, displayable with the <code>DEFINE</code> command and referenceable with one or two cases of a prefixed character (default prefixes: '&' and '&&'). Oracle Corporation calls these variables "substitution variables". Programmers can use them anywhere in a SQL or PL/SQL statement or in SQL Plus commands. They can be populated by a literal using <code>DEFINE</code> or from the database using the <code>column</code> command.

** predefined variables, prefixed with an underscore ('_')<ref>

{{cite book

|last= Alapati

|first= Sam R.

|title= Expert Oracle Database 11g Administration

|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tdRes4IdLiIC

|access-date= 2009-07-29

|year= 2008

|publisher= Apress

|isbn= 978-1-4302-1015-3

|pages= 118–119

|chapter= 4

|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tdRes4IdLiIC&q=sqlplus+predefined+variable&pg=PA118

}}

</ref>

** substitution variables, useful for interacting with user-input<ref>

{{cite web

|first = Natalka

|last = Roshak

|title = Spice up your SQL Scripts with Variables

|url = http://www.orafaq.com/node/515

|work = Oracle FAQ

|date = 2005-11-06

|access-date = 2009-07-29

|quote = & and && indicate substitution variables in SQL Plus scripts or commands.

}}

</ref>

* bind variables, prefixed by a colon (':'), which can interact with the PL/SQL environment. Displayable with the VARIABLE and PRINT commands<ref>

{{cite web

|first = René

|last = Nyffenegger

|title = Using bind variables in SQL Plus

|url = http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/sqlplus/use_vars.html

|work = René Nyffenegger's collection of things on the web

|access-date = 2009-07-29

|quote = In SQL Plus, a bind variable is declared with <code>variable</code> [...] The value of the bind variable can then be printed with <code>print</code>

}}

</ref>

=== Error trapping ===

The <code>WHENEVER</code> command specifies an action to perform in the event of the system detecting an SQL error<ref>

{{cite web

| url = https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14357/ch12052.htm

| title = SQL Plus User's Guide and Reference

| last1 = Watt

| first1 = Simon

| website = Oracle Help Center

| series = Oracle Database Online Documentation, 10g Release 2 (10.2) / Administration

| publisher = Oracle

| page = 74

| access-date = 2015-11-04

| quote = WHENEVER SQLERROR [...] [d]irects SQL Plus to perform the specified action as soon as it detects a SQL command or PL/SQL block error (but after printing the error message).

}}

</ref>

or an operating-system error<ref>

{{cite web

| url = https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14357/ch12051.htm

| title = SQL Plus User's Guide and Reference

| last1 = Watt

| first1 = Simon

| website = Oracle Help Center

| series = Oracle Database Online Documentation, 10g Release 2 (10.2) / Administration

| publisher = Oracle

| page = 73

| access-date = 2015-11-04

| quote = WHENEVER OSERROR [...] [d]irects SQL Plus to perform the specified action as soon as an operating system error is detected.

}}

</ref>

while running a subsequent SQL Plus command.

=== Installation and configuration ===

SQL*Plus needs to be installed and configured on the machine where you intend to use it. This usually involves setting up Oracle client software and configuring network connections to Oracle databases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle database services and products offer customers cost-optimized and high-performance versions of Oracle Database, the world's leading converged, multi-model database management system |url=https://www.oracle.com/database/}}</ref>

== Supplementary software ==

* [http://www.softtree.com SQL Assistant] SQL Assistant add-on for SQL Plus Windows version extends SQL Plus with SQL automatic word completion, in-line Oracle SQL Reference, data export/import, code [[unit testing]], data browsing, and code development functions.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101128023958/http://utopia.knoware.nl/~hlub/uck/rlwrap/ rlwrap] rlwrap does [[GNU]] [[Readline]] like command completion for SQL Plus on [[UNIX]] and [[Linux]].

== See also ==

* [[Oracle SQL Developer]]

* [[Oracle SQL/PLSQL Developer]]

* [[techaid71/most-common-sqlplus-commands]]

==References==

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==External links==

* [http://wwwdownload.oracle.com/technology/docs/techcd/sql_plusB19306_01/indexserver.html102/b14357/toc.htm SQL* Plus documentation]

* [http://www.orafaq.com/faqwiki/sqlplusSQL Plus FAQ SQL* Plus FAQ]

* [http://www.oraclesql-database-tipsplus.com/oracle_sqlplus_tutorials.html OracleSQL sqlplusPlus tutorialstutorial]

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