Content deleted Content added
Microsoft DON'T recommend UTF-8, they still recommend UTF-16 (MANY -W functions of the Windows API, especially those introduced since Vista, have no -A form); they only recommend to use CP_UTF8 over CP_ANSI |
→EBCDIC code pages: Seems to have been placed in the wrong row (when compared with Microsoft documentation) |
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{{Short description|Sets of characters used in the 1980s & 90s}}
'''Windows code pages''' are sets of characters or [[code pages]] (known as [[character encoding]]s in other operating systems) used in [[Microsoft Windows]] from the 1980s and 1990s. Windows code pages were gradually superseded when [[Unicode in Microsoft Windows|Unicode was implemented in Windows]],{{cn|date=October 2020}} although they are still supported both within Windows and other platforms, and still apply when [[Alt code]] shortcuts are used.
Current Windows versions support [[Unicode]], new Windows applications should use Unicode (UTF-8) and not 8-bit character encodings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/unicode-and-character-sets |title=Unicode and character sets |publisher=Microsoft |date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2024-05-27}}</ref>
There are two groups of system code pages in Windows systems: OEM and Windows-native ("ANSI") code pages.
(ANSI is the [[American National Standards Institute]].) Code pages in both of these groups are [[extended ASCII]] code pages. Additional code pages are supported by standard Windows conversion routines, but not used as either type of system code page.
==ANSI code page<span class="anchor" id="ANSI"></span>==
{{Infobox character encoding
|name
|alias
|mime
|image
|caption
|standard
|extends
|prev
|next
|otherrelated
}}
'''ANSI code pages''' (officially called "Windows code pages"
|date=2016-03-07 |title=Code Pages |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964653.aspx |access-date=2021-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222735/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964653.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-07}}</ref> |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964658.aspx#a |title=Glossary of Terms Used on this Site |date=December 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208141313/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964658.aspx#a
|archive-date=2018-12-08
|quote=The term "ANSI" as used to signify Windows code pages is a historical reference, but is nowadays a misnomer that continues to persist in the Windows community. The source of this comes from the fact that the Windows code page 1252 was originally based on an ANSI draft—which became International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 8859-1. “ANSI applications” are usually a reference to non-Unicode or code page–based applications.}}</ref>) are used for native non-Unicode (say, [[byte oriented]]) applications using a [[graphical user interface]] on Windows systems. The term "ANSI" is a misnomer because these Windows code pages do not comply with any [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI (American National Standards Institute)]] standard; [[Code Page 1252|code page 1252]] was based on an early ANSI draft that became the international standard [[ISO 8859-1]],<ref name="ms glossary" /> which adds a further 32 control codes and space for 96 printable characters. Among other differences, Windows code-pages allocate printable characters to the supplementary control code space, making them at best illegible to standards-compliant operating systems.)
Most [[Legacy system|legacy]] "ANSI" code pages have code page numbers in the pattern 125x. However, [[windows-874|874]] (Thai) and the East Asian multi-byte "ANSI" code pages ([[Windows-31J|932]], [[windows-936|936]], [[Unified Hangul Code|949]], [[Code page 950|950]]), all of which are also used as OEM code pages, are numbered to match IBM encodings, none of which are identical to the Windows encodings (although most are similar). While [[windows-1258|code page 1258]] is also used as an OEM code page, it is original to Microsoft rather than an extension to an existing encoding. IBM have assigned their own, different numbers for Microsoft's variants, these are given for reference in the lists below where applicable.
All of the 125x Windows code pages, as well as 874 and 936, are labelled by [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) as "Windows-''number''", although "Windows-936" is treated as a synonym for "[[GBK (character encoding)|GBK]]". Windows code page 932 is instead labelled as "Windows-31J".<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Character Sets |url=http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml |access-date=2021-05-26 |website=www.iana.org |archive-date=2021-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525003138/https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml |url-status=live}}</ref> ANSI Windows code pages, and especially the code page [[Windows-1252|1252]], were so called since they were purportedly based on drafts submitted or intended for ANSI. However, ANSI and [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] have not standardized any of these code pages. Instead they are either:<ref name="ms glossary"/>
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The '''OEM code pages''' ([[original equipment manufacturer]]) are used by [[Win32 console]] applications, and by [[virtual DOS machine|virtual DOS]], and can be considered a holdover from [[DOS]] and the original [[IBM PC]] architecture. A separate suite of code pages was implemented not only due to compatibility, but also because the [[VGA-compatible text mode#Fonts|fonts of VGA (and descendant) hardware]] suggest encoding of [[box-drawing character|line-drawing characters]] to be compatible with [[code page 437]]. Most OEM code pages share many code points, particularly for non-letter characters, with the second (non-ASCII) half of CP437.
A typical OEM code page, in its second half, does not resemble any ANSI/Windows code page even roughly. Nevertheless, two single-byte, fixed-width code pages (874 for [[Thai language|Thai]] and 1258 for [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]) and four multibyte [[CJK characters|CJK]] code pages ([[Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)|932]], [[Code page 1386|936]], [[Windows-949|949]], [[Windows-950|950]]) are used as both OEM and ANSI code pages. Code page 1258 uses [[combining diacritic]]s, as Vietnamese requires more than 128 letter-diacritic combinations. This is in contrast to [[VISCII]], which replaces some of the [[C0 control codes|C0]] (i.e. ASCII) control codes.
== History ==
Since the late 1990s, software and systems have adopted [[Unicode]] as their preferred
=== UTF-8, UTF-16 ===
Microsoft adopted a Unicode encoding (first the now-obsolete [[UCS-2]], which was then Unicode's only encoding), i.e. [[UTF-16]] for all its [[operating system]]s from Windows NT onwards, but additionally supports [[UTF-8]] (aka <code>CP_UTF8</code>) since [[Windows 10 version history#Version 1803 (April 2018 Update)|Windows 10 version 1803]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://srad.jp/story/17/11/14/0640253/ |title=Windows 10のInsider PreviewでシステムロケールをUTF-8にするオプションが追加される |trans-title=The option to make UTF-8 the system locale added in Windows 10 Insider Preview |author=hylom |website=スラド |language=ja |date=2017-11-14 |access-date=2018-05-10 |archive-date=2018-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511012606/https://srad.jp/story/17/11/14/0640253/
|url-status=live}}</ref>
UTF-16 uniquely encodes all Unicode characters in the [[Basic Multilingual Plane]] (BMP) using 16 bits but the remaining Unicode (e.g. [[emoji]]s) is encoded with a 32-bit (four byte) code{{snd}} while the rest of the industry ([[Unix-like]] systems and the web), and now Microsoft chose [[UTF-8]] (which uses one byte for the 7-bit [[ASCII]] character set, two or three bytes for other characters in the BMP, and four bytes for the remainder).
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=== Windows-125x series ===
These nine code pages are all [[extended ASCII]] 8-bit [[SBCS]] encodings, and were designed by [[Microsoft]] for use as ANSI codepages on Windows. They are commonly known by their IANA-registered<ref name="iana31j">{{cite web
| | | | | | | The Windows-125x series includes nine of the ANSI code pages, and mostly covers scripts from [[Europe]] and [[West Asia]] with the addition of [[Vietnam]]. System encodings for [[Thai script|Thai]] and for [[East Asia]]n languages were numbered to match similar IBM code pages and are used as both ANSI and OEM code pages; these are covered in following sections.
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* {{anchor|CP437}}[[Code page 437|437]] – IBM PC US, 8-bit [[SBCS]] [[extended ASCII]].<ref name="IBM_CP437">{{cite web|author=IBM|title=SBCS code page information document - CPGID 00437|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00437.html|access-date=2014-07-04|archive-date=2016-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609084933/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00437.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Known as OEM-US, the encoding of the primary built-in font of VGA graphics cards.<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate --><!-- [[Windows 1.0|1.00]]-[[Windows ME|4.90]] -->
* [[Code page 708|708]] – Arabic, extended [[ISO 8859-6]] (ASMO 708)<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
*
* [[Code page 737|737]] – "MS-DOS Greek". Retains all box drawing characters. More popular than 869.<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
*
* [[Code page 850|850]] – "MS-DOS Latin 1". Full (re-arranged) repertoire of [[ISO 8859-1]].<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
* [[Code page 852|852]] – "MS-DOS Latin 2"<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
*
*
* [[Code page 858|858]] – Western European with euro sign<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
*
* [[Code page 861|861]] – "MS-DOS Icelandic"<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
* [[Code page 862|862]] – "MS-DOS Hebrew"<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
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!ID!!Language!!Encoding!! data-sort-type="number" |IBM Equivalent!!Difference from IBM CCSID of same number!!Use
|-
|[[Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)|932]]||[[Japanese writing system|Japanese]]||[[Shift JIS]] (Microsoft variant)||943<ref name="ibm932v943">{{cite web
|-
|[[Code page 936 (Microsoft Windows)|936]]||[[Simplified Chinese characters|Chinese (simplified)]]||[[GBK (character encoding)|GBK]]||1386||[[Code page 936 (IBM)|IBM-936]] is a different Simplified Chinese encoding with a different encoding method, which has been deprecated since 1993.||ANSI/OEM (PRC, Singapore)<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
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|[[Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set#Microsoft Windows|951]]||Chinese (traditional) including [[Cantonese]]||[[Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set|Big5-HKSCS]] (2001 ed.)||5471<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233053/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5471.html|archive-date=2014-11-29|url-status=dead|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5471.html|work=IBM Globalization|publisher=[[IBM]]|title=Coded character set identifiers – CCSID 5471}}</ref>||IBM-951 is the double-byte plane from IBM-949 (see above), and unrelated to Microsoft's internal use of the number 951.||ANSI/OEM (Hong Kong, 98/NT4/2000/XP with HKSCS patch)
|}
[[File:IBM CJK Code Page Numbers.svg|right|thumb|Microsoft code pages for Chinese, Japanese and Korean usually do not correspond exactly, and sometimes do not correspond at all, to the IBM code pages of the same number.]]
A few further multiple-byte code pages are supported for decoding or encoding using operating system libraries, but not used as either sort of system encoding in any locale.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
Line 145 ⟶ 184:
|[[Code page 20936|20936]]||5479||Chinese (simplified)||[[GB 2312]]||Conversion
|-
|[[Code page 20949|20949]], 51949||970||Korean||Wansung (8-bit with ASCII, i.e. [[EUC-KR]])<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://source.winehq.org/git/wine.git/blob/6f68543692a7588daa581d00c475715395036b15:/tools/make_unicode#l946 |title=dump_krwansung_codepage: build Korean Wansung table from the KSX1001 file |work=make_unicode: Generate code page .c files from ftp.unicode.org descriptions |first=Alexandre |last=Julliard |date=11 March 2021 |publisher=[[Wine (software)|Wine Project]] |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2021-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526173718/https://source.winehq.org/git/wine.git/blob/6f68543692a7588daa581d00c475715395036b15:/tools/make_unicode#l946
|url-status=live}}</ref>||Conversion
|}
=== EBCDIC code pages ===
{|class="wikitable"
!data-sort-type="number"|ID!!data-sort-type="number"|IBM Equivalent!!Description
|-
|colspan="2"|{{anchor|CP37}}37||[[Country Extended Code Page]] for US, Canada, Netherlands, Portugal, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand<ref name="IBM_CP037">{{cite web|author=IBM|title=SBCS code page information document - CPGID 00037|url=http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00037.html|access-date=2014-07-04|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185507/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00037.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|colspan="2"|1140||Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for US, Canada, Netherlands, Portugal, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|[[Code page 20273|20273]]||273||Country Extended Code Page for Germany<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20277|20277]]||277||Country Extended Code Page for Denmark/Norway<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20278|20278]]||278||Country Extended Code Page for Finland/Sweden<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20280|20280]]||280||Country Extended Code Page for Italy
|-
|[[Code page 20284|20284]]||284||Country Extended Code Page for Latin America/Spain<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20285|20285]]||285||Country Extended Code Page for United Kingdom<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20290|20290]]||290||[[Japanese language in EBCDIC|Japanese Katakana EBCDIC]]<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20297|20297]]||297||Country Extended Code Page for France<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20420|20420]]||420||EBCDIC Arabic<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20423|20423]]||423||EBCDIC Greek with Extended Latin<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20424|20424]]||424||EBCDIC Hebrew<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20833|20833]]||833||Korean EBCDIC for N-Byte Hangul; {{code|x-EBCDIC-KoreanExtended}}<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20838|20838]]||838||EBCDIC Thai<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20871|20871]]||871||Country Extended Code Page for Iceland<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20880|20880]]||880||EBCDIC Cyrillic ([[DKOI]])<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20905|20905]]||905||EBCDIC Latin-3 (Maltese, Esperanto and Turkish)<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20924|20924]]||924||EBCDIC Latin-9 (including Euro sign) for Open Systems ([[POSIX]])
|-
|[[Code page 21025|21025]]||1025||EBCDIC Cyrillic (DKOI) with [[section sign]]<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 21027|21027]]||(1027)||Japanese EBCDIC (an incomplete implementation of IBM code page 1027,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2005/09/12/code-page-21027-extendedext-alpha-lowercase/ |last=Steele |first=Shawn |publisher=[[MSDN]] |date=2005-09-12 |title=Code Page 21027 "Extended/Ext Alpha Lowercase" |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193522/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/shawnste/2005/09/12/code-page-21027-extendedext-alpha-lowercase/ |url-status=live }}</ref> now deprecated)<ref name="Code page identifier list">{{Cite web|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/desktop/Intl/code-page-identifiers|title=Code Page Identifiers|website=docs.microsoft.com|access-date=2019-04-07|archive-date=2019-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407185239/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/desktop/Intl/code-page-identifiers|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|}
=== Unicode-related code pages ===
{|class="wikitable"
!data-sort-type="number"|ID!!data-sort-type="number"|IBM Equivalent!!Description
|-
|-
|-
|[[Code page 12000|12000]]||1234, 1235||[[UTF-32]]. Available only to managed applications.<ref name="Code page identifier list"/>
|-
|[[Code page 12001|12001]]||1232, 1233||[[UTF-32]]. Big-endian. Available only to managed applications.<ref name="Code page identifier list"/>
|-
|[[Code page 65000|65000]]||-||[[Unicode]] ([[UTF-7]])
|-
|[[Code page 65001|65001]]||1208, 1209||[[Unicode]] ([[UTF-8]])
|}
=== Macintosh compatibility code pages ===
{|class="wikitable"
!data-sort-type="number"|ID!!data-sort-type="number"|IBM Equivalent!!Description
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|[[Code page 10007|10007]]||1283||Apple Macintosh Cyrillic<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 10008|10008]]||-||Apple Macintosh Chinese (simplified) (GB 2312)<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 10010|10010]]||1285||Apple Macintosh Romanian<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 10017|10017]]||-||Apple Macintosh Ukrainian<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 10021|10021]]||-||Apple Macintosh Thai<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 10029|10029]]||1282||Apple Macintosh Roman II / Central Europe<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 10079|10079]]||1286||Apple Macintosh Icelandic<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 10081|10081]]||1281||Apple Macintosh Turkish<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 10082|10082]]||1284||Apple Macintosh Croatian<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|}
=== ISO 8859 code pages ===
{|class="wikitable"
!data-sort-type="number"|ID!!data-sort-type="number"|IBM Equivalent!!Description
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|[[Code page 28597|28597]]||813, 4909, 9005||[[ISO-8859-7]] – Latin/Greek<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate --> (1987 edition, i.e. without [[euro sign]], [[Modern drachma|drachma sign]] or [[iota subscript]])<ref name="encodings_rs">{{cite web |url=https://docs.rs/encoding_rs/latest/encoding_rs/#relationship-with-windows-code-pages |title=Relationship with Windows Code Pages |work=Crate encoding_rs |publisher=Docs.rs |author=Mozilla Foundation |author-link=Mozilla Foundation}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Code page 28599|28599]]||920||[[ISO-8859-9]] – Latin-5 or Turkish<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 28600|28600]]||919||[[ISO-8859-10]] – Latin-6 or Nordic
|-
|[[Code page 28601|28601]]||-||[[ISO-8859-11]] – Latin/Thai
|-
|[[Code page 28602|28602]]||-||[[ISO-8859-12]] – ''reserved for Latin/Devanagari but abandoned'' (not supported)<!-- not supported by Windows -->
|-
|[[Code page 28603|28603]]||921||[[ISO-8859-13]] – Latin-7 or Baltic Rim<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 28604|28604]]||-||[[ISO-8859-14]] – Latin-8 or Celtic
|-
|[[Code page 28605|28605]]||923||[[ISO-8859-15]] – Latin-9<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 28606|28606]]||-||[[ISO-8859-16]] – Latin-10 or South-Eastern European
|-
|[[Code page 38596|38596]]||1089||[[ISO-8859-6|ISO-8859-6-{{serif|I}}]] – Latin/Arabic (logical bidirectional order)
|-
|[[Code page 38598|38598]]||916, 5012||[[ISO-8859-8-I|ISO-8859-8-{{serif|I}}]] – Latin/Hebrew (logical bidirectional order; 1988 edition, i.e. without {{ctrl|LRM}} and {{ctrl|RLM}})<ref name="encodings_rs"/>
|}
=== ITU-T code pages ===
{|class="wikitable"
!data-sort-type="number"|ID!!data-sort-type="number"|IBM Equivalent!!Description
|-
|-
|-
|[[Code page 20107|20107]]||1018||7-bit [[ITU T.50|IA5]] Swedish (SEN 850200 C)<ref name="MS_2014_CP201xx"/><ref name="WG_CP201xx"/><ref name="WU_CP20107">{{cite web |title=Swedish (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets |author-first=Antonin |author-last=Foller |date=2014 |orig-year=2011 |work=WUtils.com - Online web utility and help |publisher=Motobit Software |url=http://wutils.com/encodings/x-ia5-swedish |access-date=2016-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620183231/http://wutils.com/encodings/x-ia5-swedish |archive-date=2016-06-20}}</ref><!-- Windows 7 Ultimate, x-IA5-Swedish -->
|-
|[[Code page 20108|20108]]||1016||7-bit [[ITU T.50|IA5]] Norwegian (NS 4551-2)<ref name="MS_2014_CP201xx"/><ref name="WG_CP201xx"/><ref name="WU_CP20108">{{cite web |title=Norwegian (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets |author-first=Antonin |author-last=Foller |date=2014 |orig-year=2011 |work=WUtils.com - Online web utility and help |publisher=Motobit Software |url=http://wutils.com/encodings/x-ia5-norwegian |access-date=2016-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620183449/http://wutils.com/encodings/x-ia5-norwegian |archive-date=2016-06-20}}</ref><!-- Windows 7 Ultimate, x-IA5-Norwegian -->
|-
|[[Code page 20127|20127]]||367||7-bit [[ASCII]]<ref name="MS_2014_CP201xx"/><ref name="WG_CP201xx"/><ref name="WU_CP20127">{{cite web |title=US-ASCII encoding - Windows charsets |author-first=Antonin |author-last=Foller |date=2014 |orig-year=2011 |work=WUtils.com - Online web utility and help |publisher=Motobit Software |url=http://wutils.com/encodings/us-ascii |access-date=2016-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620192058/http://wutils.com/encodings/us-ascii |archive-date=2016-06-20}}</ref><!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20261|20261]]||1036||T.61 (T.61-8bit)<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
|[[Code page 20269|20269]]||?||ISO-6937<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|}
=== KOI8 code pages ===
{|class="wikitable"
!data-sort-type="number"|ID!!data-sort-type="number"|IBM Equivalent!!Description
|-
|[[Code page 20866|20866]]||878||Russian – KOI8-R<!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|-
||[[Code page 21866|21866]]||1167, 1168||Ukrainian – KOI8-U (or [[KOI8-RU]] in some versions)<ref>{{cite web |title=Review of 8-bit Cyrillic encodings universe |author-first=Valentin |author-last=Nechayev |date=2013 |orig-year=2001 |url=http://segfault.kiev.ua/cyrillic-encodings/ |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205134629/http://segfault.kiev.ua/cyrillic-encodings/ |archive-date=2016-12-05}}</ref><!-- Windows 7 Ultimate -->
|}
== Problems arising from the use of code pages ==
Line 262 ⟶ 404:
* The use of code pages limits the set of characters that may be used.
* Characters expressed in an unsupported code page may be converted to question marks (?) or other [[replacement character]]s, or to a simpler version (such as removing accents from a letter). In either case, the original character may be lost.
==References==
| |||