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{{Short description|Long arquebus or musket from Java}}
[[File:Indonesian matchlock 19th century.jpg|thumb|300x300px|19th century [[Indonesia]]n matchlock, this weapon is smaller and shorter than the Java arquebus. ]]
A '''Java arquebus'''
== Etymology ==
The term "Java arquebus" is a translation of the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] word 爪哇銃 (Zua Wa Chong)
== History ==
Line 14 ⟶ 15:
... Majapahit troops shooting their firearms (''bedil'': firearm), while Giri troops fell dead because they couldn't withstand being pierced by bullets (''mimis'': ball bullet)...<br>
: —Serat Darmagandhul<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalamwadi |first=Ki |title=Serat Darmogandhul |publisher=Dahara Prize |year=1990}}</ref>{{Rp|67-68}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huda |first=Nurul |title=Darmo Gandhul |publisher=Pura Pustaka |year=2005}}</ref>{{Rp|26, 162}}</blockquote>
[[File:Indonesian matchlock firing mechanism.jpg|thumb|Detail of the firing mechanism.]]
This type of arquebus has similarity to the Vietnamese arquebus of the 17th century. The weapon is very long, it may reach {{convert|2.2
The [[Chinese people]] praised Southern country gun:
The [[Chinese people]] praised Southern country gun:<blockquote>Liuxianting (劉獻廷 — early [[Qing dynasty|Qing era]] geographer) from the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and Qing dynasty says: "Southern people are good at gun warfare, and Southern gun is the best under the heavens". Qu Dajun (屈大均) said: "Southern gun, especially the Javanese gun (爪哇銃) is likened to a strong [[crossbow]]. They are suspended from their shoulders with ropes, and they will be sent together when they meet the enemy. They can penetrate several heavy armors".<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|author1=Lý Bá Trọng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEe5DwAAQBAJ|title=火槍與帳簿：早期經濟全球化時代的中國與東亞世界 (Guns and Account Books: China and the East Asian World in the Era of Early Economic Globalization)|date=2019|publisher=聯經出版事業公司 (Lianjing Publishing Company)|isbn=978-957-08-5393-3|page=142|language=zh-TW|quote=明清之際人劉獻廷說：「交善火攻，交槍為天下最。」屈大均則說：「有交槍者，其日爪哇銃者，形如強弩，以繩懸絡肩上，遇敵萬統齊發，貫甲數重。」|access-date=2020-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kesheng |first=Zheng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1JEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=PT599 |title=明清政争与人物探实 (Political Controversy and Characters in Ming and Qing Dynasties) |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |year=2021 |isbn=9787101151480 |quote=同《鸟枪》谈“ (趾)枪”,“其曰爪哇铳者,形如,绳悬络上,遇敌万铳齐发,贯甲重”。同《》谈“洋者为上,其草随而,人得织,然复而不单,单者作细斜纹,洋国人织”。一五《绵布》说“东绵布,苦不一......故东人殓死者为面,是曰洋布,来自番者为”。(47)}}</ref></blockquote>The Chinese Ming dynasty recorded exports products of Java that were imported to China. These include pepper, sandalwood incense, ivory, horse, iron guns, black slaves, ''balahu chuan'' (叭喇唬船 — [[perahu]]), ''zhaowa chong'' (爪哇銃 — Javanese gun), and sulfur.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK8XEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=RA2-PT188 |title=中国与南海周边关系史 (History of China's Relations with the South China Sea) |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |year=2017 |isbn=9787226051870 |editor-last=Shu |editor-first=Yuan |quote=一、药材:胡椒、空青、荜拨、番木鳖子、芦荟、闷虫药、没药、荜澄茄、血竭、苏木、大枫子、乌爹泥、金刚子、番红土、肉豆蔻、白豆蔻、藤竭、碗石、黄蜡、阿魏。二、香料:降香、奇南香、檀香、麻滕香、速香、龙脑香、木香、乳香、蔷薇露、黄熟香、安息香、乌香、丁皮(香)。三、珍宝：黄金、宝石、犀角、珍珠、珊瑙、象牙、龟筒、 孔雀尾、翠毛、珊瑚。四、动物：马、西马、红鹦鹉、白鹦鹉、绿鹦鹉、火鸡、白 鹿、白鹤、象、白猴、犀、神鹿（摸）、鹤顶（鸟）、五色鹦鹉、奥里羔兽。五、金 属制品：西洋铁、铁枪、锡、折铁刀、铜鼓。六、布匹：布、油红布、绞布。[4]此 外，爪哇还向明朝输入黑奴、叭喇唬船、爪哇铣、硫黄、瓷釉颜料等。爪哇朝贡贸易 输人物资不仅种类多，而且数虽可观，如洪武十五年（1382年）一次进贡的胡椒就达 七万五千斤。[5]而民间贸易显更大，据葡商Francisco de Sa记载：“万丹、雅加达等港 口每年自漳州有帆船20艘驶来装载3万奎塔尔（quiutai）的胡椒。"1奎塔尔约合59 公斤则当年从爪哇输入中国胡椒达177万公斤。}}</ref> The Java gun was preferred by the Ming army because of its flexibility and high accuracy — it was said that the gun can be used to snipe birds.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIG9DwAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=PT79 |title=南海文明圖譜：復原南海的歷史基因◆繁體中文版 (Map of South China Sea Civilization: Restoring the Historical Gene of the South China Sea. Traditional Chinese Version) |publisher=Rúshì wénhuà |year=2019 |isbn=9789578784987 |editor-last=Wenbin |editor-first=Yan |quote=除了裝備叭喇唬船以外,明朝軍隊還裝備了爪哇產的火器,稱為爪哇銃。這種火銃與爪哇船一樣,也以小巧靈活著名,射擊精度高,可用於打鳥。當時中國進口並裝備軍隊的外國銃不僅來自爪哇,還有佛郎機,即西班牙和葡萄牙。相比之下,「佛郎機銃大、爪哇銃小」}}</ref> ▼
▲
=== Malay peninsula ===
The Portuguese found various gunpowder weapons after the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|1511 conquest of Malacca]]. It is known that the Malays of Malacca obtained arms from Java.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Crawfurd|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n8/mode/2up?q=|title=A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries|publisher=Bradbury and Evans|year=1856}}</ref>{{Rp|21–22}} Despite having a lot of artillery and firearms, the weapons were mostly and mainly purchased from the Javanese and Gujarati, where the Javanese and Gujarati were the operators of the weapons. In the early 16th century, prior to the Portuguese arrival, the Malays were a people who lacked firearms. The Malay chronicle, ''[[Sejarah Melayu]]'', mentioned that in 1509 they do not understand “why bullets killed”, indicating their unfamiliarity with using firearms in battle, if not in ceremony.<ref name=":12">Charney, Michael (2012). Iberians and Southeast Asians at War: the Violent First Encounter at Melaka in 1511 and After. In ''Waffen Wissen Wandel: Anpassung und Lernen in transkulturellen Erstkonflikten''. Hamburger Edition.</ref>{{Rp|3}} ''Lendas da India'' by [[Gaspar Correia]] and ''Asia Portuguesa'' by [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa|Manuel de Faria y Sousa]] confirmed ''Sejarah Melayu''<nowiki/>'s account. Both recorded a similar story, although not as spectacular as described in ''Sejarah Melayu''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koek |first=E. |date=1886 |title=Portuguese History of Malacca |url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-history-of-malacca/page/n1/mode/2up |journal=Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=17 |pages=117–149}}</ref>{{Rp|120–121}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Pintado |first=M.J. |title=Portuguese Documents on Malacca: 1509–1511 |year=1993 |publisher=National Archives of Malaysia |___location= |isbn=9789679120257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6suAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>{{Rp|43}}
Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan Hasbullah explained several facts about the existence of gunpowder weapons in Malacca and other Malay states before the arrival of the Portuguese:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasbullah|first=Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan|date=2020|title=Senjata Api Alam Melayu|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|97–98}}
# No evidence showed that guns, cannons, and gunpowder are made in Malay states.
# No evidence showed that guns were ever used by the Malacca Sultanate before the Portuguese attack, even from Malay sources themselves.
# Based on the majority of cannons reported by the Portuguese, the Malays preferred small artillery.
[[File:Toeschouwers kijken naar de Baris Bedil op Bali, KITLV 117158.tiff|thumb|A ''Baris Bedil'' (gun dance) performance in Bali, Indonesia.]]
In ''The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque'' "large matchlock"<ref group="Note">Written as ''espingardões'' (plural) or ''espingardão'' (singular).</ref> is frequently mentioned throughout the book. During the first attack of Malacca the approaching Portuguese were shot at by the Moors ([[muslims]]) of Malacca:<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Birch|first=Walter de Gray|url=https://archive.org/details/commentariesgre02unkngoog/page/n7/mode/2up?q|title=The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 volume 3|publisher=The Hakluyt Society|year=1875|___location=London}}</ref>{{rp|103}}
Historian [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] mentions matchlocks (''espingardão'' — large ''espingarda'' / arquebus), he says that they threw balls, some of stone, and some of iron covered with lead.<ref>{{Cite book|last=De Castanheda|first=Fernão Lopes|title=História do descobrimento & conquista da India pelos portugueses|year=1552|___location=Coimbra}}</ref><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|22}} The son of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] mentioned the armament of Malacca: There are large matchlocks, poisoned blowing tubes, bows, arrows, armour-plated dresses (''[[Baju Lamina|laudeis de laminas]]''), Javanese lances, and other sorts of weapons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=The son of Afonso de Albuquerque |url=https://archive.org/details/commentariosdog00unkngoog/page/n165/mode/2up?q |title=Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III|publisher=Na Regia Officina Typografica |year=1774 |___location=Lisboa |pages=144}}</ref><ref name=":5" />{{rp|127}} After Malacca was taken by the Portuguese, they captured 3000 of the 5000 muskets which had been furnished from Java.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Egerton|first=W.|title=An Illustrated Handbook of Indian Arms|publisher=W.H. Allen|year=1880}}</ref>{{Rp|96}}▼
[[File:Vietnam matchlock of Qing period.jpg|thumb|Jiaozhi arquebus of 1739. Note the simple mechanism.]]▼
<blockquote>Two hours before the break of day Afonso Dalboquerque ordered the trumpet to be blown, in order to awaken them, and they embarked immediately with all the rest of the [[Man-at-arms|men-at-arms]] and went on board his ship, and when a general confession had been made, all set out together and came to the mouth of the river just as morning broke, and attacked the bridge, each battalion in the order which had been assigned to it. Then the Moors began to fire upon them with their artillery, which was posted in the [[stockade]]s, and with their large matchlocks wounded some of our men.</blockquote>
They are also used when the Portuguese were withdrawing in the first attack:<ref name=":5" />{{rp|108}}
<blockquote>When the Moors perceived that they were withdrawing, they began to open fire with large matchlocks, arrows, and [[Blow tube|blowing-tubes]], and wounded some of our men, yet with all the haste they made Afonso Dalboquerque ordered the men to carry off with them fifty large [[Bombard (weapon)|bombards]]<ref group="Note">Bombard is a type of short, large calibre cannon. The Malays of Malacca has bombards which threw leaden shot as large as an ''espera'' — a large old kind of artillery. See {{harvnb|Birch|1875|p=121}}.</ref> that had been captured in the stockades upon the bridge</blockquote>
[[Joao de Barros]] described a scene of the conquest in ''Da Asia'':<ref>{{Cite book|last=De Barros|first=João|title=Primeira decada da Asia|year=1552|___location=Lisboa}}</ref><ref name=":2" />{{rp|22}}
<blockquote>As soon as the junk had passed the sand-bank and had come to an anchor, a short way from the bridge, the Moorish artillery opened a fire on her. Some guns discharged leadballs at intervals, which passed through both sides of the vessel, doing much execution among the crew. In the heat of the action Antonio d'Abreu, the commander, was struck in the cheek from a [[Flintlock|fusil]] (''espingardão''), carrying off the greater number of his teeth.</blockquote>
The matchlocks that shoot through both sides of their vessel, had very long barrel and were 18 mm in caliber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mandarinmansion.com/item/fine-malay-matchlock-musket|title=Fine Malay matchlock musket {{!}} Mandarin Mansion|website=www.mandarinmansion.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>
▲Historian [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] mentions matchlocks (''espingardão''
Afonso de Albuquerque compared Malaccan gun founders as being on the same level as those of Germany. However, he did not state what ethnicity the Malaccan gun founder was.<ref name=":5" />{{rp|128}}<ref name=":112" />{{Rp|221}}<ref name=":12" />{{rp|4}} Duarte Barbosa stated that the arquebus-maker of Malacca was [[Javanese people|Javanese]].<ref name=":11">Reid, Anthony (1989). [https://archive.org/details/reid-anthony-the-organization-of-production-1989/mode/2up?q The Organization of Production in the Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian Port City]. In Broeze, Frank (Ed.), ''Brides of the Sea: Asian Port Cities in the Colonial Era'' (pp. 54–74). University of Hawaii Press.</ref>{{Rp|69}} The Javanese also manufactured their own cannon in Malacca.<ref>Furnivall, J. S. (2010). ''Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy''. Cambridge University Press. p. 9</ref> Anthony Reid argued that the Javanese handled much of the productive work in Malacca before 1511 and in 17th century Pattani.<ref name=":11" />{{Rp|69}}
=== Indochina ===
▲[[File:Vietnam matchlock of Qing period.jpg|thumb|upright|Jiaozhi arquebus of 1739. Note the simple mechanism.]]
[[Đại Việt]] was considered by the Ming to have produced particularly advanced matchlocks during the 16–17th century, surpassing even Ottoman, Japanese, and European firearms. European observers of the [[Lê–Mạc War]] and later [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War]] also noted the proficiency of matchlock making by the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese matchlock was said to have been able to pierce several layers of iron armour, kill two to five men in one shot, yet also fire quietly for a weapon of its caliber. The Chinese called this weapon Jiao Chong (交銃, lit. Jiaozhi Arquebus), and noted its similarity to Zhua Wa Chong/Java arquebus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=调元 (Tiaoyuan) |first=李 (Li) |url=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=902098&remap=gb |title=南越笔记 (South Vietnamese Notes) |year=1777 |pages=268-269 |via=Chinese Text Project}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=東洋學 硏究所 (Institute of Oriental Studies) |title=漢韓大辭典 (Chinese-Korean Dictionary) |publisher=檀國大學教出版部 (Dankook University Department of Education and Publication) |year=1999 |isbn=9788970922430 |pages=45}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bozhong |first=Li |url=https://archive.org/details/li_bozhong_the-gun-and-the-ledger/page/141/mode/2up |title=火槍與帳簿：早期經濟全球化時代的中國與東亞世界 (The Gun and the Ledger: China and the East Asian World in the Age of Early Economic Globalization) |publisher=三 聯聯書書店店 (Sanlian Bookstore) |year=2017 |isbn=978-7-108-05674-0 |___location=Beijing |pages=141}}</ref><ref group="Note">It is to be noted that the Vietnamese (Jiaozhi) arquebus may refer to several kind of matchlock weapon: Arquebus in the model of istinggar, arquebus with bipod under the barrel, arquebus with tripod and swivel mount, and [[jingal]]-styled arquebus.</ref>▼
▲[[Đại Việt]] was considered by the Ming to have produced particularly advanced matchlocks during the 16–17th century, surpassing even Ottoman, Japanese, and European firearms. European observers of the [[Lê–Mạc War]] and later [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War]] also noted the proficiency of matchlock making by the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese matchlock was said to have been able to pierce several layers of iron armour, kill two to five men in one shot, yet also fire quietly for a weapon of its caliber. The Chinese called this weapon Jiao Chong (交銃, lit. Jiaozhi Arquebus), and noted its similarity to Zhua Wa Chong/Java arquebus.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=调元 (Tiaoyuan) |first=李 (Li) |url=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=902098&remap=gb |title=南越笔记 (South Vietnamese Notes) |year=1777 |pages=
== See also ==
<div style="float:right;">{{Portal|Indonesia|Malaysia|Vietnam}}</div>
* [[Bedil (term)|Bedil]]▼
* [[Bedil tombak]]
* [[
* [[
* [[Istinggar]]
* [[Punt gun]]
* [[
▲*[[Bedil (term)|Bedil]]
* [[Timeline of the gunpowder age]]
* [[
== Notes ==
Line 50 ⟶ 74:
== References ==
{{Reflist
{{Early firearms}}
{{Indonesian Weapons}}
[[Category:15th-century military history]]▼
[[Category:Early firearms]]
[[Category:Firearms of Indonesia]]▼
[[Category:Indonesian inventions]]
[[Category:Weapons of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Weapons of Java]]
▲[[Category:15th-century military history]]
▲[[Category:Firearms of Indonesia]]
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