Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:15, 7 August 2023

Latest revision as of 05:05, 17 August 2025

(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)

Line 39:

[[File:STS-82 crew.jpg|thumb|NICMOS was installed by the crew of STS-82, this [[Space Shuttle]] mission in 1997 also installed the STIS instrument on Hubble Space Telescope, a scale model of the telescope is shown with this crew photo]]

[[File:STS-82 Discovery on Mobile Launcher Platform.jpg|thumb|NICMOS's ride to space heads to the launchpad, January 1997]]

[[File:Hubble Redeployment (9458246017)- GPN-2000-001066.jpg|thumb|Hubble Space Telescope held by the Space Shuttle robotic arm]]

[[File:STS082-323-017.jpg|thumb|Shuttle crew EVA with Hubble Space Telescope]]

When conducting infrared measurements, it is necessary to keep the infrared detectors cooled to avoid having infrared interference from the instrument's own thermal emissions. NICMOS contains a cryogenic [[Dewar flask|dewar]], that cooled its detectors to about 61 K, and optical filters to ~ 105 K, with a block of [[solid nitrogen]] ice. When NICMOS was installed in 1997, the [[dewar flask]] contained a 230-pound (104 kg) block of nitrogen ice. Due to a thermal short that arose on March 4, 1997, during the instrument commissioning, the dewar ran out of [[nitrogen]] coolant sooner than expected in January 1999.

Line 45:

During Hubble Service Mission 3B in 2002 ([[STS-109]]),<ref name="mix.msfc.nasa.gov">{{Cite web | url=https://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/abstracts.php?p=2819 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127021625/https://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/abstracts.php?p=2819 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2016-11-27 | title=0302432 - Repaired and Reconfigured Hubble Space Telescope Berthed in Columbia's Cargo Bay}}</ref> a replacement cooling system comprising a [[cryocooler]], cryogenic circulator, and external radiator was installed on the Hubble that now cools NICMOS through a cryogenic [[neon]] loop. The NICMOS Cooling System (NCS) was developed on a very accelerated schedule (14 months vs. 5–10 years for other Hubble instrument hardware).<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}}{{!}}{{!}}{{!}}{{!}} The NICMOS Cooling System {{!}}{{!}}{{!}}{{!}}{{!}}|url=https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/ncs-story/event-04.html|access-date=2020-06-10|website=asd.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> NICMOS was returned to service soon after SM 3B.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jedrich|first1=Nicholas M.|last2=Gregory|first2=Teri|last3=Zimbelman|first3=Darrell F.|last4=Cheng|first4=Edward S.|last5=Petro|first5=Larry|last6=Cottingham|first6=Christine|last7=Buchko|first7=Matthew M.|last8=Kaylor|first8=Marc|last9=Dolan|first9=Francis X.|editor1-first=John C|editor1-last=Mather|display-authors=4|date=2003|title=Cryogenic cooling system for restoring IR science on the Hubble Space Telescope|journal=Proc. SPIE|series=IR Space Telescopes and Instruments|volume=4850|pages=1058–1069|bibcode=2003SPIE.4850.1058J|citeseerx=10.1.1.162.1601|doi=10.1117/12.461805|s2cid=108566881}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=The NICMOS Turbo-Brayton Cryocooler — Two Years in Orbit|first1=Walter L. |last1=Swift|first2= John A. |display-authors=4 |last2=McCormack|first3= Mark V. |last3=Zagarola|first4= Francis X. |last4=Dolan|first5= Herby |last5=Sixsmith|title=Cryocoolers 13|doi=10.1007/0-387-27533-9|isbn=978-0-387-23901-9|pages=633–639|publisher=Springer US|date=2005|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1339460 }}</ref>

A new software upload in September 2008 necessitated a brief shutdown of the NICMOS cooling system. Several attempts to restart the cooling system were unsuccessful due to issues with the cryogenic circulator. After waiting more than six weeks for parts of the instrument to warm up, and theorized ice particles to sublimate from the neon circulating loop, the cooler once again failed to restart. An Anomaly Review Board (ARB) was then convened by NASA. The ARB concluded that ice or other solid particle migrated from the dewar to the circulator during the September 2008 restart attempt and that the circulator may be damaged, and determined an alternative set of startup parameters. A successful restart at 13:30 EST on 16 December 2008 led to four days of cooler operations followed by another shutdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stsci.edu/hst/nicmos/newsItems/Nicmosncs_status_01232009|title=NICMOS/NCS Status|date=January 23, 2009|publisher=[[Space Telescope Science Institute]]}}</ref> On 1 August 2009, the cooler was restarted again;<ref>{{cite web|title=Hubble Space Telescope Status Report|date=August 5, 2009|publisher=[[NASA]]|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/SM4/news/HST_update_5Aug2009.html|access-date=August 15, 2009|archive-date=January 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123134818/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/SM4/news/HST_update_5Aug2009.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> NICMOS was expected to resume operations in mid-February 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=NICMOS Late Breaking News Page|date=December 16, 2009|publisher=NASA|url=http://www.stsci.edu/hst/nicmos/localNews?display_type=all#NICMOS_NCS_status_12162009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805163354/http://www.stsci.edu/hst/nicmos/localNews?display_type=all%23NICMOS_NCS_status_12162009|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref> and operated through October 22, 2009, at which point a lock-up of Hubble's data handling system caused the telescope to shut down. The circulation flow rate to NICMOS was greatly reduced during this operating period confirming blockage in the circulation loop. Continued operation at reduced flow rates would limit NICMOS science so plans for purging and refilling the circulation system with clean neon gas were developed by NASA. The circulation loop is equipped with an extra neon tank and remotely operated solenoid valves for on-orbit purge-fill operations. As of 2013, these purge-fill operations have not yet been performed.{{update after|2014}}

[[Wide Field Camera 3|WFC3]], installed 2009, was designed to partly replace NICMOS.<ref name=aas>{{cite report|title=Status of the HST Wide Field Camera 3 |first1=J.W. |last1=MacKenty |first2= R.A. |last2=Kimble|date=January 2003|publisher=American Astronomical Society poster session |url=http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfc3/documents/published/aas_jan2003_poster1.pdf |page=1}}</ref>