Fifth-generation programming language: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Category of programming languages}}

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A '''fifth-generation programming language''' (abbreviated '''5GL''') is a [[high-level programming language|high-level]] [[programming language]] based aroundon problem-solving problems using [[Constraint programming|constraints]] given to the program, rather than using an [[algorithm]] written by a programmer.<ref>{{cite book |title=Network dictionary |date=2007 |publisher=Javvin Technologies, Inc |isbn=9781602670006 |editor1-last=Dong |editor1-first=Jielin |___location=Saratoga, Calif. |page=195}}</ref> Most [[constraint programming|constraint-based]] and [[logic programming]] languages and some other [[declarative languageslanguage]]s are fifth-generation languages.

==History==

While [[fourth-generation programming language]]s are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve thea given problem forwithout youthe programmer. This way, the programmeruser only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in [[artificial intelligence]] research. [[Prolog]], [[OPS5]], and [[Mercury (programming language)|Mercury]] are theexamples best knownof fifth-generation languages,<ref name="bala">E. Balagurusamy, ''Fundamentals of Computers'', Mcgraw Hill Education (India), 2009, {{ISBN|978-0070141605}}, p. 340</ref> as is [[ICAD (software)|ICAD]], which was built upon [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]. [[KL-ONE]] is an example of a related idea, a [[frame language]].

In the [[1990s]]1980s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the waveway of the future, and some predicted that they would replace procedural programming with constraint based programming for all othertasks languagesthat could be framed as a series of logical constraints.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kahanwal |first1=Brijender |date=4 October 2013 |title=A taxonomy for systemprogramming development,languages with themultisequential exceptionprocesses |journal=International Journal of low-levelProgramming languagesLanguages and Applications |volume=3 |issue=4 |arxiv=1311.3293 |doi=10.5121/ijpla.2013.3401}}</ref> Most notably, from 1982 to 1993, [[Japan]] <ref name="Ref1">{{citeCite web |author=Richard Grigonis |title=FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS |url=http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/fifth_generation.php |title=FIFTHaccess-GENERATION COMPUTERS|accessdatedate=2008-03-05|author=Richard Grigonis}}</ref> <ref name="Ref2">{{citeCite web |urlauthor=http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dtai/projects/ALP/ |title=Association for Logic Programming (ALP) |accessdateurl=http://www.logicprogramming.org/ |access-date=2008-03-05|author=APL}}</ref> put much research and money into their [[fifthFifth generation computer|fifth-generation computer systems project]], hoping to design a massive computer network of machines using these tools.

These types of languages were also built upon Lisp, many originating on the [[Lisp machine]]. [[ICAD]] is a good example. Then, there are many [[frame language]]s, such as [[KL-ONE]].

However, as larger programs were built, the flaws of the approach became more apparent. It turns out that, starting fromgiven a set of constraints defining a particular problem, deriving an efficient algorithm to solve it is a very difficult problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still requires the insight of a human programmer.

In the [[1990s]], fifth-generation languages were considered to be the wave of the future, and some predicted that they would replace all other languages for system development, with the exception of low-level languages. Most notably, from 1982 to 1993 [[Japan]] <ref name="Ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/fifth_generation.php|title=FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS|accessdate=2008-03-05|author=Richard Grigonis}}</ref> <ref name="Ref2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dtai/projects/ALP/|title=Association for Logic Programming (ALP)|accessdate=2008-03-05|author=APL}}</ref> put much research and money into their [[fifth generation computer systems project]], hoping to design a massive computer network of machines using these tools.

== Common misconception ==

However, as larger programs were built, the flaws of the approach became more apparent. It turns out that, starting from a set of constraints defining a particular problem, deriving an efficient algorithm to solve it is a very difficult problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still requires the insight of a human programmer.

FromVendors timehave tobeen timeknown vendorson inoccasion theto applicationadvertise developmenttheir spacelanguages have claimedas 5GL (5th generation language) capabilities. Most of the time they actually sell [[Fourth-generation programming language|4GLs]] with a higher level of automation and [[knowledge base]]. Since the 5GL awareness has dropped becauseBecause the hype of the 80's quickly1980s faded away and that the projects were eventually all dropped, 5GL awareness has also dropped; this has opened doors to the vendors to re-usereuse the term in marketing their new tools, without causing much controversy among the current generations of programmers.<ref>{{cite Theirweb tools|last1=Howard actually|first1=Philip consisting|date=17 ofJanuary 4GLs2007 packed|title=What withmakes [[RAD]]a wizards,5GL? case|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/17/5gl/ tools|access-date=28 andNovember other2019 graphical|website=The coding assistance that facilitates code generation.Register}}</ref>

==See also==

Today, fifth-generation languages have lost part of their initial appeal and are mostly used in academic circles.

* [[Constraint programming]]

* [[List of programming languages for artificial intelligence]]

* [[Programming paradigm]]

==References==

== Common misconception ==

{{Reflist}}

From time to time vendors in the application development space have claimed 5GL (5th generation language) capabilities. Most of the time they actually sell 4GLs with a higher level of automation and knowledge base. Since the 5GL awareness has dropped because the hype of the 80's quickly faded away and that the projects were eventually all dropped; this has opened doors to the vendors to re-use the term in marketing their new tools, without causing much controversy among the current generations of programmers. Their tools actually consisting of 4GLs packed with [[RAD]] wizards, case tools and other graphical coding assistance that facilitates code generation.

However, these 'time-saving' tools and features consist in no way an actual higher level of abstraction than the current 4GL, business oriented development tools.

==Regular Expressions==

The [[regexp]] syntax forms a ___domain-specific 5GL. Rather than defining an algorithm, the programmer specifies, by means of specialized syntax, a pattern to match text against (i.e., constraints). The regex pattern is compiled and run against text, returning the token(s) desired by the programmer.

Regular expressions exist in Perl, Python, Java, Ruby, .NET, PHP, SED, AWK, C and ECMAScript. The difficulty level and repetitive nature of searching text and returning desired tokens makes regular expressions one of the few ubiquitous examples of a 5GL (___domain-specific though it is).

==See also==

*[[Constraint programming]]

{{Programming language generations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fifth-Generation Programming Language}}

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Programming language classification]]

[[fr:L5G]]