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{{short description|1898 open letter by Émile Zola}}

{{Redirectredirect|J'accuse}}

{{Italicitalic title}}

[[File:"J'accuse...!", page- deGallica couverture- dupage journal l’Aurore, publiant la lettre d’Emile Zola au Président de la République, M. Félix Faure à propos de l’Affaire Dreyfus1.jpg|thumb|Front page cover of the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' for Thursday 13 January 1898, with the letter ''J'Accuse...!'', written by [[Émile Zola]] about the [[Dreyfus affair]]. The headline reads ''I Accuse...! Letter to the President of the Republic'' – [[Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme]].]]

{{DreyfusAffair}}

{{Italic title}}

"'''''J'Accuse...!'''''" ({{IPA-|fr|ʒ‿a.kyzʒakyz}}; "I Accuse...!") is an [[open letter]], written by [[Émile Zola]] in response to the events of the [[Dreyfus affair]], that was published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''[[L'Aurore]]'' by [[Émile. Zola]] in response toaddressed the [[Dreyfus affair]]. Zola addressed [[Presidentpresident of France]], [[Félix Faure]], and accused his [[Government of France|government]] of [[antisemitism]] and the unlawful jailing of [[Alfred Dreyfus]], a French Army General Staff officer who was sentenced to lifelong penal servitude for [[espionage]], and sent to the [[penal colony]] on [[Devil's Island]] in [[French Guiana]]. Zola pointed out judicial errors and lack of serious evidence during Dreyfus' trial. The letter was printed on the front page of the newspaper, and caused a stir in France and abroad. Zola was prosecuted for [[Defamation|libel]] and found guilty on 23 February 1898. To avoid imprisonment, he fled to England, returning home in June 1899.

Other pamphlets proclaiming Dreyfus's innocence include [[Bernard Lazare]]'s ''A Miscarriage of Justice: The Truth about the Dreyfus Affair'' (November 1896).

As a result of the popularity of the letter, even in the English-speaking world, ''J'accuse!'' has become a common expression of outrage and accusation against someone powerful, whatever the merits of the accusation.<ref>{{Citecite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/j%27accuse|title=Definition of J'ACCUSEAccuse|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citecite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2008/03/30/when_zola_wrote_jaccuse/|title=When Zola wrote 'J'accuse!'|first=Jeff|last=Jacoby|newspaper=Boston.com|date=March 30, March 2008|via=The Boston Globe}}</ref>

''J'accuse!'' is one of the best-known newspaper articles in the world.<ref>A. Pagès, ''Une journée dans l'affaire Dreyfus'', p.  7.</ref>

==Background==

===Dreyfus affair===

{{main|Dreyfus affair}}

[[Image:Krakowskie.Zycie.1898.jpg|thumb|Edition of the Polish {{lang|pl|[[Życie]]}} reporting on Zola's letter and the [[Dreyfus affair]]]]

[[Alfred Dreyfus]] was a French army officer from a prosperous [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] family.<ref name=adb>[{{Cite web |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070807204709/http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9279233 |archive-date=2007-08-07 |url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9279233 |title=Alfred Dreyfus Biography (1859–1935)]. |work=Biography.com (|date=2007). Retrieved |access-date=16 February 2008.}}</ref> In 1894, while an artillery captain for the [[General Staff]] of France, Dreyfus was suspected of providing secret military information to the German government.<ref name=adb/>

A cleaning woman and French spy by the name of Madame Marie Bastian working at the German Embassy was at the source of the investigation. She routinely searched wastebaskets and mailboxes at the German Embassy for suspicious documents.<ref name=burns>Burns, M. (1999). ''France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History''. New York: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> She found a suspicious [[wikt:bordereau|bordereau]] (detailed listing of documents) at the German Embassy in 1894, and delivered it to Commandant Hubert-Joseph Henry, who worked for French military counterintelligence in the General Staff.<ref name=burns/>

The bordereau had been torn into six pieces, and had been found by Madame Bastian in the wastepaper basket of [[Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen]], the German military attaché.<ref name=burns/> When the document was investigated, Dreyfus was convicted largely on the basis of testimony by professional [[Questioned document examination|handwriting experts]]:<ref name=nyt>{{Cite web |last=Rothstein, E.|first=Edward [|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/arts/design/17drey.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 "|title=A Century-Old Court Case That Still Resonates"] ''|work=[[The New York Times'']] (|date=17 October 2007) |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240321141313/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/arts/design/17drey.html |archive-date=2024-03-21}}</ref> the [[graphologist]]s asserted that "the ''lack'' of resemblance between Dreyfus' writing and that of the bordereau was proof of a 'self-forgery', and prepared a fantastically detailed diagram to demonstrate that this was so."<ref>{{Citecite magazine |last1last=Gopnik |first1first=Adam |author-link=Adam Gopnik |year=2009 |title=Trial of the Century: Revisiting the Dreyfus affair |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |issue=28 September |pages=72–78 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2009/09/28/090928crbo_books_gopnik |access-date=29 May 2011 }}</ref> There were also assertions from military officers who provided confidential evidence.<ref name=nyt/>

Dreyfus was found guilty of [[treason]] in a secret military court-martial, during which he was denied the right to examine the evidence against him. The [[French Army|Army]] stripped him of his rank in a humiliating ceremony and shipped him off to [[Devil's Island]], a penal colony located off the coast of French Guiana in [[South America]].<ref name=burns/>

AtFrance, thiswhere time,[[antisemitism]] Francehas always been endemic, was experiencing a particularly intense period ofat [[antisemitism]]this time; very few outside Dreyfus's family defended him. Nevertheless, the initial conviction was annulled by the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Supreme Court]] after a thorough investigation. In 1899, Dreyfus returned to France for a retrial, but although found guilty again, he was pardoned.<ref name=burns/> In 1906, Dreyfus appealed his case again; he obtained the [[annulment]] of his guilty verdict. In 1906, he was also awarded the Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], which was for "a soldier who has endured an unparalleled martyrdom".<ref name=nyt/>

===Émile Zola===

[[File:Zola jaccuse0001.jpg|thumb|1898 portrait of Zola by [[Nadar]]]]

[[Émile Zola]] was born on 2 April 1840 in Paris. His main literary work was {{lang|fr|[[Les Rougon-Macquart]]}}, a monumental cycle of twenty novels about Parisian society during the [[French Second Empire]] under [[Napoleon III]] and after the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. He was also the founder of the [[Naturalism (literature)|Naturalist]] movement in 19th-century literature. Zola was among the strongest proponents of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. He was made Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] on 13 July 1893 by President [[Raymond Poincaré]], but suspended on 26 July 1898. His rank was reinstated on 10 March 1901.

==Publication==

Zola risked his career in January 1898 when he decided to stand up for [[Alfred Dreyfus]]. Zola wrote an open letter to the Presidentpresident of France, [[Félix Faure]], accusing the French government of falsely convicting Alfred Dreyfus and of [[antisemitism]]. His intention was to draw the accusation so broadly that he would essentially force men in the government to sue him for libel. Once the suit was filed, the Dreyfusards (supporters of Dreyfus) would have the opportunity to acquire and publicize the shaky evidence on which Dreyfus had been convicted. Zola titled his letter {{lang|fr|J'Accuse...!}} (French for "I Accuse"), which was published on the front page of [[Georges Clemenceau]]'s [[Liberalism and radicalism in France|liberal]] Paris daily {{lang|fr|L'Aurore}}.

===Contents of ''J'Accuse...!''===

{{Wikisource|1=Translation:J'accuse...!|2=''J'Accuse''}}

Zola argued that "the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus was based on false accusations of [[espionage]] and was a misrepresentation of justice." He first points out that the real man behind all of this is [[Armand du Paty de Clam|Major du Paty de Clam]]. Zola states: "He was the one who came up with the scheme of dictating the text of the bordereau to Dreyfus; he was the one who had the idea of observing him in a mirror-lined room. And he was the one whom Major Forzinetti caught carrying a shuttered lantern that he planned to throw open on the accused man while he slept, hoping that, jolted awake by the sudden flash of light, Dreyfus would blurt out his guilt."<ref name="January13">Zola, E. {{lang|fr|[http://www.chameleon-translations.com/sample-Zola.shtml J'Accuse...!]}} {{Webarchivecite web |url=http://www.chameleon-translations.com/sample-Zola.shtml |title=J'accuse by Émile Zola (Sample) – Chameleon-Translations |access-date=2008-07-23 |archive-date=2008-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715014824/http://www.chameleon-translations.com/sample-Zola.shtml |date=2008url-07-15 status=dead}}. {{lang|fr|[[L'Aurore]]}} (13 January 1898). Translation by Chameleon Translations. Retrieved 12 February 2008.</ref>

Next, Zola points out that if the investigation of the traitor was to be done properly, the evidence would clearly show that the bordereau came from an infantry officer, not an artillery officer such as Dreyfus.<ref name="January13"/>

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==Trial of Zola and aftermath==

Zola was brought to trial for libel for publishing his letter to the Presidentpresident; he was convicted two weeks later. He was sentenced to jail and was removed from the [[Legion of Honour]]. To avoid jail time, Zola fled to England. He stayed there until the cabinet fell; he continued to defend Dreyfus.

Four years after the letter was published, Zola died from [[carbon monoxide]] poisoning caused by a blocked chimney. On 4 June 1908, Zola's remains were laid to rest in the [[Panthéon]] in Paris. In 1953, the newspaper {{lang|fr|[[Libération (newspaper, 1941–1964)|Libération]]}} published a death-bed confession by a Parisian roofer that he had murdered Zola by blocking the chimney of his house.<ref>{{Citecite web|url=https://creativitydiaries.wordpress.com/2018/02/03/jaccuse-the-sins-of-the-artist/|title=J'Accuse! The Sins of the Artist|date=3 February 2018}}{{fcn|date=May 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2023}}

==Subsequent use of the term==

{{moreMore citations needed|section|date=January 2019}}

{{In popular culture|section|date=September 2022}}

[[File:Filastin (La Palestine) March 25th 1925 editorial addressed to Lord Balfour.pdf|thumb|right|The most popular Palestinian Arab newspaper, ''[[Filastin (newspaper)|Filastin (La Palestine)]]'', published a four-page editorial in March 1925 protesting the [[Balfour Declaration]], beginning with "J'Accuse!"]]

{{DreyfusAffair}}

* In 1913, the Mexican deputy [[Luis Manuel Rojas]] gave a discourse ({{lang|es|Yo acuso...}}) in front of the Chamber of Deputies against the American ambassador [[Henry Lane Wilson]] due to his participation in the assassination of president and vice-president [[Francisco I. Madero]] and [[José María Pino Suárez]].

* In 1915, the German pacifist [[Richard Grelling]] wrote a book titled {{lang|fr|J'Accuse!}} in which he condemned the actions of the German Empire.

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* In 1950, on Easter Sunday, members of the [[Lettrist]] movement proclaimed the death of God before the congregation of the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame Cathedral]] in Paris. Michel Mourre used the phrase {{lang|fr|"J'accuse"}} to proclaim what he saw as the wickedness of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].

* In 1954, during the controversy surrounding [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] and the [[Oppenheimer security hearing|allegations that he posed a security risk]] to the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]], journalists [[Joseph Alsop|Joseph]] and [[Stewart Alsop]] wrote an article for ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'' titled "We Accuse!", in which they defend Oppenheimer as the victim of a petty grudge held by AEC chairman [[Lewis Strauss]].<ref>Alsop, J., & Alsop, S. [http://www.harpers.org/archive/1954/10/0006744 "We Accuse!"] ''Harper's'' (October 1954).</ref>

* The film ''[[I Accuse!]]'', starring [[José Ferrer]] as Dreyfus, was released In 1958.

* In 1961, during the trial of [[Adolf Eichmann]], head prosecutor [[Gideon Hausner]] used the phrase in his opening statement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eichmann's handwritten clemency plea released in Israel |url=httphttps://www.jta.org/2016/01/27/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/eichmanns-handwritten-clemency-plea-released-in-israel|date=27 January 2016|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref>

* In 1982, ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary Magazine]]'' editor [[Norman Podhoretz]] used the title {{lang|fr|"J'Accuse"}} for an article blaming [[antisemitism]] for allegedly excessive criticism of [[Israel]] during [[1982 Lebanon War|the 1982 Israel-Lebanon war]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Norman |last=Podhoretz. [|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722122700/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/j-accuse-6602 {{lang|frarchive-date=2012-07-22 |"url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/j-accuse-6602 |title=J'accuse"}}]. ''|work=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary Magazine]]'', |date=September 1982.}}</ref>

* Also in 1982, [[Graham Greene]] published ''{{lang|fr|italic=unset|J'Accuse}}: The Dark Side of Nice'' in which he declared that organised crime flourished in [[Nice]] because the city's upper levels of civic government protected judicial and police corruption.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eder |first=Richard |title=On the Riviera, A Morality Tale by Graham Greene |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/20/specials/greene-riviera.html|title=On the Riviera, A Morality Tale by Graham Greene|work=The New York Times|first=Richard|last=Eder |date=5 February 1982 |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

* In 1998, the Australian satirical television program ''[[The Games (Australian TV series)|The Games]]'' debuted the character Jack Hughes in an episode titled {{lang|fr|italic=no|[[List of The Games episodes|"J'Accuse"]]}}. The show is a satire critical of, among other things, corruption in the organizing of the [[2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games in Sydney]]; the character Jack Hughes is a journalist who often probes into scandals and corruption, much to the annoyance of the show's protagonists.

* In 2003, [[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]] published [[Israel]]i poet [[Aharon Shabtai]]'s {{lang|fr|J'Accuse}}, a collection of poems drawn from two different collections, ''Politika'' and ''Artzenu'', and translated by [[Peter Cole]].

* In 2008, film director [[Peter Greenaway]] released a documentary titled [[Rembrandt's J'Accuse|''Rembrandt's {{lang|fr|cat=no|italic=unset|J'Accuse}}'']]. It is a companion piece to his film ''[[Nightwatching]]''. It illustrates Greenaway's theory that [[Rembrandt]]'s painting ''[[The Night Watch]]'' leaves clues to a murder by some of those portrayed.

* In 2012, linguists [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Hagit Borer]], together with seven other colleagues who had recently travelled to [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] for a [[linguistics]] conference, wrote an open letter which began {{lang|fr|Nous accusons...}} ('We accuse...') on how the mainstream media fails to report on Israeli atrocities against civilians in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], which was published in Canada,<ref>[{{Cite web |url=https://rabble.ca/news/2012/11/nous-accusons-mainstream-media-fails-report-atrocities-gaza {{lang|fr|italictitle=no|cat=no|Nous accusons}}: Mainstream media fails to report on atrocities against Gaza], |work=[[Rabble.ca]], |date=14 November 2012.}}</ref> the US<ref>[{{cite web |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2012/11/nous-accusons-mainstream-media-fails-to-report-context-and-severity-of-israeli-atrocities-against-gaza/ "{{lang|fr|italictitle=no|cat=no|Nous accusons}}: Mainstream media fails to report on context and severity of atrocities against Gaza"], {{lang|de|work=[[Mondoweiss]]}}, |date=14 November 2012.}}</ref> and translated, in France.<ref>[{{Cite web |url=https://www.legrandsoir.info/nous-accusons-la-sourde-oreille-des-grands-medias-sur-la-situation-et-la-gravite-des-atrocites-commises-par-israel-a-gaza.html "{{lang|fr|italictitle=no|cat=no|Nous accusons ! La sourde oreille des grands médias sur la situation et la gravité des atrocités commises par Israël à Gaza}}"], |lang=fr |date=16 November 2012.}}{{fcn|date=May 2023}}</ref>

* In 2012, [[Wayne Swan]], the then [[Deputydeputy Primeprime Ministerminister of Australia]], told [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] [[Julia Gillard]] that she had given the "{{lang|fr|j'accuse}} speech" when she delivered her [[misogyny speech]] to the Australian Parliament, accusing [[List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition|Opposition Leader]] [[Tony Abbott]] of sexism and misogyny.<ref>{{citation |author=Hooper |first=Chloe |title=On the road with Julia Gillard |url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2013/august/1375315200/chloe-hooper/road-julia-gillard |newspaper=[[The Monthly]] |date=August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119185044/https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2013/august/1375315200/chloe-hooper/road-julia-gillard |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>

*On 13 May 2016, Brazilian columnist and politics professor {{Interlanguage link multi|[[Vladimir Safatle|pt}}]] published an article in the {{lang|pt|[[Folha de S.Paulo]]}} newspaper titled {{lang|fr|italic=no|"Nós acusamos"}} (we accuse), denouncing the several problems related to the removal from office of Brazil's president [[Dilma Rousseff]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/vladimirsafatle/2016/05/1770605-nos-acusamos.shtml|title=Nós acusamos|language=pt-BR|access-date=14 May 2016-05-14}}</ref>

*On 1 September 2016, Argentinian lawyer and politician [[Margarita Stolbizer]] published a book titled {{lang|fr|Yo acuso}} ("I accuse") denouncing corruption during the government of Argentina's president [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner|Cristina Kirchner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/politica/Stolbizer-presento-acuso-Vidal-Massa_0_1642635928.html|title=Stolbizer presentó su libro ''Yo acuso'' junto a Vidal y Massa|language=es|date=September 2016|access-date=2016-09-01}}{{fcn|date=May 2023}}</ref>

*On 9 June 2017, ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} [[White House]] correspondent [[Peter Baker (author)|Peter Baker]] wrote, in reference to the testimony of fired US [[FBI]] director [[James Comey]] before the [[US Senate]]'s Intelligence Committee, "While delivered in calm, deliberate and unemotional terms, Mr. Comey's testimony on Thursday was almost certainly the most damning {{lang|fr|italic=no|j'accuse}} moment by a senior law enforcement official against a president [referring to [[Donald Trump]]] in a generation."<ref>{{cite web |title=For Trump, the 'Cloud' Just Grew That Much Darker |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/us/politics/donald-trump-james-comey.html|title=For Trump, the 'Cloud' Just Grew That Much Darker|website=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 June 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017-06-08}}</ref>

*In 2019, [[Norman Finkelstein]] published a book titled ''I Accuse!'' in which he attempted to prove that [[International Criminal Court]] chief prosecutor [[Fatou Bensouda]] failed to properly investigate potential Israeli war crimes in the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Norman |title=I Accuse! |date=2019 |publisher=OR Books |isbn=9781682192276 |language=en}}</ref>

*On 19 April 2020, UK cabinet minister [[Michael Gove]] used the phrase "a {{lang|fr|italic=no|j'accuse}} narrative" in response to media reporting of the prime minister's absence from [[COBR]] meetings during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Peter |title=Boris Johnson missed five coronavirus Cobra meetings, Michael Gove says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/19/michael-gove-fails-to-deny-pm-missed-five-coronavirus-cobra-meetings |titlework=BorisThe Johnson missed five coronavirusGuardian Cobra meetings, Michael Gove says|first=Peter|last=Walker|date=19 April 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

* On 3 June 2020, ''[[The Atlantic]]'', writing about President Trump's former Defensedefense Secretarysecretary and retired Marinemarine Generalgeneral [[James Mattis]]'s comments in an interview in which Mattis strongly criticized President Trump on multiple points, characterizing them as Mattis's {{lang|fr|italic=no|"j'accuse"}}.<ref name=Goldberg-2020>{{cite magazine |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |datetitle=3James JuneMattis 2020Denounces President Trump, Describes Him as a Threat to the Constitution |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/06/james-mattis-denounces-trump-protests-militarization/612640/ |magazine=The Atlantic |titledate=James3 MattisJune Denounces President Trump, Describes Him as a Threat to the Constitution |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group2020 |access-date=3 June 2020 }}</ref>

* [[File:J'Accuse Cover.jpg|thumb|186x186px]]On December 1, 2021, Exile Editions published [https://www.exileeditions.com/shop/jaccuse-poem-versus-silence/ ''J’Accuse...!'' (Poem ''Versus'' Silence)], a manifesto-in-poetry by Canada’s Parliamentarian Poet Laureate emeritus, George Elliott Clarke, in which he responds to the impacts of being “cancelled” during our time of malevolent righteousness, often described as Cancel Culture. In ''J'Accuse...!'' Clarke boldly confronts the reality that there must be an interest in real voices and stories, otherwise any individual can fall victim to silencing – blacklisting – gag-orders – cancelling… And unflinchingly, this ''cri-de-coeur'' reveals the personal cost – borne by all poets who seek to “bear witness to Treasure – / despite all opposing Battery.”

* In the 2021 French television series ''[[Lupin (French TV series)|Lupin]]'', Fabienne Beriot's dog is named {{lang|fr|italic=yes|J'accuse}}, because Fabienne is a journalist.

* The French title of [[Roman Polanski]]'s film about the Dreyfus affair (in which Zola is a character) is ''J'Accuse'', although its English-language title is ''[[An Officer and a Spy]]''.

* In 2020, French actor [[David Serero (singer)|David Serero]] recorded the entirety of the "J'Accuse" text.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.fr/J-Accuse/dp/B08PVX6SVG | title=J' Accuse : David Serero, Émile Zola, David Serero: Amazon.fr: Livres et œuvres originales Audible }}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflistreflist|2}}

{{sister|project=Wikisource|text=[[s:Translation:J'accuse...!|Wikisource English translation of ''J'Accuse!'']]}}

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==External links==

*{{commonsCommons category-inline|J'accuse...!|''J'accuse...!''}}

{{Émile Zola}}

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[[Category:Quotations from literature]]

[[Category:French political catchphrases]]

[[Category:Redirects from opening lines]]

[[Category:1890s neologisms]]

[[Category:1890s quotations]]

[[Category:Political quotes]]

[[Category:History of newspapers in France]]

[[Category:January 1898 in Europe]]