→RNA editing: Deleted section. This is an article about the definition of non-coding RNA and a brief description of the various types of functional RNAS other than mRNA. RNA editing is not relevant and not confined to non-coding RNA.
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===In pathogenic avoidance===
''[[C. elegans]]'' was shown to learn and inherit [[Poison shyness|pathogenic]] [[Avoidance response|avoidance]] after exposure to a single non-coding RNA of a [[Pathogenic bacteria|bacterial pathogen]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Researchers discover how worms pass knowledge of a pathogen to offspring |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-worms-knowledge-pathogen-offspring.html |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaletsky R, Moore RS, Vrla GD, Parsons LR, Gitai Z, Murphy CT | title = C. elegans interprets bacterial non-coding RNAs to learn pathogenic avoidance | journal = Nature | volume = 586 | issue = 7829 | pages = 445–451 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32908307 | pmc = 8547118 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2699-5 | s2cid = 221626129 | bibcode = 2020Natur.586..445K }}</ref>
== RNA editing ==
Several non-coding RNAs undergo post-transcriptional sequence alterations through RNA editing, which can change their nucleotide composition without altering the underlying DNA. The most common forms include adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing, catalyzed by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs), and cytidine-to-uridine (C-to-U) editing, mediated by APOBEC family cytidine deaminases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nishikura |first=Kazuko |date=December 2015 |title="A-to-I editing of coding and non-coding RNAs by ADARs." |journal=Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1038/nrm.2015.4 |pmid=26648264 |pmc=4824625 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286445471}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blanc |first1=Valerie |last2=Davidson |first2=Nicholas |date=February 2003 |title=C-to-U RNA Editing: Mechanisms Leading to Genetic Diversity |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=278 |issue=3 |pages=1395–1398 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R200024200 |doi-access=free |pmid=12446660 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11021839}}</ref>
Editing can influence ncRNA stability, localization, and function. In microRNAs, for example, A-to-I editing within the seed region can redirect target recognition and alter gene regulatory networks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kawahara |first=Y |date=February 2007 |title=Redirection of silencing targets by adenosine-to-inosine editing of miRNAs. |journal=Science |volume=315 |issue=5815 |pages=1137–1140 |doi=10.1126/science.1138050 |pmid=17322061 |pmc=2953418 |bibcode=2007Sci...315.1137K }}</ref> In pathological contexts such as cancer, abnormal editing patterns have been linked to tumor progression, metastasis, and patient prognosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liang |first=Han |date=October 2015 |title=The Genomic Landscape and Clinical Relevance of A-to-I RNA Editing in Human Cancers |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=515–528 |doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2015.08.013 |pmid=26439496 |pmc=4605878 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li-Di |first=Xu |date=July 2018 |title=ADARs and editing: The role of A-to-I RNA modification in cancer progression |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |volume=79 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.018 |pmid=29146145 }}</ref>
