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{{redirect|Blogger|the Google service|Blogger (service)|other uses|Blog (disambiguation)}}
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A '''blog''' (a [[Clipping (morphology)|truncation]] of "'''weblog'''")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html|title=Weblogs: A History And Perspective|last=Blood|first=Rebecca|date=September 7, 2000|access-date=September 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530144950/http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog_history.html|archive-date=May 30, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an informational
The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users who did not have much experience with [[HTML]] or [[computer programming]]. Previously, knowledge of such technologies as HTML and [[File Transfer Protocol]] had been required to publish content on the Web, and early Web users therefore tended to be
Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject or topic, ranging from
''Blog'' and ''blogging'' are now loosely used for content creation and sharing on
==History==
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===Origins===
Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including [[Usenet]], commercial online services such as [[GEnie]], [[Byte Information Exchange]] (BIX) and the early [[CompuServe]], [[electronic mailing list|e-mail lists]],<ref>The term "e-log" has been used to describe journal entries sent out via e-mail since as early as March 1996.{{cite web|last=Norman|first=David|title=Users confused by blogs|date=July 13, 2005|url=http://lists.drupal.org/archives/development/2005-07/msg00208.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607235110/http://lists.drupal.org/archives/development/2005-07/msg00208.html|archive-date=June 7, 2007|access-date =June 5, 2008}} {{cite web|title=Research staff and students welcome 'E-Log'|publisher=University College London|date=December 2003|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news-archive/archive/2003/december-2003/latest/newsitem.shtml?03120901|access-date=June 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812190236/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news-archive/archive/2003/december-2003/latest/newsitem.shtml?03120901 |archive-date=August 12, 2007}}</ref> and [[
[[Tim Berners-Lee
From June 14, 1993, Mosaic Communications Corporation maintained their "What's New"<ref>"[http://home.mcom.com/home/whats-new.html What's New!]". Mosaic Communications Corporation. Retrieved June 15, 2013.</ref> list of new websites, updated daily and archived monthly. The page was accessible by a special "What's New" button in the Mosaic web browser.
In November 1993 [[Ranjit Bhatnagar]] started writing about interesting sites, pages and discussion groups he found on the internet, as well as some personal information, on his website Moonmilk, arranging them chronologically in a special section called Ranjit's HTTP Playground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://moonmilk.com/playground.html |title=Ranjit's HTTP playground |date=
The earliest instance of a commercial blog was on the first [[business to consumer]] Web site created in 1995 by [[Ty Inc|Ty, Inc.]], which featured a blog in a section called "Online Diary".
The modern blog evolved from the [[online diary]] where people would keep a running account of the events in their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, journalists, or journalers. [[Justin Hall]], who began personal blogging in 1994 while a student at [[Swarthmore College]], is generally recognized as one of the earlier bloggers,<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/02/20/MNGBKBEJO01.DTL|title=Time to get a life — pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31|last=Harmanci|first=Reyhan|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=February 20, 2005|access-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref> as is [[Jerry Pournelle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerrypournelle.com/#whatabout |title=Jerry Pournelle's Chaos Manor |work=jerrypournelle.com |quote= I can make some claim to this being The Original Blog and Daybook. I certainly started keeping a day book well before most, and long before the term "blog" or Web Log was invented. BIX, the Byte information exchange, preceded the Web by a lot, and I also had a daily journal on GE Genie. Both of those would have been considered blogs if there had been any such term. All that was long before the World Wide Web. |author=Pournelle, Jerry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216092746/https://www.jerrypournelle.com/#whatabout |archive-date=
|url=http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-985714.html
|title=Newsmaker: Blogging comes to Harvard
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|date=February 25, 2003
|access-date=January 25, 2007
|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707204556/http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-985714.html |archive-date=
{{cite news
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
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|quote=...Dave Winer... whose Scripting News (scripting.com) is one of the oldest blogs.
|url-access=subscription
|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122150419/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/10/business/technology-a-rift-among-bloggers.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm |archive-date=
}}</ref> The Australian Netguide magazine maintained the Daily Net News<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/19961112042649/http://netguide.aust.com/daily/index.html Australian Net Guide]". netguide.aust.com (November 12, 1996). Retrieved June 15, 2013.</ref> on their web site from 1996. Daily Net News ran links and daily reviews of new websites, mostly in Australia.
Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, digital video, and digital pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and [[EyeTap]] device to a web site in 1994. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as [[sousveillance]], and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters. Some early bloggers, such as The Misanthropic Bitch, who began in 1997, referred to their online presence as a [[zine]], before the term blog entered common usage.
The first research paper about blogging was [[Torill Mortensen]] and [[Jill Walker Rettberg]]'s paper "Blogging Thoughts",<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mortensen |first1=Torill |last2=Walker|first2=Jill|date=2002|title=Blogging thoughts: personal publication as an online research tool|url=https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/13070/Blogging-Thoughts.pdf |via=Bergen Open Research Archive |journal=Researching ICTs in Context|pages=249–279 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220228073152/https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/13070/Blogging-Thoughts.pdf|archive-date=
===Technology===
Early blogs were simply manually updated components of common Websites. In 1995, the "Online Diary" on the [[Ty, Inc.]] Web site was produced and updated manually before any blogging programs were available. Posts were made to appear in reverse chronological order by manually updating text-based [[HTML]] code using [[FTP]] software in real time several times a day. To users, this offered the appearance of a live diary that contained multiple new entries per day. At the beginning of each new day, new diary entries were manually coded into a new HTML file, and at the start of each month, diary entries were archived into their own folder, which contained a separate HTML page for every day of the month. Then, menus that contained links to the most recent diary entry were updated manually throughout the site. This text-based method of organizing thousands of files served as a springboard to define future blogging styles that were captured by blogging software developed years later.<ref name="BeanieBabies" />
The evolution of electronic and software tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of Web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible for a much larger and less technically
===Rise in popularity===
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* [[Bruce Ableson]] launched [[Open Diary]] in October 1998, which soon grew to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.
* [[Brad Fitzpatrick]] started [[LiveJournal]] in March 1999.
* Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a Web site, followed by DiaryLand in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cjrarchives.org/issues/2003/5/blog-jensen.asp?printerfriendly=yes |title=Emerging Alternatives: A Brief History of Weblogs |first1=Mallory |last1=Jensen |date=September–October 2005 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |publisher=Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism |access-date=March 29, 2008 |url-status=
* [[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] (blogspot.com) was launched in 1999<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bull |first1=Glen |last2=Bull |first2=Gina |last3=Kadjer |first3=Sara |title=Writing with Weblogs |url=https://tl-cdn.pbseducation.org/courses/tech195/docs/writing_with_weblogs.pdf |publisher=International Society for Technology in Education |access-date=December 6, 2023}}</ref>
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Similarly, blogs were among the driving forces behind the "[[Rathergate]]" scandal. Television journalist [[Dan Rather]] presented documents on the CBS show ''[[60 Minutes]]'' that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be [[forgery|forgeries]] and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view. Consequently, CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see: [[Little Green Footballs]]). The impact of these stories gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination.
In Russia, some political bloggers have started to challenge the dominance of official, overwhelmingly pro-government media. Bloggers such as [[Rustem Adagamov]] and [[Alexei Navalny]] have many followers, and the latter's nickname for the ruling [[United Russia]] party as the "party of crooks and thieves" has been adopted by anti-regime protesters.<ref>[[Daniel Sandford (journalist)|Daniel Sandford]], [[BBC News]]: "Russians tire of corruption spectacle", https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15972326</ref> This led to ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' calling Navalny "the man [[Vladimir Putin]] fears most" in March 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Man Vladimir Putin Fears Most (the weekend interview) |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203986604577257321601811092 | first=Matthew | last=Kaminski | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=March 3, 2012 }}</ref> (Navalny died in prison in 2024.)
===Mainstream popularity===
By 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as [[political consultant]]s, news services, and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See [[Howard Dean]] and [[Wesley Clark]].) Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the [[Labour Party (UK)|UK's Labour Party's]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]], began to blog to bond with constituents. In January 2005, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine listed eight bloggers whom business people "could not ignore": [[Engadget|Peter Rojas]], [[Xeni Jardin]], [[Benjamin Trott|Ben Trott]], [[Mena Trott]], [[Jonathan I. Schwartz|Jonathan Schwartz]], Jason Goldman, [[Robert Scoble]], and [[Jason Calacanis]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/articles/0,15114,1011763-1,00.html | title=Why There's No Escaping the Blog | work=Fortune | access-date=January 30, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050101004415/http://www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/articles/0%2C15114%2C1011763-1%2C00.html | archive-date=January 1, 2005 | last1=Kirkpatrick | first1=David | last2=Roth | first2=Daniel | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Israel was among the first national governments to set up an official blog.<ref name=Ynet>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3220593,00.html Israel Video Blog aims to show the world 'the beautiful face of real Israel'], Ynet, February 24, 2008.</ref> Under [[David Saranga]], the [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] became active in adopting [[Web 2.0]] initiatives, including an official [[video blog]]
The impact of blogging on the mainstream media has also been acknowledged by governments. In 2009, the presence of the American journalism industry had declined to the point that several newspaper corporations were filing for bankruptcy, resulting in less direct competition between newspapers within the same circulation area. Discussion emerged as to whether the newspaper industry would benefit from a stimulus package by the federal government. U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] acknowledged the emerging influence of blogging upon society by saying, "if the direction of the news is all blogosphere, all opinions, with no serious fact-checking, no serious attempts to put stories in context, then what you will end up getting is people shouting at each other across the void, but not a lot of mutual understanding".<ref>[http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20091103/OPINION16/91102031/1004/OPINION/Journalists-deserve-subsidies-too Journalists deserve subsidies too] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324134110/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20091103/OPINION16/91102031/1004/OPINION/Journalists-deserve-subsidies-too |date=March 24, 2014 }}, [[Robert W. McChesney]] and [[John Nichols (journalist)|John Nichols]], ''Delaware Online'', November 3, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2009.</ref> Between 2009 and 2012, an [[Orwell Prize]] for blogging was awarded.
In the late
==Types==
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There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.
;Personal blogs: The personal blog is an ongoing online diary or commentary written by an individual, rather than a corporation or organization. While the vast majority of personal blogs attract very few readers, other than the blogger's immediate family and friends, a small number of personal blogs have become popular, to the point that they have attracted lucrative advertising sponsorship. A
;Collaborative blogs or group blogs: A type of weblog in which posts are written and published by more than one author. The majority of high-profile collaborative blogs are organised according to a single uniting theme, such as politics, technology or advocacy.
;[[Microblogging]]: Microblogging is the practice of posting small pieces of digital content—which could be text, pictures, links, short videos, or other media—on the internet. Microblogging offers a portable communication mode that feels organic and spontaneous to many users. It has captured the public imagination, in part because the short posts are easy to read on the go or when waiting. Friends use it to keep in touch, business associates use it to coordinate meetings or share useful resources, and celebrities and politicians (or their publicists) microblog about concert dates, lectures, book releases, or tour schedules. A wide and growing range of add-on tools enables sophisticated updates and interaction with other applications. The resulting profusion of functionality is helping to define new possibilities for this type of communication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educause.edu/library/resources/7-things-you-should-know-about-microblogging |title=7 Things You Should Know About Microblogging |website=Educause.edu |date=July 7, 2009 |access-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref> Examples of these include Twitter, Facebook, [[Tumblr]] and, by far the largest, [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]].
;Corporate and organizational blogs: A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business or [[not-for-profit organization]] or government purposes. Blogs used internally and only available to employees via an [[Intranet]] are called [[corporate blog]]s. Companies use internal corporate blogs to enhance the communication, culture and [[employee engagement]] in a corporation. Internal corporate blogs can be used to communicate news about company policies or procedures, build employee [[esprit de corps]] and improve [[morale]]. Companies and other organizations also use external, publicly accessible blogs for marketing, branding, or [[public relations]] purposes. Some organizations have a blog authored by their executive; in practice, many of these executive blog posts are penned by a [[ghostwriter]] who makes posts in the style of the credited author.
;Aggregated blogs: Individuals or organization may aggregate selected feeds on a specific topic, product or service and provide a combined view for its readers. This allows readers to concentrate on reading instead of searching for quality on-topic content and managing subscriptions. Many such aggregations called planets from name of [[Planet (software)]] that perform such aggregation, hosting sites usually have ''planet.'' [[subdomain]] in [[___domain name]] (like http://planet.gnome.org/).
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[[File:Blogosphere map.jpg |thumb|right|upright=0.9|An artist's depiction of the interconnections between blogs and blog authors in the "[[blogosphere]]" in 2007]]
;[[Blogosphere]]: The collective community of all blogs and blog authors, particularly notable and widely read blogs, is known as the ''blogosphere''. Since all blogs are on the internet by definition, they may be seen as interconnected and socially networked, through blogrolls, comments, [[linkback]]s (refbacks, trackbacks or pingbacks), and backlinks. Discussions "in the blogosphere" were occasionally used by the media as a gauge of public opinion on various issues. Because new, untapped communities of bloggers and their readers can emerge in the space of a few years, [[Internet marketing|Internet marketers]] pay close attention to "trends in the blogosphere".<ref>See for instance:
*{{cite news | last = Mesure | first = Susie | title = Is it a diary? Is it an ad? No, it's a mummy blog | work = The Independent | date = August 23, 2009 | page = 11 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/is-it-a-diary-is-it-an-ad-its-a-mummy-blog-1776163.html | access-date = October 10, 2009 | ___location=London |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101229060014/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/is-it-a-diary-is-it-an-ad-its-a-mummy-blog-1776163.html |archive-date=
;[[List of search engines#Blog|Blog search engines]]: Several blog search engines have been used to search blog contents, such as [[Bloglines]] (defunct), [[BlogScope]] (defunct), and [[Technorati]] (defunct).
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*'''2006:''' Blogs are given rankings by [[Alexa Internet]] (web hits of Alexa Toolbar users), and formerly by blog search engine [[Technorati]] based on the number of incoming links (Technorati stopped doing this in 2014). In August 2006, Technorati found that the most linked-to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress [[Xu Jinglei]].<ref name="Fickling">Fickling, David, [http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2006/08/15/internet_killed_the_tv_star.html Internet killed the TV star], ''[[The Guardian]]'' NewsBlog, August 15, 2006</ref> Chinese media [[Xinhua]] reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world at the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-08/24/content_672747.htm|title=Xu Jinglei most popular blogger in world|date=August 24, 2006|access-date=June 5, 2008|newspaper=China Daily}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2021}} Technorati rated [[Boing Boing]] to be the most-read group-written blog.<ref name="Fickling"/>
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[[Gartner]] forecast that blogging would peak in 2007, leveling off when the number of writers who maintain a personal Web site reaches 100 million. Gartner analysts expected that the novelty value of the medium will wear off as most people who are interested in the phenomenon have checked it out, and new bloggers will offset the number of writers who would later abandon their creation out of boredom. The firm estimated that there are more than 200
*'''2008:''' {{as of|2008}}, blogging had "become such a mania that a new blog was created every second of every minute of every hour of every day."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keen|first1=Andrew|title=The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet Is Killing Our Culture|date=2008|publisher=Nicholas Brealey Publishing|___location=New York|isbn=978-1857885200|page=3}}</ref> Researchers have actively analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e., blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, [[permalink]]s can boost popularity more quickly and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls since they denote that people are reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.<ref>Marlow, C. [http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf Audience, structure and authority in the weblog community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928143757/http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf |date=September 28, 2011 }}. Presented at the [[International Communication Association]] Conference, May 2004, New Orleans, LA.</ref>
==Software==
Blogs are a form of websites and can therefore be created via the same software as can be used for creating websites. Many people use managed platforms such as [[Medium (website)]] or [[Substack]]. These platforms have built-in support for many features such as previewing posts, [[paywalls]], and [[newsletters]]. Other people self-host their website via [[open source]] software such as [[WordPress]] or [[static site generator]]s such as [[Hugo (software)]] or [[Jekyll (software)]].
==Blurring with the mass media==
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In general, attempts by employee bloggers to protect themselves by maintaining anonymity have proved ineffective.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/catherine_sanderson/2007/04/blogger_beware.html|last=Sanderson
| first=Cathrine|title=Blogger beware!|work=The Guardian|date=April 2, 2007|access-date=April 2, 2007 | ___location=London}}</ref> In 2009, a controversial and landmark decision by [[David Eady|The Hon. Mr Justice Eady]] refused to grant an order to protect the anonymity of [[Richard Horton (blogger)|Richard Horton]].
[[Delta Air Lines]] fired [[flight attendant]] [[Ellen Simonetti]] because she posted photographs of herself in uniform on an aeroplane and because of comments posted on her blog "Queen of Sky: Diary of a Flight Attendant" which the employer deemed inappropriate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3974081.stm|last=Twist|first=Jo|title=US Blogger Fired by her Airline|publisher=BBC News|date=November 3, 2004|access-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2005-09-08-delta-blog_x.htm|title=Delta employee fired for blogging sues airline|work=[[USA Today]]|date=September 8, 2005|access-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref> This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression versus employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/03/airline_blogger_sacked/|title=Queen of the Sky gets marching orders|website=The Register|date=November 3, 2004|access-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref> The suit was postponed while Delta was in bankruptcy proceedings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twelfth Omnibus Claims Objection|url=http://themarketingheaven.com/Twelfth_OmnibusClaimsObjection.pdf|access-date=July 8, 2014}}</ref>
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===Political dangers===
{{see also|Political repression of cyber-dissidents}}
Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. In some countries, [[Internet police]] or [[secret police]] may monitor blogs and arrest blog authors or commentators. Blogs can be much harder to control than broadcast or print media because a person can create a blog whose authorship is hard to trace by using anonymity technology such as [[Tor (network)|Tor]]. As a result, [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] and
In Singapore, two ethnic Chinese individuals were [[imprisoned]] under the country's [[Sedition Act (Singapore)|anti-sedition law]] for posting [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] remarks in their blogs.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kierkegaard|first=Sylvia|author-link=Sylvia Kierkegaard|year=2006|doi=10.1016/j.clsr.2006.01.002|title=Blogs, lies and the doocing: The next hotbed of litigation?|journal=Computer Law & Security Report|volume=22|issue=2|page=127 |issn=0267-3649}}</ref> Egyptian blogger [[Kareem Amer]] was charged with insulting the Egyptian president [[Hosni Mubarak]] and an [[Islam]]ic [[Al-Azhar University|institution]] through his blog. It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in [[Alexandria]], the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting [[Islam]] and inciting sedition and one year for insulting Mubarak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6385849.stm|title=Egypt blogger jailed for insult|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=February 22, 2007|access-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref> Egyptian blogger Abdel Monem Mahmoud was arrested in April 2007 for anti-government writings in his blog. Monem is a member of the then banned [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. After the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]], the Egyptian blogger [[Maikel Nabil Sanad]] was charged with insulting the military for an article he wrote on his personal blog and sentenced to three years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/15/hunger-strike-egyptian-pr_n_963916.html |title=Maikel Nabil Sanad, On Hunger Strike in Egypt, Is Dying |work=HuffPost |date= September 15, 2011|access-date=December 29, 2011 |first=Saki |last=Knafo}}</ref>
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