Code-switching: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Changing between languages during a single conversation}}

{{About|alternating between two or more languages in speech}}

{{distinguish|Plurilingualism|Situational code-switching}}

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* {{em|Intra-word switching}} occurs ''within'' a word itself, such as at a [[morpheme]] boundary.<ref name="Types" /> In [[Shona language|Shona]]-English switching one could say, "But ''ma''-day-s ''a-no a-ya ha-ndi-si ku-mu-on-a.'' ("But ''these'' days ''I don't see him much.''") Here the English plural morpheme -''s'' appears alongside the Shona prefix ''ma''-, which also marks plurality.<ref name="Winford" />

Most code-switching studies primarily focus on intra-sentential switching, asbecause it creates many hybrid grammargrammatical structures that require explanation. TheBy contrast, the other types typically involve utterances that simply follow the grammar of onea single language. orWithin the other. Intraintra-sentential switching, cantwo major patterns are commonly bedistinguished: alternational orand insertional. In alternational code-switching, a new mixed grammar emerges that iscombines a combination of the grammarselements of the two languages involved. InsertionalIn insertional code-switching, involvesby "the insertion ofcontrast, elements from one language are inserted into the morphosyntactic frame of the other."<ref name="Winford" /> Corroborating this typology, recent empirical work on social-media conversations reports that insertional code-mixing predominates, followed by congruent lexicalization and alternation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aburqayiq |first1=Asma Mohammad Hussein |last2=Altakhaineh |first2=Abdel Rahman Mitib |last3=Alsariera |first3=Anas Hashem |date=26 April 2025 |title=Code-mixing between Arabic and English among Jordanians on social media |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2025.2491705 |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1080/23311886.2025.2491705|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A {{em|portmanteau sentence}} is a particular type of intrasentential code-switching. It is a hybrid involving structures from two different languages in one sentence<ref name="Azuma-1990" />{{rp|199}} in which an item in one language is used as a bridge between portions of the sentence in languages which have differing [[word order|word order typologies]].<ref name="Azuma-1990">{{cite book |editor1-last=Hoji |editor1-first=Hajime |editor2-last=Clancy |editor2-first=Patricia |last1=Azuma |first1=Shoji |title=Japanese/Korean Linguistics: Volume 2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5tVDKFqZscC&pg=PA193 |year=1990 |publisher=Center for the Study of Language (CSLI) |isbn=978-1-881526-14-8 |chapter=Word Order vs. Word Class: Portmanteau Sentences in Bilinguals}}</ref>{{rp|193–194}} It is more of a "syntactic blend" than the kind of lexical blend one sees in [[portmanteau word]]s such as ''smog''.<ref name="Chan-2015">{{cite journal |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |last=Chan |first=Brian Hok-Shing |title=Portmanteau Constructions, Phrase Structure, and Linearization |issn=1664-1078 |volume=6 |date=21 December 2015 |page=1851 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01851 |pmid=26733894 |pmc=4685654 |quote=The term "portmanteau" is supposed to refer to "blends" originally (e.g., "smog" that is blended from "smoke" and "fog"). Portmanteau constructions in code-switching obviously do not refer to such lexical blends but they are more like "syntactic blends" (e.g., SVOV is blended from SVO and SOV).|doi-access=free }}; anthologized in: {{cite book |editor1-last=Alexiadou |editor1-first=Artemis |editor2-last=Lohndal |editor2-first=Terje |title=The Grammar of Multilingualism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8G0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |date=31 October 2016 |publisher=Frontiers Media SA |isbn=978-2-88945-012-1 |page=99}}</ref>