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The [[Form factor (design)|form factor]] and electrical interface are specified by a [[multi-source agreement]] (MSA) under the auspices of the [[Small Form Factor Committee]].<ref name="sfpmsa"/> The SFP replaced the larger [[gigabit interface converter]] (GBIC) in most applications, and has been referred to as a '''Mini-GBIC''' by some vendors.<ref name="Cisco MGBSX1"/>
SFP transceivers exist supporting [[synchronous optical networking]] (SONET), [[Gigabit Ethernet]], [[Fibre Channel]], [[Passive optical network|PON]], and other communications standards. At introduction, typical speeds were {{nowrap|1
A slightly larger sibling is the four-lane '''Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable''' ('''QSFP'''). The additional lanes allow for speeds 4 times their corresponding SFP.
Both a '''SFP-DD''',<ref name="SFP-DD MSA"/> which allows for {{nowrap|100
An
==SFP types==
SFP transceivers are available with a variety of transmitter and receiver specifications, allowing users to select the appropriate transceiver for each link to provide the required ''optical'' or ''electrical reach'' over the available media type (e.g. [[twisted pair]] or [[Twinaxial cabling|twinaxial]] copper cables, [[multi-mode]] or [[single-mode]] fiber cables). Transceivers are also designated by their transmission speed. SFP modules are commonly available in several different categories.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:
|+ Comparison of SFP types
|-
! Name
! Nominal <br/>speed
! Lanes
! Standard
! Introduced
! Backward
! [[PHY#Ethernet physical transceiver|PHY]] interface
! Connector
|-
| align="left" | SFP
| {{nowrap|100
| 1
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] INF-8074i
| 2001-05-01
| {{n/a|None}}
| MII
| LC, RJ45
|-
| align="left" | SFP
| {{nowrap|1
| 1
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] INF-8074i
| 2001-05-01
| {{nowrap|100
| SGMII
| LC, RJ45
|-
| align="left" | cSFP
| {{nowrap|1
| 2
|
Line 61:
|-
| align="left" |SFP+
| {{nowrap|10
| 1
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] SFF-8431 4.1
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|-
| align="left" | SFP28
| {{nowrap|25
| 1
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] SFF-8402
Line 79:
|-
| align="left" | SFP56
| {{nowrap|50
| 1
|
Line 88:
|-
| align="left" | SFP-DD
| {{nowrap|100
| 2
| rowspan="3" | SFP-DD MSA<ref name=sfp-dd.spec/>
Line 97:
|-
| align="left" | SFP112
| {{nowrap|100
| 1
| 2018-01-26
Line 105:
|-
| align="left" | SFP-DD112
| {{nowrap|200
| 2
| 2018-01-26
Line 115:
|-
| align="left" | QSFP
| {{nowrap|4
| 4
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] INF-8438
| 2006-11-01
| {{n/a|None}}
| GMII
|
|-
| align="left" | QSFP+
| {{nowrap|40
| 4
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] SFF-8436
| 2012-04-01
| {{n/a|None}}
| XGMII
| LC, MTP/MPO
|-
| align="left" | QSFP28
| {{nowrap|50
| 2
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] SFF-8665
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|-
| align="left" | QSFP28
| {{nowrap|100
| 4
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] SFF-8665
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|-
| align="left" | QSFP56
| {{nowrap|200
| 4
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] SFF-8665
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|-
| align="left" | QSFP112
| {{nowrap|400
| 4
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] SFF-8665
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|-
| align="left" | QSFP-DD
| {{nowrap|400
| 8
| [[Small Form Factor Committee|SFF]] INF-8628
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|
| LC, {{nowrap|MTP/MPO-16}}
|}
Note that the QSFP/QSFP+/QSFP28/QSFP56 are designed to be electrically backward compatible with SFP/SFP+/SFP28 or SFP56 respectively. Using a simple adapter or a special direct attached cable it is possible to connect those interfaces together using just one lane instead of four provided by the QSFP/QSFP+/QSFP28/QSFP56 form factor. The same applies to the QSFP-DD form factor with 8 lanes which can work downgraded to 4/2/1 lanes.
=== {{nowrap|100 Mbit/s}} SFP ===
<!--Information below would probably be better presented as a table-->
<!--https://members.snia.org/document/dl/26184-->
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* Multi-mode fiber, [[LC connector]], with '''{{fontcolour|blue|#f1f5fc|blue}}''' color coding
** '''[[Fast Ethernet#100BASE-FX|FX]]''' {{snd}}1300 nm, for a distance up to 5 km.
** '''[[Fast Ethernet#100BASE-LFX|LFX]]'''
* Single-mode fiber, LC connector, with '''{{fontcolour|blue|#f1f5fc|blue}}''' color coding
** '''[[Fast Ethernet#100BASE-LX|LX]]'''{{snd}}1310 nm, for distances up to 10 km
Line 201 ⟶ 200:
** [[100BASE-TX]]{{snd}} for distances up to 100m.
=== {{nowrap|1 Gbit/s}} SFP ===
<!--Information below would probably be better presented as a table-->
* 1 to 1.{{nowrap|25 Gbit/s}} multi-mode fiber, [[LC connector]], with black or beige extraction lever<ref name="sfpmsa"/>
** '''SX'''{{snd}}850 nm, for a maximum of 550 m at 1.{{nowrap|25
* 1 to 1.{{nowrap|25 Gbit/s}} multi-mode fiber, [[LC connector]], extraction lever colors not
** '''SX+/MX/LSX/LX'''
* 1 to 2.{{nowrap|5 Gbit/s}} single-mode fiber, LC connector, with blue extraction lever<ref name="sfpmsa"/>
** '''LX'''{{snd}}1310 nm, for distances up to 10 km (originally, '''LX''' just covered 5 km and '''LX10''' for 10 km followed later)
** '''EX'''{{snd}}1310 nm, for distances up to 40 km
** '''ZX'''{{snd}}1550 nm, for distances up to 80 km (depending on fiber path loss), with green extraction lever (see GLC-ZX-SM1)
** '''EZX'''{{snd}}1550 nm, for distances up to 160 km (depending on fiber path loss)
** '''BX''' (officially '''BX10'''){{snd}}1490 nm/1310 nm, Single Fiber Bi-Directional Gigabit SFP Transceivers, paired as '''BX-U''' and '''BX-D''' for uplink and downlink respectively, also for distances up to 10 km.<ref>{{citation|title=Single Fiber Bidirectional SFP Transceiver|url=http://www.interlinkweb.com/systemics/assets/product_images/mrv/MRV-OP-SFPB_A4_HI-1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419114354/http://www.interlinkweb.com/systemics/assets/product_images/mrv/MRV-OP-SFPB_A4_HI-1.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-19|publisher=MRV}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://yamasakiot.com/yamasaki-sfp-transceivers |title=Gigabit Bidirectional SFPs |publisher=Yamasaki Optical Technology}}</ref>
** 1550 nm 40 km ('''XD'''), 80 km ('''ZX'''), 120 km ('''EX''' or '''EZX''')
** '''SFSW'''{{snd}}single-fiber single-wavelength transceivers, for bi-directional traffic on a single fiber. Coupled with CWDM, these double the traffic density of fiber links.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/2002/09/single-fiber-single-wavelength-gigabit-transceivers-53448792.html|title=Single-fiber single-wavelength gigabit transceivers |access-date=2002-09-05 |work=Lightwave|date=September 5, 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gigalight.com.cn/solutions/&FrontComContent_list01-12987118519831ContId=3878029b-493c-4e70-b97c-766776c55cd0&comContentId=3878029b-493c-4e70-b97c-766776c55cd0&comp_stats=comp-FrontComContent_list01-12987118519831.html |title=The principle of Single Wavelength BiDi Transceiver |publisher=Gigalight |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403232845/http://www.gigalight.com.cn/solutions/%26FrontComContent_list01-12987118519831ContId%3D3878029b-493c-4e70-b97c-766776c55cd0%26comContentId%3D3878029b-493c-4e70-b97c-766776c55cd0%26comp_stats%3Dcomp-FrontComContent_list01-12987118519831.html |archive-date=2014-04-03 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
** [[Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing]] (CWDM) and [[dense wavelength-division multiplexing]] (DWDM) transceivers at various wavelengths achieve various maximum distances. CWDM and DWDM transceivers usually support link distances of 40, 80 and 120 km.
* {{nowrap|1 Gbit/s}} for copper twisted-pair cabling, [[RJ45 (telecommunications)|8P8C]] (RJ-45) connector
** [[1000BASE-T]]{{snd}}these modules incorporate significant interface circuitry for [[Physical Coding Sublayer]] recoding<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.vitesse.com/products/download.php?fid=295&number=VSC8211 |title=VSC8211 media converter/physical layer specification}}</ref> and can be used only for [[gigabit Ethernet]] because of the specific line code. They are not compatible with (or rather: do not have equivalents for) [[Fibre Channel]] or SONET. Unlike most non-SFP, copper 1000BASE-T ports integrated into most routers and switches, 1000BASE-T SFPs usually cannot operate at [[100BASE-TX]] speeds.
* {{nowrap|100 Mbit/s}} copper and optical{{snd}}some vendors have shipped {{nowrap|100
* Although it is not mentioned in any official specification document the maximum data rate of the original SFP standard is {{nowrap|5
*In recent years,{{when|date=January 2020}} SFP transceivers have been created that will allow [[2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T|2.{{nowrap|5
==={{anchor|SFP+}}{{nowrap|10 Gbit/s}} SFP+<!--[[Enhanced small form-factor pluggable transceiver]] redirects here-->===
[[File:10_Gbit_XFP_and_SFP_transceivers.jpg|thumb|350px|right|A [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]] [[XFP transceiver]], ''top'', and a SFP+ transceiver, ''bottom'']]
The '''SFP+''' ('''enhanced small form-factor pluggable''') is an enhanced version of the SFP that supports data rates up to 16 [[Gbit/s]]. The SFP+ specification was first published on May 9, 2006, and version 4.1 was published on July 6, 2009.<ref name="spec">{{cite web|url=https://members.snia.org/document/dl/25891|title=SFF-8431 Specifications for Enhanced Small Form Factor Pluggable Module SFP+ Revision 4.1|date=July 6, 2009|access-date=2023-09-25}}</ref> SFP+ supports {{nowrap|8
|title = Roadmaps
|url = https://fibrechannel.org/roadmap/
Line 234 ⟶ 233:
SFP+ also introduces [[10 Gigabit Ethernet#SFP+ direct attach|direct attach]] for connecting two SFP+ ports without dedicated transceivers. Direct attach cables (DAC) exist in passive (up to 7 m), active (up to 15 m), and active optical (AOC, up to 100 m) variants.
{{nowrap|10
SFP+ modules can be described as ''limiting'' or ''linear'' types; this describes the functionality of the inbuilt electronics. Limiting SFP+ modules include a signal amplifier to re-shape the (degraded) received signal whereas linear ones do not. Linear modules are mainly used with the low bandwidth standards such as [[10 Gigabit Ethernet#10GBASE-LRM|10GBASE-LRM]]; otherwise, limiting modules are preferred.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lightwaveonline.com/general/the-road-to-sfp-examining-module-and-system-architectures-54884162.html |title=The road to SFP+: Examining module and system architectures |date= January 22, 2008 |author= Ryan Latchman and Bharat Tailor |work= Lightwave |access-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128011127/http://www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/2008/01/the-road-to-sfp-examining-module-and-system-architectures-54884162.html |archive-date=2013-01-28 }}</ref>
=== {{nowrap|25 Gbit/s}} SFP28 ===
SFP28 is a {{nowrap|25
SFP28 modules exist supporting single-<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://global-sei.com/company/press/2016/03/prs022.html|title=SFP28 LR 1310 nm transceivers}}</ref> or multi-mode<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smartoptics.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/SO-SFP28-SR-R4.0.pdf|title=SFP28 850 nm example product}}</ref> fiber connections, active optical cable<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mellanox.com/related-docs/prod_cables/PB_MFA2P10-Axxx_SFP25G-AOCxxM-TG_25GbE_SFP28_AOC.pdf |title=25GbE SFP28 Active Optical Cable |publisher=Mellanox |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> and direct attach copper.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-briefs/ethernet-sfp28-cables-brief.pdf |title=Intel Ethernet SFP28 Twinaxial Cables |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/transceiver-modules/datasheet-c78-736950.pdf|title=Cisco SFP28 direct attach cables}}</ref>
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* QSFP-DD: {{val|400|u=Gbit/s}}/{{val|200|u=Gbit/s}} (8 × {{val|50|u=Gbit/s}} and 8 × {{val|25|u=Gbit/s}})<ref>SFF INF-8628</ref>
* QSFP-DD800 (formerly QSFP-DD112): {{val|800|u=Gbit/s}} (8 × {{val|112|u=Gbit/s}})<ref name=qsfp-dd.msa/>
* QSFP-DD1600 (Draft) {{val|1.6|u=Tbit/s}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qsfp-dd.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/QSFP-DD-Hardware-Rev7.1.pdf |title=QSFP-DD MSA |date=2024-07-25 |access-date=2024-08-15}}</ref>
== QSFP ==
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''Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable'' (''QSFP'') transceivers are available with a variety of transmitter and receiver types, allowing users to select the appropriate transceiver for each link to provide the required ''optical reach'' over [[multi-mode fiber|multi-mode]] or [[single-mode fiber]].
; {{nowrap|4 Gbit/s}}: The original QSFP document specified four channels carrying [[Gigabit Ethernet]], 4GFC ([[FiberChannel]]), or DDR [[InfiniBand]].<ref name="inf8438">{{cite web|url=http://ftp.seagate.com/sff/INF-8438.PDF|title=QSFP Public Specification (INF-8438)|last1=SFF Committee|publisher=SFF Committee|page=12|access-date=2016-06-22}}</ref>
; {{nowrap|40 Gbit/s}} (QSFP+): QSFP+ is an evolution of QSFP to support four {{nowrap|10
; {{nowrap|50 Gbit/s}} (QSFP14): The QSFP14 standard is designed to carry FDR [[InfiniBand]], [[Serial Attached SCSI|SAS-3]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=SFF Committee|title=QSFP+ 14 Gb/s 4X Pluggable Transceiver Solution (QSFP14)|url=http://ftp.seagate.com/sff/SFF-8685.PDF|access-date=2016-06-22|page=5}}</ref> or 16G Fibre Channel.
; {{nowrap|100 Gbit/s}} (QSFP28): The QSFP28 standard<ref name="sff-8665" />
; {{nowrap|200 Gbit/s}} (QSFP56): QSFP56 is designed to carry [[200 Gigabit Ethernet]], HDR [[InfiniBand]], or 64G Fibre Channel. The biggest enhancement is that QSFP56 uses four-level pulse-amplitude modulation ([[PAM-4]]) instead of [[non-return-to-zero]] (NRZ). It uses the same physical specifications as QSFP28 (SFF-8665), with electrical specifications from SFF-8024<ref name="sff-8024">{{cite web|url=https://members.snia.org/document/dl/26423|title=SFF-8024: Management Interface for Cabled Environments|date=2019-02-14|publisher=SNIA SFF Committee|access-date=2019-04-04|version=4.6}}</ref> and revision 2.10a of SFF-8636.<ref name="sff-8636r2.9.2draft">{{cite web|url=https://members.snia.org/document/dl/26418|title=Management Interface for 4-lane Modules and Cables|date=2019-09-24|series=SFF-8636|publisher=SNIA SFF Committee|access-date=2019-10-11|edition=Rev 2.10a}}</ref> Sometimes this transceiver type is referred to as ''200G QSFP''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arista.com/assets/data/pdf/Datasheets/Arista-400G_Optics_FAQ.pdf|title=Arista 400G Transceivers and Cables: Q&A|website=www.arista.com|publisher=Arista Networks, Inc.|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> for sake of simplicity.
Switch and router manufacturers implementing QSFP+ ports in their products frequently allow for the use of a single QSFP+ port as four independent [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]] connections, greatly increasing port density. For example, a typical 24-port QSFP+ [[19-inch rack|1U]] switch would be able to service 96x10GbE connections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/switches/nexus-5624q-switch/datasheet-c78-733100.html|title=Cisco Nexus 5600 specifications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.finisar.com/active-optical-cables/fcbn510qe2cxx|title=Finisar 4 x 10GbE fanout QSFP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arista.com/assets/data/pdf/40G_FAQ.pdf|title=Arista 40Gb port to 4 x 10GbE breakout}}</ref> There also exist fanout cables to adapt a single QSFP28 port to four independent [[25 Gigabit Ethernet]] SFP28 ports (QSFP28-to-4×SFP28)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prolabs.com/products/direct-attach-cables/msa_standard/QSFP28-SFP28/QSFP28-4XSFP28-DAC-3M-NC/|title=QSFP28-to-SFP28 breakout}}</ref> as well as cables to adapt a single QSFP56 port to four independent [[50 Gigabit Ethernet]] SFP56 ports (QSFP56-to-4×SFP56).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.te.com/usa-en/product-4-2334236-1.html|title=QSFP56 : 4-2334236-1 Pluggable I/O Cable Assemblies|website=TE Connectivity}}</ref>
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SFP sockets are found in [[Ethernet switch]]es, routers, firewalls and [[network interface card]]s. They are used in Fibre Channel [[host adapter]]s and storage equipment. Because of their low cost, low profile, and ability to provide a connection to different types of optical fiber, SFP provides such equipment with enhanced flexibility.
SFP sockets and transceivers are also used for long-distance [[serial digital interface]] (SDI) transmission.<ref>{{Cite book |title=For Television — Serial Digital Fiber Transmission System for SMPTE 259M, SMPTE 344M, SMPTE 292 and SMPTE 424M Signals |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7290552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903063328/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7290552/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=2024-01-15 |doi=10.5594/SMPTE.ST297.2006 |isbn=978-1-61482-435-0 }}</ref>
==Standardization==
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[[Image:SFP-side.jpg|thumb|right|Side view of SFP module. Depth, the longest dimension, is {{convert|56.5|mm|abbr=on}}.]]
The physical dimensions of the SFP transceiver (and its subsequent faster variants) are narrower than the later QSFP counterparts, which allows for SFP transceivers to be placed in QSFP ports via an inexpensive adapter.
{| class="wikitable"
| |||