Oz (programming language): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Multiparadigm programming language}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

{{Infobox programming language

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}}

'''Oz''' is a [[multiparadigm programming language]], developed in the Programming Systems Lab at [[Université catholique de Louvain]], for programming -language education. It has a canonical textbook: [[Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming]].

Oz was first designed by Gert Smolka and his students in 1991. In 1996, development of Oz continued in cooperation with the research group of Seif Haridi and Peter Van Roy at the [[Swedish Institute of Computer Science]]. Since 1999, Oz has been continually developed by an international group, the Mozart Consortium, which originally consisted of [[Saarland University]], the [[Swedish Institute of Computer Science]], and the [[Université catholique de Louvain]]. In 2005, the responsibility for managing Mozart development was transferred to a core group, the Mozart Board, with the express purpose of opening Mozart development to a larger community.

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==Language features==

Oz<ref name="Oz programming model">

{{cite journalbook

| author = Gert Smolka

| title = TheComputer OzScience Programming ModelToday

| chapter = The Oz Programming Model

|journal series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science

| volume = 1000

| year= 1995

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| doi = 10.1007/BFb0015252

| isbn = 978-3-540-60105-0

| chapter-url= https://www.ps.uni-saarland.de/Publications/documents/Vol1000.pdf}}

</ref> contains most of the concepts of the major [[programming paradigm]]s, including logic, functional (both [[lazy evaluation]] and [[eager evaluation]]), imperative, object-oriented, constraint, distributed, and concurrent programming. Oz has both a simple formal semantics (see chapter 13 of the book mentioned below) and {{Citation needed-span|date=June 2007|text=an efficient implementation.}} Oz is a [[Concurrency (computer science)|concurrency]]-oriented language, as the term was introduced by Joe Armstrong, the main designer of the [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang language]]. A concurrency-oriented language makes concurrency easy to use and efficient. Oz supports a canonical [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) language QTk.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mozart-oz.org/home/doc/mozart-stdlib/wp/qtk/html/ |title=QTk |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520060646/http://www.mozart-oz.org/home/doc/mozart-stdlib/wp/qtk/html/ |archive-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=deadusurped }}</ref>

In addition to multi-paradigm programming, the major strengths of Oz are in [[constraint programming]] and [[distributed programming]]. Due to its factored design, Oz is able to successfully implement a network-transparent distributed programming model. This model makes it easy to program open, [[Fault tolerance|fault-tolerant]] applications within the language. For constraint programming, Oz introduces the idea of ''computation spaces'', which allow user-defined search and distribution strategies [[Orthogonal#Computer science|orthogonal]] to the constraint ___domain.

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| url= https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/lexical.pdf

|journal=Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics

|volume= 9|issue= 3, Systems and Languages |date=Sep 2000|pages=491–508}}|doi=10.1080/10618600.2000.10474895

}}

</ref>

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</syntaxhighlight>

Because of the way dataflow variables work, it is possible to put threads anywhere in a program and guaranteed that it will have the same result. This makes concurrent programming very easy. Threads are very cheap: it is possible to have 100,000 threads running at once.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mozart-oz.org/documentation/tutorial/node8.html#chapter.concurrency |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224185115/http://www.mozart-oz.org/documentation/tutorial/node8.html#chapter.concurrency |archive-date=24 February 2015 |url-status=deadusurped }}</ref>

===Example: Trial division sieve===

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=== State and objects ===

It is again possible to extend the declarative model to support state and [[object-oriented programming]] with very simple semantics. To create a new mutable data structure called Cells:

<syntaxhighlight lang="erlang">

local A X in

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</syntaxhighlight>

With these simple semantic changes, the whole object-oriented paradigm can be supported. With a little [[syntactic sugar]], OOP becomes well integrated in Oz.

<syntaxhighlight lang="erlangvisualprolog">

class Counter

attr val

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* [http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/moz/moz2004.html ''Multiparadigm Programming in Mozart/Oz: Proceedings of MOZ 2004'']: Conference which gives a snapshot of the work being done with Mozart/Oz

* [http://people.cis.ksu.edu/~xou/505f10/slides/oz.pdf Programming in Oz]

* [httphttps://strasheela.sourceforge.net/strasheela/doc/01-Basics.html Oz Basics]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oz (programming language)}}