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Line 1: {{Short description\|Esoteric programming language}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}} {{For\|syntactically significant whitespace in non-esoteric programming languages\|Off-side rule}} [[File:Whitespace in vim2.png\|right\|206px\|thumb\|Whitespace [[hello world program]] with syntax highlighting {{legend\|#0000ab\|tabs}} {{legend\|#ab0000\|spaces}}]] <!-- make SVG file --> '''Whitespace''' is an [[esoteric programming language\|esoteric]] [[programming language]] with [[syntax]] where ''only'' [[whitespace characters]] ([[Space character\|space]], [[Tab character\|tab]] and [[newline]]) have meaning {{endash}} contrasting typical languages that largely ignore whitespace characters. '''Whitespace''' is an [[esoteric programming language]] developed by Edwin Brady and Chris Morris at the [[University of Durham]] (also developers of the [[Kaya (programming language)\|Kaya]] and [[Idris (programming language)\|Idris]] programming languages). It was released on 1 April 2003 ([[April Fool's Day]]). Its name is a reference to [[whitespace character]]s. Unlike most programming languages, which ignore or assign little meaning to most whitespace characters, the Whitespace interpreter ignores any non-whitespace characters. Only [[Space character\|spaces]], [[Tab character\|tabs]] and [[linefeed]]s have meaning.<ref name="whitespace">{{cite web\|url=http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/tutorial.php\|title=Whitespace\|website=Compsoc\|access-date=2015-12-08\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618184706/http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/tutorial.php\|archive-date=18 June 2015}}</ref> A consequence of this property is that a Whitespace program can easily be contained within the whitespace characters of a program written in another language, except possibly in languages which depend on spaces for syntax validity such as [[Python (programming language)\|Python]], making the text a [[polyglot (computing)\|polyglot]]. <ref name="whitespace">{{cite web\|url=http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/tutorial.php\|title=Whitespace\|website=Compsoc\|access-date=2015-12-08\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618184706/http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/tutorial.php\|archive-date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=parker>{{cite book\|title=Humble Pi: a comedy of maths errors\|publisher=Allen Lane\|date=2019\|first=Matt\|last=Parker\|author-link=Matt Parker\|ISBN=978-0-241-36023-1\|page=21}}</ref> As a consequence of its syntax, Whitespace [[source code]] can be contained within the whitespace of code written in a language that ignores whitespace {{endash}} making the text a [[polyglot (computing)\|polyglot]].<ref name=parker /> The [[programming language\|language]] itself is an [[imperative programming\|imperative]] [[stack-based language]]. The [[virtual machine]] on which the programs run has a stack and a [[dynamic memory allocation\|heap]]. The programmer is free to push arbitrary-width integers onto the stack (currently there is no implementation of floating point numbers) and can also access the heap as a permanent store for variables and [[data structure]]s. Whitespace is an [[imperative programming\|imperative]], [[stack-oriented programming\|stack-based]] language. The programmer can push arbitrary-width [[integer]] values onto a [[Stack (abstract data type)\|stack]] and access a [[dynamic memory allocation\|heap]] to store data. An [[Interpreter (computing)\|interpreter]], along with its [[Haskell]] source code, is provided by the Whitespace creators. == History == Whitespace was created by Edwin Brady and Chris Morris in 2002. [[Slashdot]] gave a review of this [[programming language]] on 1 April 2003.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://developers.slashdot.org/story/03/04/01/0332202/New-Whitespace-Only-Programming-Language \|title=New Whitespace-Only Programming Language \|date=2003-04-01 \|website=Slashdot \|author=Timothy \|access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref>▼ Edwin Brady and Chris Morris, who also developed the Kaya and [[Idris (programming language)\|Idris]] languages, created Whitespace in 2002 at the [[University of Durham]]. ▲~~Whitespace was created by Edwin Brady and Chris Morris in 2002.~~ [[Slashdot]] ~~gave~~published a review ~~of this~~on [[~~programming~~April Fool's ~~language~~Day]] ~~on 1 April~~ 2003.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://developers.slashdot.org/story/03/04/01/0332202/New-Whitespace-Only-Programming-Language \|title=New Whitespace-Only Programming Language \|date=2003-04-01 \|website=Slashdot \|author=Timothy \|access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> The idea of using whitespace characters as operators for the [[C++]] language had been facetiously suggested five years earlier by [[Bjarne Stroustrup]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.stroustrup.com/whitespace98.pdf \|title=Generalizing Overloading for C++2000 \|first=Bjarne \|last=Stroustrup \|publisher=AT&T Labs \|___location=Florham Park, NJ, USA \|access-date=2014-01-23}}</ref> == Syntax == Commands are composed of sequences of spaces, tab stops and linefeeds. For example, tab-space-space-space performs arithmetic addition of the top two elements on the stack.▼ Data is represented in [[Binary code\|binary]] using spaces (0) and tabs (1), followed by a linefeed; thus, tab-space-space-tab-space-tab-tab-linefeed is the binary number 1001011, which is 75 in decimal. All other characters are ignored and thus can be used for comments. ▲~~Commands~~Whitespace ~~are~~defines ~~composed~~a ofcommand ~~sequences~~as ofa ~~spaces,~~sequence ~~tab stops~~of ~~and~~whitespace ~~linefeeds~~characters. For example, ~~tab-space-space-space~~<code>[Tab][Space][Space][Space]</code> performs arithmetic addition of the top two elements on the stack. ~~The sign of a number is given by its first character, [Space] for positive and [Tab] for negative.<ref name="whitespace" />~~ A command is written as an instruction modification parameter (IMP) followed by an operation and then any parameters. <ref name="whitespace" /> IMP sequences include: ~~Code is written as an ''Instruction Modification Parameter'' (IMP) followed by the operation.<ref name="whitespace" /> The table below shows a list of all the IMPs in Whitespace.~~ {\| class="wikitable" \|- Line 34 ⟶ 45: \|} ~~Each~~Operator ~~IMP~~sequences, ~~is followed~~organized by ~~one operation defined for that~~ IMP, ~~and a parameter if needed. The list of operations supported in Whitespace is~~include:<ref name="whitespace"/> {\| class="wikitable" \|- ! IMP !! ~~Command~~ Operator !! Parameter !! Meaning !Minimum size of the stack required* \|- \| [Space] \|\| [Space] \|\| Number \|\| Push the number onto the stack \|0 \|- \| [Space] \|\| [LF][Space] \|\| - \|\| Duplicate the top item on the stack \|1 \|- \| [Space] \|\| [Tab][Space] \|\| Number ''n''\|\| Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack \|''n''+1 \|- \| [Space] \|\| [LF][Tab] \|\| - \|\| Swap the top two items on the stack \|2 \|- \| [Space] \|\| [LF][LF] \|\| - \|\| Discard the top item on the stack \|1 \|- \| [Space] \|\| [Tab][LF] \|\| Number ''n''\|\| Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item \|may be less than '''''n''+1''', but at least 1 item (top of the stack) is required \|- \| [Tab][Space] \|\| [Space][Space] \|\| - \|\| Addition \|2 \|- \| [Tab][Space] \|\| [Space][Tab] \|\| - \|\| Subtraction \|2 \|- \| [Tab][Space] \|\| [Space][LF] \|\| - \|\| Multiplication \|2 \|- \| [Tab][Space] \|\| [Tab][Space] \|\| - \|\| Integer ~~Division~~division \|2 (top may not be 0) \|- \| [Tab][Space] \|\| [Tab][Tab] \|\| - \|\|[[Modulo operation\|Modulo]] \|2 (top may not be 0) \|- \| [Tab][Tab] \|\| [Space] \|\| - \|\| Store in heap \|2 \|- \| [Tab][Tab] \|\| [Tab] \|\| - \|\| Retrieve from heap \|1 \|- \| [LF] \|\| [Space][Space] \|\| Label \|\| Mark a ___location in the program \|0 \|- \| [LF] \|\| [Space][Tab] \|\| Label \|\| Call a subroutine \|0 \|- \| [LF] \|\| [Space][LF] \|\| Label \|\| Jump to a label \|0 \|- \| [LF] \|\| [Tab][Space] \|\| Label \|\| Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero \|1 \|- \| [LF] \|\| [Tab][Tab] \|\| Label \|\| Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative \|1 \|- \| [LF] \|\| [Tab][LF] \|\| - \|\| End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller \|0 ''(callstack: 1)'' \|- \| [LF] \|\| [LF][LF] \|\| - \|\| End the program \|0 \|- \| [Tab][LF] \|\| [Space][Space] \|\| - \|\| Output the character at the top of the stack \|1 \|- \| [Tab][LF] \|\| [Space][Tab] \|\| - \|\| Output the number at the top of the stack \|1 \|- \| [Tab][LF] \|\| [Tab][Space] \|\| - \|\| Read a character and place it in the ___location given by the top of the stack \|1 \|- \| [Tab][LF] \|\| [Tab][Tab] \|\| - \|\| Read a number and place it in the ___location given by the top of the stack \|1 \|} <nowiki></nowiki>Due to Haskell being lazily evaluated, the effect of the stack being too small may only show when, for example, invoking the ''outputting a number'' side-effect. The "copy" and "slide" operations were added in Whitespace 0.3 and may not be supported by all implementations.<ref name="whitespace"/>▼ ▲<nowiki></nowiki>The "''copy"'' and "''slide"'' operations were added in Whitespace 0.3 ~~and may not be supported by all implementations~~.<ref name="whitespace" /> === Comments === Characters other than <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code> and <code>linefeed</code> are ignored and thus can be used for comments. === Numbers === A numeric value is represented as a sequence of <code>space</code> and <code>tab</code> characters that represent 0 and 1 respectively and terminated by a <code>linefeed</code>. The first character represents the [[Sign (mathematics)\|sign]] of the value {{endash}} <code>space</code> for positive and <code>tab</code> for negative. Subsequent characters before the terminator represent the binary digits of a value. For example: [space][tab][space][space][tab][space][tab][tab][linefeed] (STSSTSTTL) is positive since it starts with <code>space</code> and represents 1001011 in binary, which is 75 in decimal. * [tab][tab][tab][space][space][tab][space][linefeed] (TTTSSTSL) is negative since it starts with <code>tab</code> and represents -110010 in binary which is −50 in decimal. === Labels === A label is used for [[control flow]]. It is a <code>linefeed</code>-terminated sequence of <code>space</code>and <code>tab</code> characters. As there is only one namespace, all labels must be unique. <ref name="whitespace"/> ==Sample code== <!--NOTE: Please be careful when copying/editing the code below. Some user agents may automatically insert linefeed characters for text wrapping, which will cause the code to run incorrectly.--> The following is a commented Whitespace program that simply prints [[Hello world program\|"Hello, world!"]], where each <span style="color:#ffffff;background:#ff9999">Space</span>, <span style="color:#ffffff;background:#9999ff">Tab</span>, or Linefeed character is preceded by the identifying comment "S", "T", or "L", respectively: S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L T<span style="background:#9999ff"> </span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>S<span style="background:#ff9999"> </span>L L L ▼ The following source code is for a Whitespace [[Hello world program\|"Hello, world!"]] program. For clarity, it is annotated with <code>S</code>, <code>T</code> and <code>L</code> before each Note that when Whitespace source code is displayed in some browsers, the horizontal spacing produced by a tab character is not fixed, but depends on its ___location in the text relative to the next [[Tab key#HTML\|horizontal tab stop]]. Depending on the software, tab characters may also get replaced by the corresponding variable number of space characters.▼ <code><span style="color:#ffffff;background:#ff9999">space</span></code>, <code><span style="color:#ffffff;background:#9999ff">tab</span></code>, and <code>linefeed</code>. ~~==See also==~~ {{not a typo start}} * [[Polyglot (computing)\|Polyglot]], a program valid in more than one language ▲ S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>L:Push_+1001000=72='H'_onto_the_stack T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S:Output_'H';_S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L:Push_+1100101=101='e'_onto_the_stack T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S:Output_'e';_S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>L:+1101100=108='l' T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>L:+1101100=108='l' T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L:+1101111=111='o' T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>L:+101100=44=',' T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>L:+100000=32=Space T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L:+1110111=119='w' T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L:+1101111=111='o' T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>T<span 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T<span style="background:#9999ff">&#9Tab;</span>L S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>S<span style="background:#ff9999">~~ ~~{{sp}}</span>L:Output_'!';_L L L:End_the_program * [[Steganography]], the technique of concealing a message within another message {{not a typo end}} * [[Off-side rule#Off-side rule languages\|Off-side rule languages]], where blocks are expressed by whitespace indentation ▲~~Note that when~~When Whitespace source code is displayed in some browsers, the horizontal spacing produced by a tab character is not fixed, but depends on its ___location in the text relative to the next [[Tab key#HTML\|horizontal tab stop]]. Depending on the software, tab characters may also get replaced by the corresponding variable number of space characters. ** [[Python syntax and semantics#Indentation\|Python]], the best-known example of a language with syntactically significant whitespace * [[Esoteric programming language]]s▼ [[Brainfuck]], which consists of only eight simple commands and an instruction pointer [[INTERCAL]], the "Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym" [[LOLCODE]], which is patterned after a [[Lolcats\|series]] of [[Internet meme]]s [[Malbolge]], which is specifically designed to be nearly impossible to program in ==References== <references/> ==External links== {{Official website\|https://web.archive.org/web/20150618184706/http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/tutorial.php}} [http://developers.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/04/01/0332202 Release announcement on Slashdot] Line 124 ⟶ 179: [[Category:Programming languages created in 2002]] [[Category:Stack-oriented programming languages]] ▲* [[{{Esoteric programming ~~language]]s~~languages}}