Multi-core processor: Difference between revisions

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The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research. Cointegration of multiprocessor applications provides flexibility in network architecture design. Adaptability within parallel models is an additional feature of systems utilizing these protocols.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duran |first1=A |title=Ompss: a proposal for programming heterogeneous multi-core architectures |journal=Parallel Processing Letters |date=2011 |volume=21 |issue=2|pages=173–193 |doi=10.1142/S0129626411000151 }}</ref>

In the consumer market, dual-core processors (that is, microprocessors with two units) started becoming commonplace on personal computers in the late 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of dual core |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/dual-core |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref> QuadIn the early 2010s, quad-core processors were also being adopted in that era for higher-end systems before becoming standard by the mid 2010s. In the late 2010s, hexa-core (six cores) started entering the mainstream<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intel taking its six-core processors mainstream in 2018 with Coffee Lake family |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/intel-taking-its-six-core-processors-mainstream-in-2018-with-coffee-lake-family/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}</ref> and since the early 2020s has overtaken quad-core in many spaces.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Alan Dexter |date=2022-04-05 |title=Six-core CPUs are now more popular than quad-core chips on Steam |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/six-core-cpus-are-now-more-popular-than-quad-core-chips-on-steam/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref>

==Terminology==

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While manufacturing technology improves, reducing the size of individual gates, physical limits of [[semiconductor]]-based [[microelectronics]] have become a major design concern. These physical limitations can cause significant heat dissipation and data synchronization problems. Various other methods are used to improve CPU performance. Some ''[[instruction-level parallelism]]'' (ILP) methods such as [[superscalar]] [[instruction pipelining|pipelining]] are suitable for many applications, but are inefficient for others that contain difficult-to-predict code. Many applications are better suited to ''[[thread-level parallelism]]'' (TLP) methods, and multiple independent CPUs are commonly used to increase a system's overall TLP. A combination of increased available space (due to refined manufacturing processes) and the demand for increased TLP led to the development of multi-core CPUs.

===Early Innovationsinnovations: Thethe Stanford Hydra Projectproject===

In the 1990s, [[Kunle Olukotun]] led the Stanford Hydra Chip Multiprocessor (CMP) research project. This initiative was among the first to demonstrate the viability of integrating multiple processors on a single chip, a concept that laid the groundwork for today's multicore processors. The Hydra project introduced support for thread-level speculation (TLS), enabling more efficient parallel execution of programs.

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** [[Pentium]], single, dual-core, and quad-core processors for the entry-level market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/91594/intel-pentium-processor-d-series.html|title=Intel® Pentium® Processor D Series Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>

** [[Teraflops Research Chip]] (Polaris), a 3.16&nbsp;GHz, 80-core processor prototype, which the company originally stated would be released by 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techfreep.com/intel-80-cores-by-2011.htm|title=Intel: 80 Cores by 2011|last=Zazaian|first=Mike|date=September 26, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109031744/http://techfreep.com/intel-80-cores-by-2011.htm|archive-date=2006-11-09|access-date=2006-09-28}}</ref>

** [[Xeon]] dual-, quad-, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, 15-, 16-, 18-, 20-, 22-, 24-, 26-, 28-, 32-, 48-, and 56-core processors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techreport.com/news/26056/intel-releases-15-core-xeon-e7-v2-processor|title=Intel releases 15-core Xeon E7 v2 processor|last=Kowaliski|first=Cyril|date=February 18, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011023442/http://techreport.com/news/26056/intel-releases-15-core-xeon-e7-v2-processor|archive-date=2014-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78585/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-v3-Family|title=Intel Xeon Processor E7 v3 Family|publisher=[[Intel]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707122129/http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78585/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-v3-Family|archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78584/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-v2-Family|title=Intel Xeon Processor E7 v2 Family|work=Intel® ARK (Product Specs) |publisher=Intel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707120021/http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78584/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-v2-Family|archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78580/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E3-v2-Family|title=Intel Xeon Processor E3 v2 Family|work=Intel® ARK (Product Specs) |publisher=Intel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707120142/http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78580/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E3-v2-Family|archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techspot.com/news/79481-intel-announces-xeon-platinum-9200-series-cpus-up.html|title=Intel shows off Xeon Platinum CPU with up to 56 cores and 112 threads|website=TechSpot|date=2 April 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/docs/processors/xeon/2nd-gen-xeon-scalable-processors-brief.html|title=2nd Gen Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors Brief|last=PDF|first=Download|website=Intel|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>

** [[Intel MIC#Xeon Phi|Xeon Phi]] 57-, 60-, 61-, 64-, 68-, and 72-core processors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/92649/intel-xeon-phi-x100-product-family.html|title=Intel® Xeon Phi™ x100 Product Family Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/132784/intel-xeon-phi-72x5-processor-family.html|title=Intel® Xeon Phi™ 72x5 Processor Family Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>

* IntellaSys

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** [[Samsung Exynos]]

* [[Nvidia]]

** [[GeForce 30 series|RTX 3090]] (128 SM cores, 10496 CUDA cores;<ref name="10496 CUDA cores">{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Ryan|title=NVIDIA Announces the GeForce RTX 30 Series: Ampere For Gaming, Starting With RTX 3080 & RTX 3090|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/16057/nvidia-announces-the-geforce-rtx-30-series-ampere-for-gaming-starting-with-rtx-3080-rtx-3090|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901181410/https://www.anandtech.com/show/16057/nvidia-announces-the-geforce-rtx-30-series-ampere-for-gaming-starting-with-rtx-3080-rtx-3090|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 1, 2020|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.anandtech.com}}</ref> plus other more specialized cores).

* [[Parallax Propeller|Parallax Propeller P8X32]], an eight-core [[microcontroller]].

* [[picoChip]] PC200 series 200–300 cores per device for DSP & wireless.