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{{Short description|
{{further|Design of the FAT file system}}
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| developer = [[Microsoft]]<!-- original FAT, FAT16, FAT32 -->, [[NCR Corporation|NCR]], [[Seattle Computer Products|SCP]]<!-- FAT12 -->, [[IBM]], [[Compaq]]<!-- Compaq MS-DOS 3.31-->, [[Digital Research]]<!-- lots of extensions -->, [[Novell]]<!-- lots of extensions continuing the DRI line of products -->, [[Caldera (company)|Caldera]]
| full_name = File Allocation Table
| variants = 8-bit FAT, [[#FAT12|FAT12]], [[#FAT16|FAT16]], [[#FAT16B|FAT16B]], [[#FAT32|FAT32]], [[
| introduction_date = {{Start date|1977}}
| introduction_os = [[Standalone Disk BASIC-80]]
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| date_resolution = {{ubli
| 2 seconds for last modified time,
|
| 1 day for access date,
| 2 seconds for deletion time
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}}
'''File Allocation Table''' ('''FAT''') is a [[file system]] developed for personal computers and was the default
== Uses ==
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=== Historical ===
FAT was
For floppy disks, FAT has been standardized as [[Ecma International|ECMA]]-107<ref name="Ecma-107" /> and [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 9293:1994<ref name="ISO_9293_1994" /> (superseding ISO 9293:1987<ref name="ISO_9293_1987" />). These standards cover FAT12 and FAT16 with only short [[8.3 filename]] support; [[long filename]]s with [[#VFAT|VFAT]] were partially [[#Patents|patent]]ed.<ref name="Patent_5758352" /> While [[#FAT12|FAT12]] is used on floppy disks, [[#FAT16|FAT16]] and [[#FAT32|FAT32]] are typically found on the larger media.
=== Modern ===
FAT is used internally for the [[EFI system partition]] in the boot stage of [[Extensible Firmware Interface|EFI]]-compliant computers.<ref name="efi" />
FAT is still used in drives expected to be used by multiple operating systems, such as in shared Windows
The [[Design rule for Camera File system|DCF]] file system adopted by almost all [[digital camera]]s since 1998 defines a logical file system with [[8.3 filename]]s and makes the use of either FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT mandatory for its physical layer for compatibility.<ref name="DC-009-2010" />
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| encryption = Per-volume only with [[DR-DOS]]
}}
Between April and August 1980, while borrowing the FAT concept for SCP's own 8086 operating system [[QDOS 0.10]],<ref name="Hunter_1983_Softalk" /> Tim Paterson extended the table elements to '''12 bits''',<ref name="Paterson_2007_Design-DOS" /> reduced the number of FATs to two, redefined the semantics of some of the reserved cluster values, and modified the disk layout, so that the root directory was now located between the FAT and the data area for his implementation of '''FAT12'''. Paterson also increased the nine-character (6.3) filename<ref name="Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-50" /><ref name="Microsoft_1979_BASIC80-51" /> length limit to eleven characters to support [[CP/M]]-style [[8.3 filename]]s and [[File Control Block]]s. The format used in Microsoft ''Standalone Disk BASIC's'' 8-bit file system precursor was not supported by QDOS. By August 1980, QDOS had been renamed to [[86-DOS]].<ref name="BYTE_1980_86-DOS" /> Starting with [[86-DOS 0.42]], the size and layout of directory entries was changed from 16 bytes to 32 bytes<ref name="SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum" /> in order to add a file date stamp<ref name="SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum" /> and increase the theoretical file size limit beyond the previous limit of 16 MB.<ref name="SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum" />
[[86-DOS 1.00]] became available in early 1981. Later in 1981, 86-DOS evolved into Microsoft's [[MS-DOS]] and [[IBM]] [[PC DOS]].<ref name="Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia" /><ref name="Paterson_2007_Design-DOS" /><ref name="Wallace_1992_Harddrive" />
The capability to read previously formatted volumes with 16-byte directory entries<ref name="SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum" /> was dropped with [[MS-DOS 1.20]].
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Much later, [[Windows NT]] increased the maximum cluster size to 64 KB, by considering the sectors-per-cluster count as unsigned. However, the resulting format was not compatible with any other FAT implementation of the time, and it generated greater [[internal fragmentation]]. [[Windows 98]], SE and ME also supported reading and writing this variant, but its disk utilities did not work with it and some [[File control block|FCB]] services are not available for such volumes. This contributes to a confusing compatibility situation.
Prior to 1995, versions of DOS accessed the disk via [[Cylinder-head-sector|CHS]] addressing only. When [[Windows 95]] (MS-DOS 7.0) introduced [[Logical block addressing|LBA]] disk access, partitions could start being physically located outside the first c. 8 GB<!-- exact value is somewhat smaller --> of this disk and thereby out of the reach of the traditional CHS addressing scheme. Partitions partially or fully located beyond the CHS barrier therefore had to be hidden from non-LBA-enabled operating systems by using the new partition type <code>[[Partition type#PID_0Eh|0x0E]]</code> in the partition table instead. FAT16 partitions using this partition type are also named '''FAT16X'''.<ref name="Microsoft_2004_KB120138" /> The only difference, compared to previous FAT16 partitions, is the fact that some CHS-related geometry entries in the BPB record, namely the number of sectors per track and the number of heads, may contain no or misleading values and should not be used.
The number of root directory entries available for FAT12 and FAT16 is determined when the volume is formatted, and is stored in a 16-bit field. For a given number <code>RDE</code> and sector size <code>SS</code>, the number <code>RDS</code> of root directory sectors is <code>RDS = ceil((RDE × 32) / SS)</code>, and <code>RDE</code> is normally chosen to fill these sectors, i.e., <code>RDE × 32 = RDS × SS</code>. FAT12 and FAT16 media typically use 512 root directory entries on non-floppy media. Some third-party tools, like mkdosfs, allow the user to set this parameter.<ref name="MKDOSFS" />
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==== Maximal sizes ====
The FAT32 boot sector uses a 32-bit field for the sector count, limiting the maximal FAT32 volume size to 2 [[terabyte]]s with a sector size of 512 [[byte]]s. The maximum FAT32 volume size is 16 TB with a sector size of 4,096 bytes.<ref name="Microsoft_2007_KB184006" /><ref name="Microsoft_2007_KB314463" /> The built-in [[Windows shell]] disk format tool on Windows NT arbitrarily only supports volume sizes up to 32 GB,{{refn|group="nb"|This was a decision taken by the developer in question, who assumed his decision would be revised later, something that never happened.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theregister.com/2021/01/04/windows_format_fat32/ | title=Explained: The thinking behind the 32GB Windows Format limit on FAT32 }}</ref>}} but Windows supports reading and writing to preexisting larger FAT32 volumes, and these can be created with the [[command prompt]], [[PowerShell]] or third-party tools,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glenn |first=Walter |title=How to Format USB Drives Larger Than 32GB With FAT32 on Windows |url=https://www.howtogeek.com/316977/how-to-format-usb-drives-larger-than-32gb-with-fat32-on-windows/ |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=How-To Geek |date=July 20, 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003213/https://www.howtogeek.com/316977/how-to-format-usb-drives-larger-than-32gb-with-fat32-on-windows/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or by formatting the volume on a non-Windows system or on a Windows 9x system with FAT32 support and then transferring it to the Windows NT system.
The maximal possible size for a file on a FAT32 volume is 4 [[gigabyte|GB]] minus 1 byte, or 4,294,967,295 (2<sup>32</sup> − 1) bytes. This limit is a consequence of the 4-byte file length entry in the directory table and would also affect relatively huge FAT16 partitions enabled by a sufficient sector size.
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In order to support [[Java (programming language)|Java]] applications, the [[FlexOS]]-based [[IBM 4690 OS]] version 2 introduced its own [[virtual file system]] (VFS) architecture to store long filenames in the FAT file system in a backwards-compatible fashion. If enabled, the virtual filenames (VFN) are available under separate logical drive letters, whereas the real filenames (RFN) remain available under the original drive letters.<ref name="IBM_4690_Programming_Guide" />
===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
The FAT file system itself is not designed for supporting [[fork (file system)|alternate data streams]] (ADS), but some operating systems that heavily depend on them have devised various methods for handling them on FAT volumes. Such methods either store the additional information in extra files and directories ([[classic Mac OS]] and [[macOS]]), or give new semantics to previously unused fields of the FAT on-disk data structures ([[OS/2]] and [[Windows NT]]).
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exFAT is intended for use on [[flash drive]]s and [[memory card]]s such as [[SDXC]] and [[Memory Stick XC]], where FAT32 is otherwise used. Vendors usually pre-format SDXC cards with it. Its main benefit is its exceeding of the 4 GB file size limit, as file size references are stored with eight instead of four bytes, increasing the limit to 2<sup>64</sup> − 1 bytes.
Microsoft's [[Graphical
In early 2010, the file system was [[reverse engineering|reverse-engineered]] by the [[SANS Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/forensics/reverse-engineering-microsoft-exfat-file-system-33274|title=Reverse Engineering the Microsoft exFAT File System {{pipe}} SANS Institute|access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421210732/https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/forensics/reverse-engineering-microsoft-exfat-file-system-33274|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 28, 2019, Microsoft published the technical specification for exFAT so that it can be used in the Linux kernel and other operating systems.<ref>{{cite web
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=== Challenges and lawsuits ===
The
However, in 2006, the USPTO ruled that features of Microsoft's implementation of the FAT system were "novel and non-obvious", reversing both earlier decisions and leaving the patents valid.<ref name="CNET_2006-01-10" />
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<ref name="ISO_9293_1994">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=21273 |title=Information technology – Volume and file structure of disk cartridges for information interchange |work=ISO/IEC 9293:1994 |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] catalogue |year=1994 |access-date=2012-01-06 |archive-date=2012-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117180640/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=21273 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="ISO_9293_1987">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=16948 |title=Information processing – Volume and file structure of flexible disk cartridges for information interchange |work=ISO 9293:1987 |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] catalogue |year=1987 |access-date=2012-01-06 |archive-date=2012-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117181849/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=16948 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Patent_5758352">{{cite web |url=
<ref name="Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia">{{cite book |title=The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2 |author-first1=Ray |author-last1=Duncan |author-first2=Steve |author-last2=Bostwick |author-first3=Keith |author-last3=Burgoyne<!-- |author-first4=Robert A. |author-last4=Byers |author-first5=Thom |author-last5=Hogan |author-first6=Jim |author-last6=Kyle |author-first7=Gordon |author-last7=Letwin |author-link7=Gordon Letwin |author-first8=Charles |author-last8=Petzold |author-link8=Charles Petzold |author-first9=Chip |author-last9=Rabinowitz |author-first10=Jim |author-last10=Tomlin |author-first11=Richard |author-last11=Wilton |author-first12=Van |author-last12=Wolverton |author-first13=William |author-last13=Wong |author-first14=JoAnne |author-last14=Woodcock |contribution=Technical advisors |contributor-first1=Mark |contributor-last1=Zbikowski |contributor-link1=Mark Zbikowski |contributor-first2=Paul |contributor-last2=Allen |contributor-link2=Paul Allen |contributor-first3=Steve |contributor-last3=Ballmer |contributor-link3=Steve Ballmer |contributor-first4=Reuben |contributor-last4=Borman |contributor-first5=Rob |contributor-last5=Borman |contributor-first6=John |contributor-last6=Butler |contributor-first7=Chuck |contributor-last7=Carroll |contributor-first8=Mark |contributor-last8=Chamberlain |contributor-first9=David |contributor-last9=Chell |contributor-first10=Mike |contributor-last10=Colee |contributor-first11=Mike |contributor-last11=Courtney |contributor-first12=Mike |contributor-last12=Dryfoos |contributor-first13=Rachel |contributor-last13=Duncan |contributor-first14=Kurt |contributor-last14=Eckhardt |contributor-first15=Eric |contributor-last15=Evans |contributor-first16=Rick |contributor-last16=Farmer |contributor-first17=Bill |contributor-last17=Gates |contributor-link17=Bill Gates |contributor-first18=Michael |contributor-last18=Geary |contributor-first19=Bob |contributor-last19=Griffin |contributor-first20=Doug |contributor-last20=Hogarth |contributor-first21=James W. |contributor-last21=Johnson |contributor-first22=Kaamel |contributor-last22=Kermaani |contributor-first23=Adrian |contributor-last23=King |contributor-first24=Reed |contributor-last24=Koch |contributor-first25=James |contributor-last25=Landowski |contributor-first26=Chris |contributor-last26=Larson |contributor-first27=Thomas |contributor-last27=Lennon |contributor-first28=Dan |contributor-last28=Lipkie |contributor-first29=Marc |contributor-last29=McDonald |contributor-link29=Marc McDonald |contributor-first30=Bruce |contributor-last30=McKinney |contributor-first31=Pascal |contributor-last31=Martin |contributor-first32=Estelle |contributor-last32=Mathers |contributor-first33=Bob |contributor-last33=Matthews |contributor-first34=David |contributor-last34=Melin |contributor-first35=Charles |contributor-last35=Mergentime |contributor-first36=Randy |contributor-last36=Nevin |contributor-first37=Dan |contributor-last37=Newell |contributor-first38=Tani |contributor-last38=Newell |contributor-first39=David |contributor-last39=Norris |contributor-first40=Mike |contributor-last40=O'Leary |contributor-first41=Bob |contributor-last41=O'Rear |contributor-link41=Bob O'Rear |contributor-first42=Mike |contributor-last42=Olsson |contributor-first43=Larry |contributor-last43=Osterman |contributor-first44=Ridge |contributor-last44=Ostling |contributor-first45=Sunil |contributor-last45=Pai |contributor-first46=Tim |contributor-last46=Paterson |contributor-link46=Tim Paterson |contributor-first47=Gary |contributor-last47=Perez |contributor-first48=Chris |contributor-last48=Peters |contributor-first49=Charles |contributor-last49=Petzold |contributor-link49=Charles Petzold |contributor-first50=John |contributor-last50=Pollock |contributor-first51=Aaron |contributor-last51=Reynolds |contributor-link51=Aaron R. Reynolds |contributor-first52=Darryl |contributor-last52=Rubin |contributor-first53=Ralph |contributor-last53=Ryan |contributor-first54=Karl |contributor-last54=Schulmeisters |contributor-first55=Rajen |contributor-last55=Shah |contributor-first56=Barry |contributor-last56=Shaw |contributor-first57=Anthony |contributor-last57=Short |contributor-first58=Ben |contributor-last58=Slivka |contributor-first59=Jon |contributor-last59=Smirl |contributor-first60=Betty |contributor-last60=Stillmaker |contributor-first61=John |contributor-last61=Stoddard |contributor-first62=Dennis |contributor-last62=Tillman |contributor-first63=Greg |contributor-last63=Whitten |contributor-first64=Natalie |contributor-last64=Yount |contributor-first65=Steve |contributor-last65=Zeck -->|date=1988 |edition=Completely reworked |publisher=[[Microsoft Press]] |___location=Redmond, Washington, USA |isbn=1-55615-049-0 |lccn=87-21452 |oclc=16581341}} (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/mspl13/msdos/encyclopedia/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053041/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/mspl13/msdos/encyclopedia/ |date=2018-10-14 }})</ref>
<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-year=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=0-201-63287-X |___location=Reading, Massachusetts |page=[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]</ref>
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<ref name="efi">{{cite web |url=http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/fatgen103.doc |title=Microsoft Extensible Firmware Initiative FAT32 File System Specification, FAT: General Overview of On-Disk Format |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |date=March 30, 2011 |access-date=2018-12-21 |archive-date=2021-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723100623/http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/fatgen103.doc |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Brouwer_2002_Partition-IDs">{{cite web |url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/partitions/partition_types-1.html |title=List of partition identifiers for PCs |first=Andries |last=Brouwer |access-date=2012-01-11 |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423204723/http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/partitions/partition_types-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Brouwer_2002_Logical_FAT">{{cite web |url=
<ref name="Microsoft_2003_CC736327">{{cite web |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc736327(v=ws.10).aspx |title=Dskprobe Overview: Data Recovery |publisher=[[Microsoft TechNet]] |date=March 28, 2003 |access-date=2011-08-03 |archive-date=2011-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703230849/http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc736327(v=WS.10).aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2004_KB120138">{{cite web |url=http://c-bit.org/kb/120138/EN-US/ |title=Errors Creating Files or Folders in the Root Directory |publisher=Microsoft Help and Support |date=December 16, 2004 |access-date=2006-10-14 |archive-date=2020-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731141634/http://c-bit.org/kb/120138/EN-US/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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<ref name="DesktopLinux_2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS4980952387.html?kc=rss |title=Can FAT patch avoid Microsoft lawsuits? |last=Brown |first=Eric |date=July 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131034455/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS4980952387.html |archive-date=January 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-08-23 |publisher=DesktopLinux.Com}}</ref>
<ref name="ArsTechnica_2009">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/07/vfat-linux-patch-could-circumvent-microsofts-patent-claims/ |title=New Linux patch could circumvent Microsoft's FAT patents |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=July 2, 2009 |access-date=2013-10-30 |publisher=ArsTechnica.com |archive-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101061453/http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/07/vfat-linux-patch-could-circumvent-microsofts-patent-claims/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2000_Wyse-DOS">{{
<ref name="GB4">{{cite web |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc938937.aspx |title=File Systems |year=2001 |publisher=[[Microsoft TechNet]] |access-date=2011-07-31 |archive-date=2011-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812044910/http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc938937.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="IBM_4690_User_Guide">IBM; ''4690 OS User's Guide Version 5.2'', IBM document SC30-4134-01, 2008-01-10 ([https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/retail/pubs/sw/opsys/4690/ver5r2/bsf1_UG_mst.pdf] )</ref>
<ref name="IBM_4690_Programming_Guide">IBM; ''4690 OS Programming Guide Version 5.2'', IBM document SC30-4137-01, 2007-12-06 ([https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/retail/pubs/sw/opsys/4690/ver5r2/bsi1_PG_mst.pdf] )</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2000_Logical-sectoring">{{
<ref name="SCP_1981_86-DOS_1.0_Addendum">{{cite web |url=http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/seattleComputer/86-DOS_1.0_Addendum.pdf |title=SCP 86-DOS 1.0 Addendum |author=Seattle Computer Products |year=1981 |access-date=2013-03-10 |archive-date=2012-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003100657/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/seattleComputer/86-DOS_1.0_Addendum.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_exFAT-License">{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/legal/intellectualproperty/IPLicensing/Programs/exFATFileSystem.aspx |title=exFAT File System Intellectual Property licensing program |author=Microsoft |website=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=2013-04-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507183540/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/legal/intellectualproperty/IPLicensing/Programs/exFATFileSystem.aspx |archive-date=May 7, 2013 |df=mdy}}</ref>
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== External links ==
* [
* [https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/039/Q39927/ ''MS-DOS: Directory and Subdirectory Limitations'']: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 39927
* [
* Microsoft Technet; [https://web.archive.org/web/20060307082555/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/reskit/c13621675.mspx ''Volume and file size limits of FAT file systems''], copy made by [https://archive.org/ Internet Archive Wayback Machine] of an article with summary of limits in FAT32 which is no longer available on Microsoft website.
* [[Raymond Chen (Microsoft)|Chen, Raymond]]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20081118122857/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/technetmag/issues/2006/07/WindowsConfidential/ ''Microsoft TechNet: A Brief and Incomplete History of FAT32'']
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