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{{Short description|Gender identities
{{hatnote group|
▲{{Short description|Gender identities that are neither exclusively male nor female}}
{{about|non-binary genders|other senses of not being binary|Binary (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Genderqueer|the book|Gender Queer: A Memoir{{!}}''Gender Queer: A Memoir''}}
}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
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{{Transgender sidebar|identities}}
'''Non-binary'''{{efn|name="spelling"|Also spelled '''nonbinary'''. The term '''enby''', derived from the abbreviation '''NB''', is also used.<ref name="BergmanBarker">{{cite book |last1=Bergman |first1=S. Bear |last2=Barker |first2=Meg-John |editor1-last=Richards |editor1-first=Christina |editor2-last=Bouman |editor2-first=Walter Pierre |editor3-last=Barker |editor3-first=Meg-John |title=Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders |date=2017 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-137-51052-5 |page=43 |chapter=Non-binary Activism |series=Critical and Applied Approaches in Sexuality, Gender and Identity}}</ref>}} or '''genderqueer''' [[Gender identity|gender identities]] are those that are outside the male/female [[gender binary]].<ref name=richardsetal/><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/15532739.2018.1538841| issn = 1553-2739| volume = 20| issue =
Non-binary people may identify as an intermediate or separate [[third gender]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |title=Genderqueer |last=Beemyn |first=Brett Genny |year=2008 |encyclopedia=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |___location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081046/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |archive-date=April 25, 2012}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> identify with more than one gender<ref name="Bosson-2018"/><ref name=Whyte/> or no gender, or have a [[Genderfluid|fluctuating gender identity]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities |last=Winter |first=Claire Ruth |year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |___location=Scotts Valley, California |isbn=978-1-4563-1490-3 |oclc=703235508}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> Gender identity is separate from [[sexual orientation|sexual]] or [[romantic orientation]];<ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |title=Transgender Glossary of Terms |work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] |access-date=May 25, 2011 |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061657/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |url-status=live}}</ref> non-binary people have various sexual orientations.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Susan Stryker |title=Transgender History |last=Stryker |first=Susan |publisher=[[Seal Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58005-224-5 |___location=[[Berkeley, California]] |oclc=183914566}}{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref>
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Genderqueer serves as both an umbrella term for non-binary identities and an adjective describing those who challenge or diverge from conventional gender distinctions, regardless of how they personally identify. It encompasses a range of expressions that transcend the binary gender categories of man and woman.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Susan |last2=Lee |first2=Janet |date=April 23, 2014 |title=Women's Voices Feminist Visions: Classic and Contemporary Readings |edition=Sixth |___location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |pages=130; 135 |isbn=978-0-07-802700-0 |oclc=862041473}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dahir |first=Mubarak |date=May 25, 1999 |title=Whose Movement Is It? |magazine=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]] |page=52 |publisher=[[Here Media]] |___location=San Francisco, California}}</ref>
Additionally, being genderqueer is associated with [[gender ambiguity]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |last=Girshick |first=Lori B. |year=2008 |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |___location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire]] |isbn=978-1-58465-645-6 |oclc=183162406}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}
Being non-binary is also not the same as being [[intersex]]. Most intersex people identify as either men or women,<ref name="intersex-2016">{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2016 |title=Understanding Non-Binary People: How to Be Respectful and Supportive |url=https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406081742/https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-non-binary-people-how-to-be-respectful-and-supportive |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |access-date=June 17, 2020 |website=National Center for Transgender Equality}}</ref> although some identify as only non-binary, some identify as non-binary and genderfluid, while others identify as non-binary men or non-binary women. A national UK survey conducted in 2017 found that, of 1,980 intersex respondents, 38% identified as women, 32% as men, and 25% as non-binary.<ref>Government Equalities Office (2018). [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-lgbt-survey-summary-report National LGBT survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810030216/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-lgbt-survey-summary-report |date=August 10, 2021 }}. Annex 10.</ref>
The term "[[transgender]]" often includes those who are genderqueer or non-binary, reflecting a broad spectrum of gender diversity.<ref name="Schorn">{{cite web |first=Johanna |last=Schorn |title=Taking the 'Sex' out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media |url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf |department=Inter-Disciplinary.Net |publisher=[[University of Cologne]] |___location=Cologne, Germany |access-date=October 23, 2014 |page=1 |quote=The term transgender is an umbrella term 'and generally refers to any and all kinds of variation from gender norms and expectations' (Stryker 19). Most often, the term transgender is used for someone who feels that the sex assigned to them at birth does not reflect their own gender identity. They may identify as the gender "opposite" to their assigned gender, or they may feel that their gender identity is fluid, or they may reject all gender categorizations and identify as agender or genderqueer. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025012342/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Marc E. |last=Vargo |title=A Review of ''Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism'' |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |date=November 30, 2011 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=2 (493) |doi=10.1080/1550428X.2011.623982 |s2cid=142815065 |issn=1550-4298 |quote=up to three million U. S. citizens regard themselves as transgender, a term referring to those whose gender identities are at odds with their biological sex. The term is an expansive one, however, and may apply to other individuals as well, from the person whose behavior purposely and dramatically diverges from society's traditional male/female roles to the "agender," "bigender" or "third gender" person whose self-definition lies outside of the male/female binary altogether. In short, those counted under this term constitute a wide array of people who do not conform to, and may actively challenge conventional gender norms.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kirstin |last=Cronn-Mills |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |date=2014 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |___location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7 |page=24 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |access-date=October 23, 2014 |chapter=IV. Trans*spectrum. Identities |quote=Many different individuals fall under what experts call the trans* spectrum, or the trans* umbrella."I'm trans*" and "I'm transgender" are ways these individuals might refer to themselves. But there are distinctions among different trans* identities. [...] Androgynous individuals may not identify with either side of the gender binary. Other individuals consider themselves agender, and they may feel they have no gender at all. |archive-date=April 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408181300/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> This inclusive usage dates back to at least 1992, with significant contributions from figures such as [[Leslie Feinberg]]<ref name="Tobia">{{cite web |last1=Tobia |first1=Jacob |author-link=Jacob Tobia |title=InQueery: The History of the Word 'Genderqueer' As We Know It |url=https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-genderqueer |website=them |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=February 18, 2020 |date=November 7, 2018 |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404231430/https://www.them.us/story/inqueery-genderqueer |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kate Bornstein]], who emphasized the shared experiences of "gender outlaws."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VsCl7Ek4N8C&q=All+the+categories+of+transgender+find+a+common+ground+in+that+they+each+break+one+or+more+of+the+rules+of+gender%3A+what+we+have+in+common+is+that+we+are+gender+outlaws%2C+every+one+of+us&pg=PT79 |title=Gender Outlaw: On Men, Women and the Rest of Us |last=Bornstein |first=Kate |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |___location=Abingdon, England |isbn=978-1-136-60373-0 |access-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310121616/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VsCl7Ek4N8C&q=All%2Bthe%2Bcategories%2Bof%2Btransgender%2Bfind%2Ba%2Bcommon%2Bground%2Bin%2Bthat%2Bthey%2Beach%2Bbreak%2Bone%2Bor%2Bmore%2Bof%2Bthe%2Brules%2Bof%2Bgender%3A%2Bwhat%2Bwe%2Bhave%2Bin%2Bcommon%2Bis%2Bthat%2Bwe%2Bare%2Bgender%2Boutlaws%2C%2Bevery%2Bone%2Bof%2Bus&pg=PT79 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Organizations such as the [[Human Rights Campaign]] and Gender Spectrum use "gender-expansive" to denote a broader range of gender identities and expressions than those typically associated with the binary gender system.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Human Rights Campaign]] |title=Supporting and Caring for our Gender-Expansive Youth |url=http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf |access-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129072801/http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf |archive-date=January 29, 2016}}</ref>
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=== Agender ===
{{hatnote group|{{Dist|Asexuality}}{{See also|Postgenderism}}}}
'''{{visanc|Agender}}''' individuals, also known as genderless, gender-free, non-gendered, or ungendered,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2013 |title=LGBTQ Needs Assessment|url=http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234412/http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Encompass Network |pages=52–53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gender alphabet |url=http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |access-date=October 18, 2014 |website=Safe Homes |page=1 |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415040555/http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> have no gender at all.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vargo |first=Marc E. |year=2011 |title=A Review of "Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism" |journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=493–494 |doi=10.1080/1550428x.2011.623982 |s2cid=142815065}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cronn-Mills |first=Kirstin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices |year= 2014 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202005115/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Schorn" /> This group represents a spectrum of identities that diverge from conventional [[gender norms]]. According to scholar Finn Enke, not all agender individuals may self-identify as transgender.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!-- no author -->|title=Transfeminist Perspectives In and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4399-0748-1|editor=Anne Enke|pages=16–20 [18–19]|chapter=Note on terms and concepts}}</ref> While there is no universally accepted set of pronouns for agender people, [[singular they]] is commonly used, but it is not the default.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sojwal|first=Senti|date=September 16, 2015|title=What Does 'Agender' Mean? 6 Things to Know About People With Non-Binary Identities|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|access-date=February 22, 2016|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|archive-date=February 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222202333/http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|url-status=live}}</ref> "Agender" and "Neutrois" were among the custom gender options added to Facebook in February 2014 and to OkCupid since November 2014.<ref name="Telegraph2014">{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Sparkes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|title=Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=February 14, 2014|access-date=April 5, 2018|archive-date=May 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104128/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 17, 2014|title=OkCupid expands gender and sexuality options|publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options|access-date=November 18, 2014|archive-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119184104/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Demigender ===
{{Dist|Demisexuality}}
Individuals identifying as '''demigender''' feel a partial connection to one gender while also identifying with another gender or none at all (agender).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Sarah |title=Gender Diversity and Non-Binary Inclusion in the Workplace: The Essential Guide for Employers |last2=Fernandez |first2=J. |publisher=[[Jessica Kingsley Publishers]] |___location=London |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78450-523-3 |pages=25}}</ref><ref name="Kenney">{{Cite book |last1=Brill |first1=Stephanie |title=The Transgender Teen |last2=Kenney |first2=Lisa |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |___location=Berkeley, California |year=2016 |isbn=978-1627781749 |page=311}}</ref> Subcategories include demi-boy or demi-man, who partially identify as male, and demi-girl, who are partly female and partly non-binary. Demiflux people experience a stable non-binary identity with varying intensities of other gender identities.<ref name="Kenney" />
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=== Pangender ===
{{Dist|Pansexuality}}
'''{{visanc|Pangender|Polygender|Omnigender}}''' individuals identify with multiple or all genders, sometimes experiencing all these identities simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ginicola |first1=Misty M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8bDgAAQBAJ&q=polygender&pg=PA366|title=Affirmative Counseling with LGBTQI+ People |last2=Smith |first2=Cheri |last3=Filmore |first3=Joel M. |date=February 10, 2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-37549-4 |pages=366 |access-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194905/https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8bDgAAQBAJ&q=polygender&pg=PA366 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Undefined |url=https://www.queerundefined.com/search/pangender |access-date=October 10, 2020 |website=Queer Undefined |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121135730/https://www.queerundefined.com/search/pangender |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Polygender ===
{{Dist|Polysexuality|Plurisexuality}}
''Polygender'', ''plurigender'' or ''multigender'' is a non-binary identity in which the person experiences multiple genders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moreno|first=Nik|date=2016-03-15|title=Polygender: Many Genders in One|url=https://wearyourvoicemag.com/polygender-many-genders-one/|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Wear Your Voice|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114000439/https://wearyourvoicemag.com/polygender-many-genders-one/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Pangender]], [[bigender]], and [[trigender]] are examples of multi-gender identities,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McKinney|first1=Rob|last2=Desposito|first2=Michael|last3=Yoon|first3=Eunhui|date=2020-08-03|title=Promoting Identity Wellness in LGBTGEQIAP+ Adolescents Through Affirmative Therapy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2020.1790464|journal=Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling|volume=14|issue=3|pages=176–190|doi=10.1080/15538605.2020.1790464|s2cid=221142691|issn=1553-8605|url-access=subscription}}</ref> sometimes along with [[androgyne]], associated with [[demigender]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harrison|first1=Jack|last2=Grant|first2=Jaime|last3=Herman|first3=Jody L.|date=2012-04-01|title=A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and OtherWise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zj46213|journal=LGBTQ Public Policy Journal at the Harvard Kennedy School|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=13|archive-date=April 21, 2023|access-date=June 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421175117/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zj46213|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Two-spirit ===
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=== Xenogender ===
'''Xenogender''' encompasses a variety of gender identities that are defined using
==History==
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[[Alberta]] legislator [[Estefan Cortes-Vargas]] openly identified as non-binary during a 2015 legislative session, marking a significant moment in political recognition of non-binary identities.<ref name="Macleans 2015">[//www.macleans.ca/news/canada/for-the-record-an-alberta-mla-on-battling-gender-identity/ "An Alberta MLA on battling gender identity"]. ''[[Maclean's]]'', December 1, 2015</ref>
On January 20, 2025, immediately after being sworn in for his second term, [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] signed an [[executive order]] titled "[[Defending Women from Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government]]". This order established that the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] would recognize only two sexes—[[male]] and [[female]]—defined strictly by [[Biology|biological]] characteristics assigned at birth. It explicitly rejected the concept of gender identity as a basis for legal recognition for non-binary people.
==Pronouns and titles==
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A significant 2015 study by the National Center for Transgender Equality surveyed nearly 28,000 transgender people in the [[United States]], finding that 35% identified as non-binary or genderqueer. Among them, 84% used pronouns different from those associated with the gender on their birth certificates. The breakdown of preferred pronouns was 37% for "he/him", 37% for "she/her", and 29% for "they/them". Additionally, 20% did not request specific pronouns be used for them, and 4% used pronouns not listed in the survey.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=James |first1=S.E. |last2=Herman |first2=J.L. |last3=Rankin |first3=S. |last4=Keisling |first4=M. |last5=Mottet |first5=L. |last6=Anafi |first6=M. |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey |publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS%20Full%20Report%20-%20FINAL%201.6.17.pdf |access-date=November 25, 2022 |archive-date=November 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125120058/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS%20Full%20Report%20-%20FINAL%201.6.17.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Marche des Fiertés Paris 02 07 2016 06.jpg|thumb|A non-binary pride flag at a parade in Paris reading {{lang|fr|Mon genre est non-binaire}} ('My gender is non-binary')]]
In the 2024 Gender Census, a record 48,645 participants shared how they describe their gender and their preferences for titles and pronouns. The most commonly selected identity labels were nonbinary (60.4%, down 2.7% from 2023), queer (53.6%, down 1.2%), trans (44.7%, down 2.0%), a category described as a person/human/[my name]/“I’m just me” (39.1%, down 3.4%), and transgender (38.8%, down 1.5%). Regarding titles, 42.2% preferred no title at all (up 2.1%), followed by Mx (17.4%, down 1.3%), Mr (11.3%, down 0.2%), non-gendered professional/academic titles (9.2%, down 0.2%), and Ms (5.8%, up 0.3%). Pronoun preferences were led once again by "they/them" at 75.5% (up 1.0%), followed by "he/him" at 42.0% (down 0.5%), "she/her" at 36.0% (up 3.3%), "it/its" at 20.3% (up 0.9%), and a preference for avoiding pronouns or using names at 13.9% (up 0.7%). These findings continue to illustrate the rich and evolving diversity of language within the nonbinary community.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gendercensus.com/results/2024-worldwide/ |website=Gender Census 2024: Worldwide Report |access-date=17 May 2025 |title=Gender Census 2024: Worldwide Report – Gender Census |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518054333/https://www.gendercensus.com/results/2024-worldwide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Legal recognition==
{{Update section|date=August 2025|reason=Increased legal recognition of non-binary people}}{{main|Legal recognition of non-binary gender}}
[[File:Third-gender-recognition-equaldex-2024-map.svg|thumb|Third gender recognition world map (2024)|263x263px]]
Many non-binary/genderqueer people use the gender they were given at birth to conduct everyday business, as many institutions and forms of identification—such as passports and driver's licenses—only accept, in the sense of recorded recognition, binary gender identities. But with the increasing acceptance of non-binary gender identities and the rise in wider societal recognition, this is slowly changing, as more governments and institutions recognize and allow non-binary identities.<ref name=richardsetal>{{Cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Christina |last2=Bouman |first2=Walter Pierre |last3=Seal |first3=Leighton |last4=Barker |first4=Meg John |last5=Nieder |first5=Timo O. |last6=T'Sjoen |first6=Guy |date=2016 |title=Non-binary or genderqueer genders |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=95–102 |pmid=26753630 |doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446 |s2cid=29985722 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7279758 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626224658/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7279758|url-status=live|hdl=1854/LU-7279758 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
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===United States===
Legal recognition of non-binary gender identities in the United States has varied significantly across time and jurisdictions. In June 2016, a court in Oregon issued the first known ruling in the U.S. recognizing a non-binary gender.<ref name="ohara2016">{{Cite web |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |date=June 10, 2016 |title='Nonbinary' is now a legal gender, Oregon court rules |url=http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/oregon-court-rules-non-binary-gender-legal |access-date=June 10, 2016 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref> In subsequent years, several states, beginning with California in 2017, enacted legislation or adopted policies allowing residents to select a non-binary or “X” gender marker on official documents such as driver's licenses and birth certificates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |date=September 26, 2016 |title=Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted 'Non-Binary' Gender Status |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611 |access-date=September 26, 2016 |website=[[NBC News]] |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926204210/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of early 2025, [[ Legal recognition of non-binary gender|over 20 states and the District of Columbia]] continue to offer non-binary gender markers on some state-issued documents.
At the federal level, non-binary recognition advanced during the early 2020s. In 2021, the U.S. Department of State issued the first passport bearing an “X” gender marker,<ref name="Lambda Legal">{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2021 |title=Lambda Legal Client Dana Zzyym Receives First 'X' U.S. Passport |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org/blog/co_20211027_dana-zzyym-receives-first-us-passport-with-x-gender-marker |access-date=November 7, 2021 |website=Lambda Legal |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103213152/https://www.lambdalegal.org/blog/co_20211027_dana-zzyym-receives-first-us-passport-with-x-gender-marker |url-status=live }}</ref> and beginning in April 2022, this option became available to all applicants without medical documentation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=X Gender Marker Available on U.S. Passports Starting April 11 |url=https://www.state.gov/x-gender-marker-available-on-u-s-passports-starting-april-11/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=United States Department of State |language=en |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203061845/https://www.state.gov/x-gender-marker-available-on-u-s-passports-starting-april-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Passports {{!}} National Center for Transgender Equality |url=https://transequality.org/know-your-rights/passports |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=transequality.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Selecting your Gender Marker |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/need-passport/selecting-your-gender-marker.html |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=travel.state.gov |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307133536/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/need-passport/selecting-your-gender-marker.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this policy was reversed in January 2025 when President Donald Trump issued an executive order directing federal agencies to recognize only male and female categories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luhby |first=Tami |date=20 January 2025 |title=Trump two-gender edict would upend 'X' identity on passports |language=en |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/20/politics/two-genders-us-passports-federal-government-trump/index.html |access-date=20 January 2025 |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121035755/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/20/politics/two-genders-us-passports-federal-government-trump/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Kathryn |last2=Linton |first2=Caroline |title=Trump executive order says federal government only recognizes "two sexes" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-executive-order-says-federal-government-only-recognizes-two-sexes/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=CBS News |date=January 21, 2025}}</ref> The U.S. Department of State subsequently suspended all new passport applications requesting an “X” marker,<ref name="guard-23jan2025">{{cite news |last1=Gedeon |first1=Joseph |title=Rubio instructs staff to freeze passport applications with 'X' sex markers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/23/trump-rubio-x-gender-passport |access-date=January 23, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 23, 2025 |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123184342/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/23/trump-rubio-x-gender-passport |url-status=live }}</ref> though previously issued passports with an “X” designation remain valid until expiration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Passports with 'X' sex markers will be valid until they expire or are renewed, State Department says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/passports-x-sex-marker-guidance-valid-expire-state-department-rcna191539 |agency=NBC News}}</ref>
Legal protections for non-binary individuals under U.S. federal law remain limited. While [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]] has been interpreted to prohibit employment discrimination based on gender nonconformity and transgender status, there are no explicit nationwide protections that specifically name non-binary individuals or ensure their rights across areas such as identification, healthcare, housing, or public services. As a result, access to recognition and protection continues to depend heavily on state and local laws and policies.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cecka |first1=Dale Margolin |author2-link=Martha Chamallas |last2=Chamallas |first2=Martha |date=2016 |chapter=Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989) |title=Feminist Judgments: Rewritten Opinions of the United States Supreme Court |pages=341–360 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781316411254.020 |isbn=978-1-107-12662-6 |quote=See ''[[Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins]]'', 490 U.S. 228, 250 (1989 (holding that an employer who punishes employees who fail to conform to stereotypical expectations of members of his or her sex discriminates on the basis of sex).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/us/gay-transgender-workers-supreme-court.html |access-date=March 7, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617162445/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/us/gay-transgender-workers-supreme-court.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
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Healthcare professionals are often uninformed about nonbinary people's specific health needs, sometimes requiring nonbinary patients to educate them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kcomt |first1=Luisa |last2=Gorey |first2=Kevin M. |last3=Barrett |first3=Betty Jo |last4=McCabe |first4=Sean Esteban |date=August 1, 2020 |title=Healthcare avoidance due to anticipated discrimination among transgender people: A call to create trans-affirmative environments |journal=SSM – Population Health |volume=11 |pages=100608 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100608 |issn=2352-8273 |pmc=7276492 |pmid=32529022}}</ref> Some providers may believe that nonbinary people do not require transition-related treatment,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vincent |first=Ben |title=Non-Binary Genders: Navigating Communities, Identities, and Healthcare |publisher=[[Policy Press]] |year=2020 |doi=10.56687/9781447351931|isbn=9781447351931 }}</ref> while others may not understand the difference between their identity and the identities of binary transgender patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Jessica |last2=Zalewska |first2=Agnieszka |last3=Gates |first3=Jennifer Joan |last4=Millon |first4=Guy |date=July 3, 2019 |title=An exploration of the lived experiences of non-binary individuals who have presented at a gender identity clinic in the United Kingdom |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=20 |issue=2–3 |pages=195–204 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1445056 |issn=1553-2739 |pmc=6831017 |pmid=32999606}}</ref> Nonbinary patients report lower rates of respect from healthcare providers than binary transgender people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kattari |first1=Shanna K. |last2=Bakko |first2=Matthew |last3=Hecht |first3=Hillary K. |last4=Kattari |first4=Leonardo |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Correlations between healthcare provider interactions and mental health among transgender and nonbinary adults |journal=SSM – Population Health |volume=10 |pages=100525 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100525 |issn=2352-8273 |pmc=6909214 |pmid=31872041}}</ref>
Beliefs that affirm the existence of gender/sex diversity are associated negatively with prejudices toward non-binary people.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101499| issn = 2352-250X| volume = 48| pages = 101499| last1 = Schudson| first1 = Zach C.| last2 = Morgenroth| first2 = Thekla| title = Non-binary gender/sex identities| journal = Current Opinion in Psychology| access-date = 2025-06-17| date = 2022-12-01| pmid = 36401906| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X22002202| quote = Research on gender/sex diversity affirming ontological beliefs has found that they are negatively associated with both implicit and explicit prejudice toward people with androgynous gender expressions, suggesting important links to positive attitudes toward non-binary and gender/sex diverse people.| archive-date = May 6, 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240506235520/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X22002202| url-status = live| doi-access = free}}</ref>
===Transgender health care===
Some nonbinary people desire [[Transgender health care|gender-affirming health care]], including [[Transgender hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]] or [[Gender-affirming surgery|surgery]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beek |first1=Titia F. |last2=Kreukels |first2=Baudewijntje P.C. |last3=Cohen-Kettenis |first3=Peggy T. |last4=Steensma |first4=Thomas D. |date=November 1, 2015 |title=Partial Treatment Requests and Underlying Motives of Applicants for Gender Affirming Interventions |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.13033 |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=2201–2205 |doi=10.1111/jsm.13033 |pmid=26553507 |issn=1743-6109 |access-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-date=October 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001010219/https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/12/11/2201/6980102?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Others do not,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burgwal |first1=Aisa |last2=Motmans |first2=Joz |date=November 2021 |title=Trans and gender diverse people's experiences and evaluations with general and trans-specific healthcare services: a cross-sectional survey |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00432-9 |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=679–686 |doi=10.1038/s41443-021-00432-9 |pmid=33854204 |s2cid=233225133 |issn=1476-5489 |hdl=1854/LU-8704468 |hdl-access=free |access-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624054919/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00432-9 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the ratio of those who desire care to those who do not is unclear. The factors that lead to this decision are complex and unique to each person.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Ben |date=July 3, 2019 |title=Breaking down barriers and binaries in trans healthcare: the validation of non-binary people |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism |volume=20 |issue=2–3 |pages=132–137 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1534075 |issn=1553-2739 |pmc=6831034 |pmid=32999601}}</ref>
Nonbinary patients seeking gender-affirming care typically begin treatment earlier than binary transgender patients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kattari |first1=Shanna K. |last2=Atteberry-Ash |first2=Brittanie |last3=Kinney |first3=M. Killian |last4=Walls |first4=N. Eugene |last5=Kattari |first5=Leonardo |date=October 21, 2019 |title=One size does not fit all: differential transgender health experiences |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00981389.2019.1677279 |journal=Social Work in Health Care |volume=58 |issue=9 |pages=899–917 |doi=10.1080/00981389.2019.1677279 |pmid=31618117 |s2cid=204757090 |issn=0098-1389 |access-date=June 25, 2023 |archive-date=June 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625040500/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00981389.2019.1677279 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
===Mental health care===
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Many flags have been used in non-binary and genderqueer communities to represent various identities. There are distinct non-binary and genderqueer pride flags. The genderqueer pride flag was designed in 2011 by Marilyn Roxie. Lavender represents androgyny or queerness, white represents agender identity, and green represents those whose identities which are defined outside the binary.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |first=Lynn |last=Deater |url=http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they |title=He, She or They? » The Commuter |website=ncccommuter.org |access-date=December 20, 2016 |date=April 29, 2015 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090439/http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf |title=Flags and Symbols |publisher=[[Amherst College]] |___location=Amherst, Massachusetts |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=May 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510154054/https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.davidmariner.com/flags |title=Gender and Sexuality Awareness Flags |date=October 26, 2015 |newspaper=David Mariner |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203153557/http://www.davidmariner.com/flags |url-status=live}}</ref> The non-binary pride flag was created in 2014 by [[Kye Rowan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know |title=8 Things Non-Binary People Need to Know |date=March 15, 2015 |website=Let's Queer Things Up! |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222123705/https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know |url-status=live}}</ref> Yellow represents people whose gender exists outside the binary, purple represents those whose gender is a mixture of—or between—male and female, black represents people who have no gender, and white represents those who embrace many or all genders.<ref name="nbflagtumblr">{{cite web |title=After counting up all the 'votes' for each variation of my nonbinary flag (to be separate from the genderqueer flag), it seems this is the most loved! Yay! |url=http://thejasmineelf.tumblr.com/post/77007286542/after-counting-up-all-the-votes-for-each |website=genderweird |publisher=[[Tumblr]] |access-date=June 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624214236/http://thejasmineelf.tumblr.com/post/77007286542/after-counting-up-all-the-votes-for-each |archive-date=June 24, 2018}}</ref>
Several symbols have been proposed for nonbinary people, to complement the [[Mars symbol]] for men and [[Venus symbol]] for women. One popular symbol is a circle with a stem above it, crossed by an X, in reference to [[Legal recognition of non-binary gender|the use of Xs]] as a gender marker for nonbinary people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=<!--staff--> |title=All about the nonbinary symbol |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/07/all-about-the-nonbinary-symbol/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=[[LGBTQ Nation]] |date=2022-07-30 |language=en |archive-date=April 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418062235/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/07/all-about-the-nonbinary-symbol/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Genderfluid people, who fall under the genderqueer umbrella, also have their own flag. Pink represents femininity, white represents lack of gender, purple represents mixed gender or androgyny, black represents all other genders, and blue represents masculinity.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary |title=Gender-fluid added to the Oxford English Dictionary |newspaper=[[LGBTQ Nation]] |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025023342/http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary |url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Canada ===
Statistics Canada reported that in the 2021 Census, 41,355 Canadians aged 15 or older (about 0.14% of that age group) identified as non-binary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada is the first country to provide census data on transgender and non-binary people|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=April 27, 2022|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220427/dq220427b-eng.htm|access-date=2025-05-17|archive-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620215331/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220427/dq220427b-eng.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Switzerland ===
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=== United Kingdom ===
According to the 2021 census (England and Wales), 30,000 people identified as non-binary, about 0.06% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=First census estimates on gender identity and sexual orientation|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=January 6, 2023|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/news/news/firstcensusestimatesongenderidentityandsexualorientation|access-date=2025-05-17|archive-date=March 28, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328092105/https://www.ons.gov.uk/news/news/firstcensusestimatesongenderidentityandsexualorientation|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== United States ===
Recent U.S. surveys suggest roughly 1–2% of American adults identify as non-binary. For example, a 2024 Gallup poll found between 1% and 2% of U.S. adults reported a non-binary gender identity.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|title=LGBTQ+ Identification in U.S. Rises to 9.3%|publisher=Gallup|date=February 20, 2025|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/656708/lgbtq-identification-rises.aspx|access-date=2025-05-17|archive-date=May 13, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513023355/https://news.gallup.com/poll/656708/lgbtq-identification-rises.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
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