BBC Third Programme: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Former British national radio station (1946–1967)}}

{{multiple issues|

{{nomore footnotes|date=August 2011}}

{{Peacock|sectionUse British English|date=OctoberFebruary 20162020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Infobox broadcasting network

| name = BBC Third Programme

| image = BBC Broadcasting House 532073098.jpg

| image_size = 220

| image_alt = A photograph of Broadcasting House showing the art deco styling of the main facade was made from Portland stone.

| caption = The Third Programme headquarters was at [[Broadcasting House]] in [[London]].

| country = [[United Kingdom]]

| headquarters = [[Broadcasting House]], London, England

| radiostations = 647 [[kHz]], 1547 kHz

| owner = [[BBC]]

| established = {{Start date and age|1946|09|29|df=y}}

| dissolved = {{End date and age|1967|09|29|df=y}}

| replaced_by = [[BBC Radio 3]]

}}

[[Image:BBC Broadcasting House 532073098.jpg|thumb|BBC [[Broadcasting House]] in [[London]]]]

The '''BBC Third Programme''' was a national radio service produced and broadcast by the [[BBC]] between 1946 and 1967. It first went on the air on 29 September 1946 and quickly became one of the leading cultural and intellectual forces in Britain, playing a crucial role in disseminating the arts.<ref> Hewison, Robert (1995). ''Culture and Consensus: England, Art and Politics Since 1940''. London: Methuen. {{ISBN|0413690601}}.</ref> It was the BBC's third national radio network, the other two being the [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]] (mainly speech-based) and the [[BBC Light Programme|Light Programme]], principally devoted to [[light entertainment]] and music. The Third Programme was rebranded to [[BBC Radio 3]] on 30 September 1967.

The '''BBC Third Programme''' was a national radio servicestation produced and broadcast byfrom the1946 until 1967, when it was replaced by [[BBC]] betweenRadio 1946 and 19673]]. It first went on the air on 29 September 1946 and quickly became one of the leading cultural and intellectual forces in [[Great Britain|Britain]], playing aan crucialimportant role in disseminating the arts, broadcasting music (mainly [[classical music|classical]]), plays, documentary features and talks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hewison, |first=Robert (|year=1995). ''|title=Culture and Consensus: England, Art and Politics Since 1940''. London:|page=55 |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]] |___location=London |isbn=0-413-69060-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHDbCQAAQBAJ {{ISBN|0413690601via=[[Google Books]]}}.</ref> It was the [[BBC]]'s third national radio network, the other two being the [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]] (mainly speech-based) and the [[BBC Light Programme|Light Programme]], principally devoted to [[light entertainment]] and music. The Third Programme was rebranded to [[BBClight Radio 3music|music]] on 30 September 1967.

==Description and history==

When it started in 1946, the Third Programme broadcast for six hours each evening, from 18.00 to 24.00, although its output was cut to just 24 hours a week from October 1957, with the early part of weekday evenings being given over to educational programming (known as "Network Three"). This situation continued until the launch, on 22 March 1965, of the [[BBC Music Programme]], which began regular daily broadcasts of classical music (with some interruptions for live sports coverage) on the Network Three/Third Programme frequencies between 7.00 and 18.30 on weekdays, 8.00 and 12.30 on Saturdays, and 8.00 and 17.00 on Sundays. The Third Programme continued as a distinct evening service, and this continued to be the case for a short while after the inception of Radio 3 in 1967, before all the elements of the BBC's "third network" were finally absorbed into Radio 3 with rebranding effect from Saturday 4 April 1970.

==History==

The Third's existence was controversial from the beginning, partly because of perceived "elitism" – it was sometimes criticised for broadcasting programmes of "two [[Academia|dons]] talking" – and also for the cost of its output relative to a small listener [[reach (advertising)|reach]]. Its existence was against Reithian principles, as [[John Reith, 1st Baron Reith|Reith]] himself had, during his time at the BBC, been against segmenting audiences by splitting programming genres across different networks. From the start though, it had prominent supporters: the [[Secretary of State for Education and Skills|Education Secretary]] in the [[Clement Attlee|Attlee]] government, [[Ellen Wilkinson]], spoke rather optimistically of creating a "third programme nation". When it faced those 1957 cuts, the Third Programme Defence Society was formed and its leaders included [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Albert Camus]], and [[Laurence Olivier|Sir Laurence Olivier]].

{{Further|Timeline of BBC Radio 3}}

When it started in 1946, the Third Programme broadcast for six hours each evening from 6.00 pm to midnight, although its output was cut to just 24 hours a week from October 1957, with the early part of weekday evenings being given over to educational programming (known as "Network Three"). The frequencies were also used during daytime hours to broadcast complete ball-by-ball commentary on [[Test cricket|test match cricket]], under the title ''[[Test Match Special]]''.

The Third's existence was controversial from the beginning, partly because of perceived "elitism" – it was sometimes criticised for broadcasting programmes of "two [[Academia|dons]] talking" – and also for the cost of its output relative to a small listener [[reach (advertising)|reach]]. Its existence was against Reithianthe corporation's founding principles, as [[John Reith, 1st Baron Reith|Reith]] himself had, during his time at the BBC, been against segmenting audiences by splitting programming genres across different networks. From the start, though, it had prominent supporters: the [[Secretary of State for Education and Skills|Education Secretary]] in the [[Clement Attlee|Attlee]] government, [[Ellen Wilkinson]], spoke rather optimistically of creating a "third programme nation". When it faced those 1957 cuts, the Third Programme Defence Society was formed and its leaders included [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Albert Camus]], and [[Laurence Olivier|Sir Laurence Olivier]].

==Output and programming==

The network was broadly cultural, a [[F.R. Leavis|Leavisite]] experiment dedicated to the discerning or "high-brow" listener from an educated, minority audience. Its founders' aims were seen as promoting "something fundamental to our civilisation" and as contributing to "the refinement of society".<ref>Carpenter, Humphrey (1996). ''The Envy of the World: Fifty Years of the Third Programme and Radio Three''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-7538-0250-3}}.</ref> Its musical output provided a wide range of serious classical music and live concerts, as well as contemporary composers and jazz, popular classical music such as Beethoven, Mozart and Tchaikovsky primarily remained on the Home Service until 1964. Voice formed a much higher proportion of its output than the later Radio 3, with specially commissioned plays, poetry readings, talks and documentaries. Nationally known intellectuals such as [[Bertrand Russell]] and [[Isaiah Berlin]] on philosophy or [[Fred Hoyle]] on cosmology were regular contributors.

When it started in 1946, the Third Programme broadcast for six hours each evening, from 18.00 to 24.00, although its output was cut to just 24 hours a week from October 1957, with the early part of weekday evenings being given over to educational programming (known as "Network Three"). This situation continued until the launch, on 22 March 1965, of the [[BBC Music Programme]], which began regular daily broadcasts of [[classical music]] (with some interruptions for live sports coverage) on the Network Three / Third Programme frequencies between 7.00 am and 186.30 pm on weekdays, 8.00 am and 12.30 pm on Saturdays, and 8.00 am and 175.00 pm on Sundays. The Third Programme continued as a distinct evening service, and this continued to be the case for a short while after the inception of [[BBC Radio 3]] on 30 inSeptember 1967, before all the elements of the BBC's "third network" were finally absorbed into Radio 3 with rebranding effect from Saturday 4 April 1970.

The network became a principal patron of the arts. It commissioned many music works for broadcast by the BBC Music Department, playing a crucial role in the development of the career of composers such as [[Benjamin Britten]]. Particularly notable were its drama productions, including the radio plays of [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Henry Reed (poet)|Henry Reed]] (the [[Hilda Tablet]] plays), [[Harold Pinter]], [[Wyndham Lewis]], [[Joe Orton]] and [[Dylan Thomas]], whose ''[[Under Milk Wood]]'' was written specially for the Programme. [[Philip O'Connor]] discovered [[Quentin Crisp]] in his radio interviews in 1963. [[Martin Esslin]], BBC Director of Drama (Radio), was associated with the network's productions of European drama, and [[Douglas Cleverdon]] with its productions of poetry and radio plays.

==Output and programming==

The Programme's contribution to contemporary poetry and criticism was outstanding, under producers and presenters such as [[John Wain]], [[Ludovic Kennedy]], [[George MacBeth]] and [[Patrick Dickinson]]; here it promoted young writers such as [[Philip Larkin]] and [[Kingsley Amis]], as well as the "difficult" work of [[David Jones (poet)|David Jones]] and [[Laura Riding]]. The Third Programme was for many years the single largest source of copyright payments to poets.

The network was broadly cultural, a [[F.R. Leavis|Leavisite]] experiment dedicated to the discerning or "high-brow" listener from an educated, minority audience. Its founders' aims were seen as promoting "something fundamental to our civilisation" and as contributing to "the refinement of society".<ref>{{cite book |last=Carpenter, |first=Humphrey (|date=1996). ''|title=The Envy of the World: Fifty Years of the Third Programme and Radio Three''. London: |publisher=[[Weidenfeld and Nicolson.]] |___location=London {{ISBN|isbn=0-7538-0250-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYLHQgAACAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}.</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2020}} Its musical output provided a wide range of serious [[classical music]] and live concerts, as well as contemporary composers and [[jazz,]]; popular classical music such as [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]] primarily remained on the [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]] until 1964. Voice formed a much higher proportion of its output than the later Radio 3, with specially commissioned plays, poetry readings, talks and documentaries. Nationally known intellectuals such as [[Bertrand Russell]] and [[Isaiah Berlin]] on philosophy or [[Fred Hoyle]] on cosmology were regular contributors.

The network became a principal patron of the arts., Itwithin commissioned many music works for broadcast by the BBC Music Department, playing aan crucialimportant role in the development of the career of composers such as [[Benjamin Britten]]. Particularly notable were its drama productions, including the radio plays of [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Henry Reed (poet)|Henry Reed]] (the [[Hilda Tablet]] plays), [[Harold Pinter]], [[Wyndham Lewis]], [[Joe Orton]] and [[Dylan Thomas]], whose ''[[Under Milk Wood]]'' was written specially for the Programmeprogramme. [[Philip O'Connor]] discovered [[Quentin Crisp]] in his radio interviews in 1963. The series ''[[Inventions for Radio]]'' aired in 1964 and 1965, with [[sound collage]]s by [[Delia Derbyshire]] of the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=David |url=https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/156080096/Inventing_for_Radio_Revised_Shorter_Dutch_Cut.pdf |title=The Origins of Certain Lives: The Development, Reception and Influence of the 'Inventions for Radio' by Barry Bermange and Delia Derbyshire |journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television |date=4 December 2019 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=823–846 |doi=10.1080/01439685.2019.1697034}}</ref> [[Martin Esslin]], BBC Director of Drama (Radio), was associated with the network's productions of European[[Europe]]an drama, and [[Douglas Cleverdon]] with its productions of poetry and radio plays.

The decision to close down the Third Programme was opposed by many within the BBC, some of them senior figures. Within the music division, a 'BBC rebellion' gathered force, with its most vocal members including [[Hans Keller]] and [[Robert Simpson (composer)|Robert Simpson]]. Ultimately, however, the attempt to prevent the culture-conscious Third being replaced by what Keller called "a daytime music station" proved unsuccessful.

The Third Programme's contribution to contemporary poetry and criticism was outstandingsignificant, under producers and presenters such as [[John Wain]], [[Ludovic Kennedy]], [[George MacBeth]] and [[Patrick Dickinson]]; here. itIt promoted young writers such as [[Philip Larkin]] and [[Kingsley Amis]], as well as the "difficult" work of [[David Jones (poet)|David Jones]] and [[Laura Riding]]. The Third Programme was for many years the single largest source of [[copyright]] payments to poets.

==Controllers==

* 1946–48 [[George Barnes (BBC)|George Barnes]]

* 1948–52 [[Harman Grisewood]]

* 1953–58 [[John Morris (anthropologist)|John Morris]]

* 1959–67 [[P. H. Newby|Howard Newby]]

The decision to close down the Third Programme was opposed by many within the BBC, some of them senior figures. Within the music division, a '"BBC rebellion'" gathered force, with its most vocal members including [[Hans Keller]] and [[Robert Simpson (composer)|Robert Simpson]]. Ultimately, however, the attempt to prevent the culture-conscious Third being replaced by what Keller called "a daytime music station" proved unsuccessful.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==See also==

{{portal|BBC}}

*[[BBC Radio 3]] - The BBC's classical music and arts radio station as a replacement for the Third Programme

*[[Radio drama]]

===Controllers===

==Some of its announcers==

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

*Patrick Butler

* 1946–481946–1948: [[George Barnes (BBC controller)|George Barnes]]

*[[Patricia Hughes (radio presenter)|Patricia Hughes]]

* 1948–521948–1952: [[Harman Grisewood]]

*[[Alvar Lidell]]

* 1953–581953–1958: [[John Morris (anthropologist)|John Morris]]

*[[Christopher Pemberton]]

* 1959–671959–1967: [[P. H. Newby|Howard Newby]]

*[[Philip O'Connor]]

{{Div col end}}

===Announcers===

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}

* Patrick Butler

* [[Patricia Hughes (radio presenter)|Patricia Hughes]]

* [[Alvar Lidell]]

*[[ Christopher Pemberton]]

* [[Philip O'Connor]]

{{Div col end}}

==References==

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==External links==

* [httphttps://www.liblibrary.udel.edu/udspecial/specfindaids/findaidsview?docId=pdf/bbcmss0332.htmpdf BBC Third Programme Scripts catalogue] The collection of [[Douglas Cleverdon]], a leading talks and drama producer for the Third, at the University of Delaware Library.

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ {{BBC Online|id=radio3/classical/thirdprogramme/|title=The Third Programme {{endash}} 60 60thYears anniversary]On}}

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