Comparison of programming languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Programming language]]s are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a [[computer]]). Like [[natural language]]s, programming languages follow rules for [[syntax]] and [[semantics]].

# [[Programming paradigm|programming paradigms]] and

# [[Semantics (computer science)|semantics]] and

# [[Syntax (programming languages)|programming syntaxes]].

There are [[list of programming languages|thousands of programming languages]]<ref>As of May 2006 Diarmuid Pigott's [http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ Encyclopedia of Computer Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ |date=2011-02-20}} hosted at [[Murdoch University]], [[Australia]] lists 8512 computer languages.</ref> and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional [[programmer]]s may use dozens of languages in a career.

Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as [[Perl]] or [[Standard ML]] (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include: [[ALGOL]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], JavaScript (under the name [[ECMAScript]]), [[Smalltalk]], [[Prolog]], [[Common Lisp]], [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] ([[IEEE]] standard), [[ISLISP]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[Fortran]], [[COBOL]], [[SQL]], and [[XQuery]].

# [[ALGOL]],

# [[C (programming language)|C]],

# [[C++]],

# [[COBOL]],

# [[JavaScript]] (under the name [[ECMAScript]]),

# [[Smalltalk]],

# [[Prolog]],

# [[Common Lisp]],

# [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] ([[IEEE]] standard),

# [[ISLISP]],

# [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]],

# [[Fortran]],

# [[SQL]],

# and [[XQuery]].

__TOC__

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{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

{{sort-under}}

{|class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! scope="col" | Language

! scope="col" | Original purpose

! scope="col" | [[imperativeImperative programming|Imperative]]

! scope="col" | [[objectObject-oriented programming|Object-oriented]]

! scope="col" | [[functionalFunctional programming|Functional]]

! scope="col" | [[proceduralProcedural programming|Procedural]]

! scope="col" | [[genericGeneric programming|Generic]]

! scope="col" | [[reflectiveReflective programming|Reflective]]

! scope="col" | Other [[programmingProgramming paradigm|paradigmparadigms]]s

! scope="col" | [[standardizationStandardization|Standardized]]?

|-

Line 79 ⟶ 62:

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}<ref>[http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3], [http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-12.html Section 12: Generic Units]</ref>

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[concurrent programming language|Concurrent]],<ref>[http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3], [http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-9.html Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization]</ref> [[distributed programming|distributed]],<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTLE.html|title=Distributed Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3] [http://Systems|website=www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-E.html Annex E: Distributed Systems]}}</ref>

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1983, 2005, 2012, ANSI, ISO, [[GOST]] 27831-88<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27831-88.pdf |title=Vak.ru |access-date=2008-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330020459/http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27831-88.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Line 116 ⟶ 99:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1960, [[IFIP WG 2.1]], ISO<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/docs/oldwgs/wg6.html |title=ISO/IEC 1538:1984]JTC1/SC22/WG6 - Algol|website=www.open-std.org}}</ref>

|-

Line 164 ⟶ 147:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Any, syntax is usually highly specific, related to the target processor

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1985 IEEE 694-1985<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://standards.ieee.org/standardieee/694-1985.html/950/|title=IEEE Standards Association|website=IEEE 694-1985]Standards Association}}</ref>

|-

Line 170 ⟶ 153:

| <!-- Original purpose --> GUI automation ([[Macro (computer science)#Application macros and scripting|macros]]), highly ___domain-specific

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}<br/><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.autohotkey.com/docs/Objects.htm |title=Objects - Definition & Usage]}}</ref>

| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

Line 199 ⟶ 182:

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent, transactional, statically and strongly typed programming, diagrammatic / visual programmingdiagrammatic–visual

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}}<br/>standard via Ballerina Language Specification<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ballerina.io/res/Ballerina-Language-Specification-WD-2015-05-01.pdf |publisher=WSO2 |title=Ballerina Language Specification |date=2018-05-01 |access-date=2018-05-03 |archive-date=2018-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090305/https://ballerina.io/res/Ballerina-Language-Specification-WD-2015-05-01.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-

Line 236 ⟶ 219:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}<br/>In progress, [[Java Community Process|JCP]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=274|title=The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 274]|website=jcp.org}}</ref>

|-

Line 276 ⟶ 259:

|-

! scope="row" | [[C (programming language)|C]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system,<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.html |title=Chistory|website=www.bell-labs.com]}}</ref> general purpose, low-level operations

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}

Line 284 ⟶ 267:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1989, [[ANSI C|ANSI C89, ISO/IEC C90, ISO/IEC C95, ISO/IEC C99, ISO/IEC C11, ISO/IEC C17, ISO/IEC C2x]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/ ANSI C89, |title=ISO/IEC 9899:1990,JTC1/SC22/WG14 1999,- 2011, 2018]C|website=www.open-std.org}}</ref>

|-

Line 294 ⟶ 277:

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1998, [[C++#Standardization|ISO/IEC C++98, ISO/IEC C++03, ISO/IEC C++11, ISO/IEC C++14, ISO/IEC C++17, ISO/IEC C++20, ISO/IEC C++23, ISO/IEC C++26]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/ |title=ISO/IEC 14882:1998,JTC1/SC22/WG21 2003,- 2011,The 2014,C++ 2017,Standards 2020]Committee - ISOCPP|website=www.open-std.org}}</ref>

|-

Line 303 ⟶ 286:

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref>[{{Cite web|url=http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cs/intro_functional_csharp.aspx |title=Codeproject.com: Functional Programming in C# 3.0 using Lambda Expression]}}</ref>

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> StructuredConcurrent, concurrentstructured

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>2000, ECMA, ISO<ref>ECMA-334; ISO/IEC 23270:2006</ref>

Line 315 ⟶ 298:

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.softvelocity.com/|title=Clarion Softvelocity- Home|website=www.softvelocity.com]}}</ref>

| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

Line 368 ⟶ 351:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1968 ANSI X3.23, 1974, 1985; ISO/IEC 1989:1985, 2002, 2014, 2023

|-

Line 425 ⟶ 408:

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.12/syntax_and_semantics/generics.html|title=Crystal Generics|website=crystal-lang.org|date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Alpha stageConcurrent<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concurrency - Crystal |url=https://github.com/crystal-lang.org/crystal#statusreference/1.11/guides/concurrency.html |titleaccess-date=Crystal2024-04-02 |website=[[GitHub]]|date=2 November 2021crystal-lang.org}}</ref>

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

Line 440 ⟶ 423:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[lazy evaluation]], non-determinism

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Curry Language Report

|-

Line 479 ⟶ 462:

|-

! scope="row" | [[Delphi (programming languagesoftware)|Delphi]] /, [[Object Pascal]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> General purpose

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

Line 488 ⟶ 471:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --><br/>? {{unknown}}

Line 508 ⟶ 491:

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://se.inf.ethz.ch/~meyer/publications/online/eiffel/basic.html#Agents|title=Bertrand Meyer: Basic Eiffel language mechanisms]|website=se.inf.ethz.ch}}</ref><ref>[[Closure (computer programming)#Inline agents .28Eiffel.29:|Closure (computer programming)]]</ref>

| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

Line 572 ⟶ 555:

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[stack-oriented programming language|Stack-oriented]]

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

Line 604 ⟶ 587:

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yesno}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

Line 675 ⟶ 658:

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, web, server-side

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://golanggo.orgdev/doc/faq#Is_Go_an_object|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) -oriented_language The Go Programming Language (FAQ)]|website=go.dev}}</ref>

| <!-- Functional --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.dev/doc/codewalk/functions/ |title=Codewalk: First-Class Functions in Go |quote=Go supports first class functions, higher-order functions, user-defined function types, function literals, closures, and multiple return values. This rich feature set supports a functional programming style in a strongly typed language.}}</ref>

| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Go Language Specification

|-

Line 717 ⟶ 700:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Meta-programming

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no|}}<br/>In progress}}, [[Java Community Process|JCP]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=241|title=The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 241]|website=jcp.org}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

|-

! scope="row" | HyperNext

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, education

| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[weak typing|Weakly typed]]

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

Line 849 ⟶ 820:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Java Language Specification

|-

Line 861 ⟶ 832:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[prototype-based]]

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1997-2022, [[ECMA-262]] standard

|-

Line 891 ⟶ 862:

| <!-- Original purpose --> General, technical computing

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/@abhimanyuaryan/object-oriented-programming-in-julia-4dbde2661fde|title=Object-Oriented programming in julia|date=4 June 2023 |quote= in Julia, Oriented programming is not the primary focus, instead it emphasizes multiple dispatches, a more general concept. Despite this, OOP can still be achieved in Julia through the use of composite types and methods.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dev.to/acmion/julia-object-oriented-programming-5dgh |title=Julia Object Oriented Programming |date=29 May 2021 |quote=Julia does only partially support object oriented programming (OOP) }}</ref>

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

Line 897 ⟶ 868:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Multiple dispatch, meta, scalar and array-oriented, parallel, concurrent, distributed ("cloud")

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}}<br/>standard via Julia Documentation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/|title=Julia Documentation · The Julia Language|website=docs.julialang.org}}</ref>

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

|-

Line 913 ⟶ 884:

|-

! scope="row" | [[Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, mobile development, server-side, client-side, web, scripting<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlin-script-examples/blob/master/jvm/main-kts/MainKts.md|title=kotlin-script-examples/jvm/main-kts/MainKts.md at master · Kotlin/kotlin-script-examples|website=GitHub}}</ref>, ___domain-specific<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotlinlang.org/docs/type-safe-builders.html|title=Type-safe builders &#124; Kotlin|website=Kotlin Help}}</ref>

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, mobile development, server-side, client-side, web

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

Line 920 ⟶ 891:

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2014/07/m8-is-out/ |title=M8 is out! |date=2 July 2014 |quote=As a first peek into the future reflective capabilities of Kotlin, you can now access properties as first-class objects in Kotlin}}</ref>

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotlinlang.org/docs/coroutines-overview.html|title=Coroutines &#124; Kotlin|website=Kotlin Help}}</ref>

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Kotlin Language Specification

|-

Line 933 ⟶ 904:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Several variants, custom programmable, dynamic loadable modules

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|Optionally}}<br/>[[POSIX.2]]<ref name="POSIX 1003">[[POSIX.2]], Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.)</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Scripts exist in in-world objects

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>reference is the [[Second Life]] implementation of [[Linden Scripting Language|LSL]].<ref>Halcyon (Inworldz) and Open Sims propose compatible implementations with additional functions.</ref>

|-

Line 1,088 ⟶ 1,059:

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Multiple dispatch, Concurrentconcurrent, [[Metaprogramming|meta]]

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

Line 1,233 ⟶ 1,204:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via language specification and Requests for Comments (RFCs)

|-

Line 1,269 ⟶ 1,240:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[Concatenative programming language|Concatenative]], [[Stack-oriented programming|stack-oriented]]

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via the PostScript Reference Manual<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf |title=PostScript Language Reference Manual |access-date=2017-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218093716/https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-

Line 1,298 ⟶ 1,269:

! scope="row" | [[PureBasic]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application

| <!-- Imperative --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}

Line 1,317 ⟶ 1,288:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Aspect-oriented

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)

|-

Line 1,340 ⟶ 1,311:

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[Modular programming|Modular]], logic, meta

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

Line 1,431 ⟶ 1,402:

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, server-side, system, web

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yesmaybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html Is Rust an |title=Object-Oriented Programming Language?]Features|website=doc.rust-lang.org}}</ref>

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

Line 1,437 ⟶ 1,408:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klabnik |first1=Steve |last2=Nichols |first2=Carol |title=The Rust Programming Language |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/title-page.html |chapter=Macros |chapter-url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html}}</ref>

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{nomaybe|De facto}} standard by the official Rust releases

|-

Line 1,452 ⟶ 1,423:

|-

! scope="row" | [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, numerical, scripting

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

Line 1,465 ⟶ 1,436:

|-

! scope="row" | [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, parallel, distributed, web

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

Line 1,472 ⟶ 1,443:

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Data-oriented programming, metaprogramming

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Scala Language Specification (SLS)

|-

Line 1,485 ⟶ 1,456:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> meta, extensible-syntax

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}}<br/>1975-2013, R⁰RS, R¹RS, R²RS, R³RS, R⁴RS, R⁵RS, R⁶RS, R⁷RS Small Edition <ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://standards.scheme.org/|title=Scheme R³RS, R⁴RS, R⁵RS, R⁶RS, R⁷RS Small Edition]Standards|website=standards.scheme.org}}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://standards.scheme.org/early/|title=Scheme R⁰RS, R¹RS, R²RS]Standards|website=standards.scheme.org}}</ref>

|-

Line 1,557 ⟶ 1,528:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1997, SML '97<ref>[{{Cite web|url=http://www.smlnj.org/sml97.html|title=SML SMLNJ'97|website=www.smlnj.org]}}</ref>

|-

Line 1,581 ⟶ 1,552:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- FunctionalStandardized? --> {{no}}

|-

#! scope="row" | [[CV (programming language)|CV (Vlang)]],

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, educationgeneral, system, game, web, server-side

| <!-- Standardized?Imperative --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{nomaybe|Can be viewed as}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}

| <!-- ImperativeProcedural --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- FunctionalReflective --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[weak typing|Weakly typed]]Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

Line 1,589 ⟶ 1,572:

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

Line 1,610 ⟶ 1,593:

! scope="row" | [[Visual FoxPro]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application

| <!-- Imperative --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

Line 1,635 ⟶ 1,618:

| <!-- Original purpose --> Symbolic language

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yesno}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

Line 1,713 ⟶ 1,696:

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Loadable modules

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|Optionally}}<br/>[[POSIX.2]]<ref name="POSIX 1003">[[POSIX.2]], Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.)</ref>

|}

Line 1,724 ⟶ 1,707:

Some (mostly older) languages require that programmers explicitly add checks for these kinds of errors. Psychologically, different [[List of cognitive biases|cognitive biases]] (e.g., [[optimism bias]]) may affect novices and experts alike and lead them to skip these checks. This can lead to [[software bug|erroneous behavior]].

# '''Failsafe I/O''' is a feature of [[1C:Enterprise programming language|1C:Enterprise]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] (exceptions), [[ALGOL]] (exceptions or return value depending on function), [[Ballerina (programming language)|Ballerina]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Common Lisp]] ("conditions and restarts" system), [[Curry (programming language)|Curry]], [[D (programming language)|D]] (throwing on failure),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dlang.org/phobos/std_stdio.html|title=STDstd.stdio - D Programming Language|website=dlang.org}}</ref> [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]], [[Fortran]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]] (unless result explicitly ignored), [[Gosu (programming language)|Gosu]], [[Harbour (programming language)|Harbour]], [[Haskell]], [[ISLISP]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]], [[LabVIEW]], [[Mathematica]], [[Objective-C]] (exceptions), [[OCaml]] (exceptions), [[OpenLisp]], [[PHP]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]], [[Rebol]], [[Rexx]] (with optional '''signal on'''... trap handling), [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] (unless result explicitly ignored), [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]],<ref>Scala runs on the Java Virtual Machine from which it inherits the runtime exception handling.</ref> [[Smalltalk]], [[Standard ML]] {{citation needed|date=February 2011}}, [[Swift (programming language)|Swift ≥ 2.0]] (exceptions), [[Tcl]], [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]], [[Visual Basic (.NET)|Visual Basic .NET]], [[Visual Prolog]], [[Wolfram Language]], [[Xojo]], [[XPath]]/[[XQuery]] (exceptions), and [[Zeek]].

# '''No Failsafe I/O''': [[AutoHotkey]] (global ErrorLevel must be explicitly checked), [[C (programming language)|C]],<ref name="VS">[[GNU compiler collection|gcc]] can warn on unchecked [[errno.h|errno]]. Newer versions of [[Visual Studio]] usually throw exceptions on failed I/O when using [[C file input/output|stdio]].</ref> [[COBOL]], [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]] (it actually depends on the library and it is not defined by the language), [[GLBasic]] (will generally cause program to crash), [[IBM RPG|RPG]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] (some functions do not warn or throw exceptions), and [[Perl]].<ref>Considerable error checking can be enabled optionally, but by default Perl is not failsafe.</ref>

'''No Failsafe I/O''':

# '''No Failsafe I/O''': [[AutoHotkey]] (global ErrorLevel must be explicitly checked), [[C (programming language)|C]],<ref name="VS">[[GNU compiler collection|gcc]] can warn on unchecked [[errno.h|errno]]. Newer versions of [[Visual Studio]] usually throw exceptions on failed I/O when using [[C file input/output|stdio]].</ref> [[COBOL]], [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]] (it actually depends on the library and it is not defined by the language), [[GLBasic]] (will generally cause program to crash), [[IBM RPG|RPG]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] (some functions do not warn or throw exceptions), and [[Perl]].<ref>Considerable error checking can be enabled optionally, but by default Perl is not failsafe.</ref>

Some I/O checking is built in [[C++]] ([[Input/output (C++)|STL iostreams]] throw on failure but C APIs like [[C file input/output|stdio]] or [[C POSIX library|POSIX]] do not)<ref name="VS"/> and [[Object Pascal]], in [[Bash (Unix shell)|Bash]]<ref><code>set -e</code> enables termination if any unchecked [[exit status]] is nonzero.</ref> it is optional.

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==Timeline of specific language comparisons==

#* 1974 – Comparative Notes on Algol 68 and PL/I<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valentine |first1=S. H. |date=November 1974 |title=Comparative Notes on Algol 68 and PL/I |journal=The Computer Journal |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=325–331 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/17.4.325 |doi-access=free}}</ref> – S. H. Valentine – November 1974

#* 1976 – Evaluation of [[ALGOL 68]], [[JOVIAL]] J3B, [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Simula]] 67, and [[TACPOL]] Versus TINMAN – Requirements for a Common High Order Programming Language.<!-- [https://web.archive.org/web/20170523233517/http://www.dtic.mil/srch/doc?collection=t2&id=ADA037637 Report Number: 1021-14] -->

#* 1977 – A comparison of PASCAL and ALGOL 68<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/2609/1/11054.pdf|title=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam}}</ref> – [[Andrew S. Tanenbaum]] – June 1977.

#* 1993 – Five Little Languages and How They Grew – [[BLISS]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[ALGOL 68]], [[BCPL]] & [[C (programming language)|C]] – [[Dennis M. Ritchie]] – April 1993.

#* 2009 – On Go – oh, go on – How well will Google's [[Go (programming language)|Go]] stand up against Brand X programming language? – David Given – November 2009

==See also==

{{Category tree all|Lists of programming languages|mode=all|depth=2}}

#* [[Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)]]

#* [[Comparison of programming languages (syntax)]]

#* [[Comparison of programmingintegrated paradigmsdevelopment environments]]

#* [[Comparison of integratedmulti-paradigm developmentprogramming environmentslanguages]]

#* [[TIOBE index]]

# [[Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages]]

# [[TIOBE index]]

==References==

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==Further reading==

#* {{cite book |last=Cezzar |first=Ruknet |year=1995 |title=A Guide to Programming Languages: Overview and Comparison |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-0-89006-812-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/authenticationsy0000oppl}}

{{Programming languages}}