Comparison of programming languages: Difference between revisions

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! scope="col" | Language

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| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}<ref>[http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3], [http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-12.html Section 12: Generic Units]</ref>

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

|<!-- Other paradigms -->[[concurrent programming language|Concurrent]],<ref>[http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3], [http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-9.html Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization]</ref> [[distributed programming|distributed]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTLE.html|title=Distributed Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3] [http://Systems|website=www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-E.html Annex E: Distributed Systems]}}</ref>

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1983, 2005, 2012, ANSI, ISO, [[GOST]] 27831-88<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27831-88.pdf |title=Vak.ru |access-date=2008-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330020459/http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27831-88.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1960, [[IFIP WG 2.1]], ISO<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/docs/oldwgs/wg6.html |title=ISO/IEC 1538:1984]JTC1/SC22/WG6 - Algol|website=www.open-std.org}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Any, syntax is usually highly specific, related to the target processor

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1985 IEEE 694-1985<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://standards.ieee.org/standardieee/694-1985.html/950/|title=IEEE Standards Association|website=IEEE 694-1985]Standards Association}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Original purpose --> GUI automation ([[Macro (computer science)#Application macros and scripting|macros]]), highly ___domain-specific

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}<br/><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.autohotkey.com/docs/Objects.htm |title=Objects - Definition & Usage]}}</ref>

| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}<br/>In progress, [[Java Community Process|JCP]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=274|title=The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 274]|website=jcp.org}}</ref>

|-

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|-

! scope="row" | [[C (programming language)|C]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system,<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.html |title=Chistory|website=www.bell-labs.com]}}</ref> general purpose, low-level operations

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1989, [[ANSI C|ANSI C89, ISO/IEC C90, ISO/IEC C95, ISO/IEC C99, ISO/IEC C11, ISO/IEC C17, ISO/IEC C2x]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/ ANSI C89, |title=ISO/IEC 9899:1990,JTC1/SC22/WG14 1999,- 2011, 2018]C|website=www.open-std.org}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{noyes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1998, [[C++#Standardization|ISO/IEC C++98, ISO/IEC C++03, ISO/IEC C++11, ISO/IEC C++14, ISO/IEC C++17, ISO/IEC C++20, ISO/IEC C++23, ISO/IEC C++26]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/ |title=ISO/IEC 14882:1998,JTC1/SC22/WG21 2003,- 2011,The 2014,C++ 2017,Standards 2020]Committee - ISOCPP|website=www.open-std.org}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref>[{{Cite web|url=http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cs/intro_functional_csharp.aspx |title=Codeproject.com: Functional Programming in C# 3.0 using Lambda Expression]}}</ref>

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> StructuredConcurrent, concurrentstructured

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>2000, ECMA, ISO<ref>ECMA-334; ISO/IEC 23270:2006</ref>

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| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://www.softvelocity.com/|title=Clarion Softvelocity- Home|website=www.softvelocity.com]}}</ref>

| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

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| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.12/syntax_and_semantics/generics.html|title=Crystal Generics|website=crystal-lang.org|date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->Concurrent<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concurrency - Crystal |url=https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.11/guides/concurrency.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=crystal-lang.org}}</ref>

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[lazy evaluation]], non-determinism

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Curry Language Report

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --><br/>? {{unknown}}

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| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://se.inf.ethz.ch/~meyer/publications/online/eiffel/basic.html#Agents|title=Bertrand Meyer: Basic Eiffel language mechanisms]|website=se.inf.ethz.ch}}</ref><ref>[[Closure (computer programming)#Inline agents .28Eiffel.29:|Closure (computer programming)]]</ref>

| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

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| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yesno}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}

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| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, web, server-side

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://golanggo.orgdev/doc/faq#Is_Go_an_object|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) -oriented_language The Go Programming Language (FAQ)]|website=go.dev}}</ref>

| <!-- Functional --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://go.dev/doc/codewalk/functions/ |title=Codewalk: First-Class Functions in Go |quote=Go supports first class functions, higher-order functions, user-defined function types, function literals, closures, and multiple return values. This rich feature set supports a functional programming style in a strongly typed language.}}</ref>

| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Go Language Specification

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Meta-programming

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no|}}<br/>In progress}}, [[Java Community Process|JCP]]<ref>[http{{Cite web|url=https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=241|title=The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 241]|website=jcp.org}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Java Language Specification

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[prototype-based]]

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1997-2022, [[ECMA-262]] standard

|-

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| <!-- Original purpose --> General, technical computing

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/@abhimanyuaryan/object-oriented-programming-in-julia-4dbde2661fde|title=Object-Oriented programming in julia|date=4 June 2023 |quote= in Julia, Oriented programming is not the primary focus, instead it emphasizes multiple dispatches, a more general concept. Despite this, OOP can still be achieved in Julia through the use of composite types and methods.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dev.to/acmion/julia-object-oriented-programming-5dgh |title=Julia Object Oriented Programming |date=29 May 2021 |quote=Julia does only partially support object oriented programming (OOP) }}</ref>

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Multiple dispatch, meta, scalar and array-oriented, parallel, concurrent, distributed ("cloud")

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}}<br/>standard via Julia Documentation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/|title=Julia Documentation · The Julia Language|website=docs.julialang.org}}</ref>

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}

|-

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|-

! scope="row" | [[Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]]

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, mobile development, server-side, client-side, web, scripting<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlin-script-examples/blob/master/jvm/main-kts/MainKts.md|title=kotlin-script-examples/jvm/main-kts/MainKts.md at master · Kotlin/kotlin-script-examples|website=GitHub}}</ref>, ___domain-specific<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotlinlang.org/docs/type-safe-builders.html|title=Type-safe builders &#124; Kotlin|website=Kotlin Help}}</ref>

| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, mobile development, server-side, client-side, web

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}

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| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2014/07/m8-is-out/ |title=M8 is out! |date=2 July 2014 |quote=As a first peek into the future reflective capabilities of Kotlin, you can now access properties as first-class objects in Kotlin}}</ref>

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotlinlang.org/docs/coroutines-overview.html|title=Coroutines &#124; Kotlin|website=Kotlin Help}}</ref>

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Kotlin Language Specification

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Several variants, custom programmable, dynamic loadable modules

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|Optionally}}<br/>[[POSIX.2]]<ref name="POSIX 1003">[[POSIX.2]], Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.)</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Scripts exist in in-world objects

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>reference is the [[Second Life]] implementation of [[Linden Scripting Language|LSL]].<ref>Halcyon (Inworldz) and Open Sims propose compatible implementations with additional functions.</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via language specification and Requests for Comments (RFCs)

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> [[Concatenative programming language|Concatenative]], [[Stack-oriented programming|stack-oriented]]

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via the PostScript Reference Manual<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf |title=PostScript Language Reference Manual |access-date=2017-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218093716/https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Aspect-oriented

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)

|-

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| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, server-side, system, web

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yesmaybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html Is Rust an |title=Object-Oriented Programming Language?]Features|website=doc.rust-lang.org}}</ref>

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klabnik |first1=Steve |last2=Nichols |first2=Carol |title=The Rust Programming Language |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/title-page.html |chapter=Macros |chapter-url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html}}</ref>

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{nomaybe|De facto}} standard by the official Rust releases

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Data-oriented programming, metaprogramming

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} <br/>standard via Scala Language Specification (SLS)

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> meta, extensible-syntax

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}}<br/>1975-2013, R⁰RS, R¹RS, R²RS, R³RS, R⁴RS, R⁵RS, R⁶RS, R⁷RS Small Edition<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://standards.scheme.org/|title=Scheme R³RS, R⁴RS, R⁵RS, R⁶RS, R⁷RS Small Edition]Standards|website=standards.scheme.org}}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://standards.scheme.org/early/|title=Scheme R⁰RS, R¹RS, R²RS]Standards|website=standards.scheme.org}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms -->

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1997, SML '97<ref>[{{Cite web|url=http://www.smlnj.org/sml97.html|title=SML SMLNJ'97|website=www.smlnj.org]}}</ref>

|-

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| <!-- Original purpose --> Symbolic language

| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yesno}}

| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}

| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}

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| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}

| <!-- Other paradigms --> Loadable modules

| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|Optionally}}<br/>[[POSIX.2]]<ref name="POSIX 1003">[[POSIX.2]], Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.)</ref>

|}

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Some (mostly older) languages require that programmers explicitly add checks for these kinds of errors. Psychologically, different [[List of cognitive biases|cognitive biases]] (e.g., [[optimism bias]]) may affect novices and experts alike and lead them to skip these checks. This can lead to [[software bug|erroneous behavior]].

'''Failsafe I/O''' is a feature of [[1C:Enterprise programming language|1C:Enterprise]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] (exceptions), [[ALGOL]] (exceptions or return value depending on function), [[Ballerina (programming language)|Ballerina]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Common Lisp]] ("conditions and restarts" system), [[Curry (programming language)|Curry]], [[D (programming language)|D]] (throwing on failure),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dlang.org/phobos/std_stdio.html|title=STDstd.stdio - D Programming Language|website=dlang.org}}</ref> [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]], [[Fortran]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]] (unless result explicitly ignored), [[Gosu (programming language)|Gosu]], [[Harbour (programming language)|Harbour]], [[Haskell]], [[ISLISP]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]], [[LabVIEW]], [[Mathematica]], [[Objective-C]] (exceptions), [[OCaml]] (exceptions), [[OpenLisp]], [[PHP]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]], [[Rebol]], [[Rexx]] (with optional '''signal on'''... trap handling), [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] (unless result explicitly ignored), [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]],<ref>Scala runs on the Java Virtual Machine from which it inherits the runtime exception handling.</ref> [[Smalltalk]], [[Standard ML]] {{citation needed|date=February 2011}}, [[Swift (programming language)|Swift ≥ 2.0]] (exceptions), [[Tcl]], [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]], [[Visual Basic (.NET)|Visual Basic .NET]], [[Visual Prolog]], [[Wolfram Language]], [[Xojo]], [[XPath]]/[[XQuery]] (exceptions), and [[Zeek]].

'''No Failsafe I/O''':