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{{Short description|Hypothetical mathematical code in the Quran}}
The term '''Quran code''' (also known as '''Code 19''') refers to the claim that the [[Quran|Quranic text]] contains a hidden mathematically complex [[code]]. Advocates
== History ==
In 1969, [[Rashad Khalifa]], an Egyptian-American [[biochemist]], began analyzing the [[Disconnected letters|separated letters]] of the [[Quran]] (also called Quranic initials or Muqattaʿat), and the Quran to examine certain sequences of numbers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Musa|first=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdbGAAAAQBAJ|title=Hadith As Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam|date=2008-05-12|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-61197-9|pages=87|language=en}}</ref> In 1973 he published the book ''Miracle of the Quran: Significance of the Mysterious Alphabets'', in which he describes the Quranic initials through enumerations and distributions.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Melton|first1=J. Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzMOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of American Religions
In 1974, Khalifa claimed to have discovered a mathematical code hidden in the Quran, a code based around the number 19. He wrote the book ''The Computer Speaks: God's Message to the World'', in which he thematizes this Quran code. He relies on [[Al-Muddaththir|Surah 74]], verse 30 to prove the significance of the number: "Over it is nineteen,".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bangert|first=Kurt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCYWDAAAQBAJ|title=Muhammad: Eine historisch-kritische Studie zur Entstehung des Islams und seines Propheten|date=2016-04-25|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-658-12956-9|pages=114–116|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Momen|first=Moojan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_WAAAAMAAJ|title=The Phenomenon of Religion: A Thematic Approach|date=1999|publisher=Oneworld|isbn=978-1-85168-161-7|pages=561|language=en}}</ref>
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== Quranic Gematria ==
Each [[Arabic letters|Arabic letter]] can be assigned a specific numerical value, also called [[Abjad numerals]] or [[gematria]]:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bugday|first=Korkut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HPZBAAAQBAJ|title=An Introduction to Literary Ottoman|date=2014-12-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-00655-7|pages=1–2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Isaac|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AsYAAAAYAAJ|title=The Alphabet: An Account of the Origin and Development of Letters|date=1883|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench|pages=314–316|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|Alif ا 1
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|Rā' 200 ر
|}
This system is the same as Syriac alphabetic numerals.<ref>Gareth Hughes, A guide to numerals in Syriac, 2010 https://www.academia.edu/1736797/A_guide_to_numerals_in_Syriac</ref>
Abdullah Arik, a [[Quranism|Quranistic]] author, uses this method in his book ''Beyond Probability: God's Message in Mathematics'' to analyze the Basmala gematrically. He gives various numerological arguments relying on these values to bolster his arguments.<ref name=":0">{{citation|last=Arik|first=Abdullah|title=Beyond Probability|date=2012|pages=17–36|publisher=United Submitters International|language=|isbn=9781890825027}}</ref>
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Common critiques of [[Numerology|numerological]] claims also apply to the Quran Code. Critics often invoke the concept of [[stochastic]] processes to explain how seemingly mystical patterns could appear in any large dataset. One such critic was [[Bilal Philips]], who argued that Rashad Khalifa's "miracle 19" theory was a hoax based on falsified data, misinterpretations of the Quran's text, and grammar inconsistencies.<ref name="Bilal Philips about Rashad Khalifa hoax">{{harvnb|Philips|1987|p=64}}</ref>
Additionally, since early Quran manuscripts can contain orthographic differences in certain passages, the precise number of letters in those sections can be unclear.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brubaker |first=Daniel Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFLfxQEACAAJ |title=Corrections in Early Qurʾān Manuscripts: Twenty Examples |date=2019-05-21 |publisher=Think & Tell |isbn=978-1-949123-03-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRkuDwAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad's Heirs: The Rise of Muslim Scholarly Communities, 622–950 |date=2017-08-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-50906-0 |pages=73, 76 |language=en}}</ref> For example, since the frequency of the letter Alif is subject to debate, there is not an universally agreed letter count in the Alif initialized Surahs. However, to prove his theory Khalifa chose those versions of the text that included letter frequencies divisible by 19.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardar |first=Ziauddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLjaAAAAMAAJ |title=Explorations in Islamic Science |date=1989 |publisher=Mansell |isbn=978-0-7201-2004-2 |pages=31, 35 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, Khalifa claimed that the initial "Nūn" in [[Surah 68]] should be spelled as to include an additional Nūn: "Nūn Wāw Nūn" in place of the orthodox spelling, "Nūn". This allowed Khalifa to claim that there are 133 (19×7) Nūns in Surah 68, instead of 132, which is not a multiple of 19. However, Khalifa's spelling does not appear in any Quranic manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLjaAAAAMAAJ|title=Explorations in Islamic Science|date=1989|publisher=Mansell|isbn=978-0-7201-2004-2|pages=41|language=en}}</ref> He also assumed that the correct spelling or reading of the word "basṭatan", which occurs in [[Al-A'raf|Surah 7]], verse 69, contains the Arabic letter Sīn instead of the letter Suād, which is the conventional spelling.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardar |first=Ziauddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLjaAAAAMAAJ |title=Explorations in Islamic Science |date=1989 |publisher=Mansell |isbn=978-0-7201-2004-2 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pickthall |first1=Marmaduke William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYJCAAAAYAAJ |title=Islamic Culture |last2=Asad |first2=Muhammad |date=1988 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref> He based this assertion on the [[Samarkand Kufic Quran|Samarkand Codex]],
Khalifa also claimed that two verses in the Quran, specifically [[At-Tawbah|Surah 9]], verses 128 and 129, were humanly added, and should not be included. He supports this claim by the hadith [[Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahīh al-Bukhārī]] 7425, according to which [[Zayd ibn Thabit|Zaid ibn Thābit]], tasked by [[Abu Bakr]] with compiling the Quran, found only one witness to attest to the validity of verses 9:128–129, Khuzaima al-Ansari.<ref>{{cite web |last= |date= |year= |title=97 Oneness, Uniqueness of Allah (Tawheed) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7425 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |publisher= |pages= |language=en, ar |format= |quote= |periodical=Sahīh al-Buchārī}} listed at sunnah.com</ref> Thus, Khalifa claimed that the Quran has only 6346 verses instead of the traditional count of 6348. The omission of these verses is integral to his theory; if these two verses are taken into account, there are 2699 occurrences of the word "Allah" and 115 occurrences of the word "Rahim", neither of which are multiples of 19.
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* [https://mathe.alrahman.de/code-19-der-korancode/ Various hypothetical mathematical considerations regarding the Quran code]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVRE2xluqwg Video presentation of certain aspects of Code 19]
* [http://hanif.de/index.php?p=2652 "171 examples of the mathematical System"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730042312/https://hanif.de/index.php?p=2652 |date=2021-07-30 }}
[[Category:Quran|Code]]
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