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Although Canada is a [[Federation|federal state]], a large portion of its land mass in the north is under the legislative jurisdiction of the federal government (called [[Provinces and territories of Canada|territories, as opposed to provinces]]). This has been the case since 1870. In 1870 the [[Deed of Surrender]] or 'Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order' effected the admission of [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to Canada, pursuant to section 146 of the [[Constitution Act, 1867]] and the [[Rupert's Land Act 1868]]. The [[Manitoba Act, 1870]], which created [[Manitoba]] out of part of Rupert's Land, also designated the remainder of both the Northwest Territories (NWT), over which Parliament was to exercise full legislative authority under the [[Constitution Act, 1871]].
[[Yukon]] was carved from the Northwest Territories in 1898 but remained a territory. In 1905, the provinces of [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]] were carved from the [[Northwest Territories]]. Portions of [[Rupert's Land]] were added to the provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], extending those provinces northward from their previous narrow band around the [[St. Lawrence River|St. Lawrence]] and lower [[Great Lakes]]. The [[District of Ungava]] was a regional administrative district of Canada's Northwest Territories from 1895 to 1912. The continental areas of said district were transferred by the [[Parliament of Canada]] with the adoption of the [[Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898]] and the [[Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912]]. The status of the interior of [[Labrador]] that was believed part of Ungava was settled in 1927 by the British [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], which ruled in favour of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]]. The offshore islands to the west and north of Quebec remained part of the Northwest Territories
Since the 1970s, the federal government has been transferring its regional decision-making powers to territorial governments. This means greater local control and accountability by northerners for decisions central to the future of the territories. In 1999, the federal government created [[Nunavut]] pursuant to a land claim agreement reached with [[Inuit]], the indigenous people of Canada's [[Arctic]]. Since that time, the federal government has slowly devolved legislative jurisdiction to the territories. Enabling the territories to become more self-sufficient and prosperous and to play a stronger role in the Canadian federation is considered a key component to development in [[Northern Canada|Canada's North]]. Among the three territories, devolution is most advanced in Yukon.
On June 18, 2021, [[Nunatsiavut]], the [[Indigenous self-government in Canada|Inuit self-government]] in [[Labrador]], stated that it had begun the process of seeking devolution of [[Child protective services|child protection services]] from the [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] [[Department of Children, Seniors and Social Development]] with the goal for negotiations to conclude within three years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://vocm.com/2021/06/18/nunatsiavut-government-developing-plan-to-take-over-child-welfare-services-in-labrador-from-provincial-government/ |title=Nunatsiavut to Self-Govern Child Welfare Services in Labrador Inuit Communities |newspaper=VOCM |date=2021-06-18 |access-date=2022-02-28|author1=Jolene Grimes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/nunatsiavut-government-is-taking-over-child-welfare-system-for-labrador-inuit-100601869/|title = Nunatsiavut Government planning to take over child-welfare system for Labrador Inuit | SaltWire | last1=Careen | first1=Evan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=NTV News |url=http://ntv.ca/nunatsiavut-government-planning-to-take-control-of-child-welfare-services/ |title=Nunatsiavut Government planning to take control of child welfare services |publisher=ntv.ca |date=2021-06-18 |access-date=2022-02-28 |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702073058/http://ntv.ca/nunatsiavut-government-planning-to-take-control-of-child-welfare-services/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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* As in the Northwest Territories, federal responsibilities were transferred to the Yukon government in the 1980s. In 1988 the Minister and the Yukon Government Leader signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] committing the parties to smooth the progress of devolution of remaining province-like responsibilities to the Yukon Government. Responsibilities transferred since then include fisheries, mine safety, intra-territorial roads, hospitals and community-health care, oil-and-gas and, most recently, natural resources.
* Discussion to transfer land- and resource-management responsibilities to the [[Legislature of Yukon|Yukon Government]] began in 1996, followed by a formal federal devolution proposal to the Yukon Government in January 1997. In September 1998 a Devolution Protocol Accord to guide devolution negotiations was signed. On August 28, 2001, a final draft of the Devolution Transfer Agreement was completed for consideration. The Yukon Devolution transfer Agreement was concluded on October 29, 2001, with the Government of Canada enabling the transfer of remaining province-like responsibilities for land, water and resource management to the Government of Yukon on April 1, 2003.
==France==▼
{{main|Decentralisation in France}}▼
In the late 1980s a process of [[decentralisation]] was undertaken by the [[Government of France|French government]]. Initially regions were created and elected regional assemblies set up. Together with the departmental councils these bodies have responsibility for infrastructure spending and maintenance (schools and highways) and certain social spending. They collect revenues through property taxes and various other taxes. In addition a large part of spending is provided by direct grants to such authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/news/news-opinion/look-french-great-devolution-battle-11424847|title=Look to French in great devolution battle|last=Game|first=Chris|date=2016-06-06|website=birminghampost|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>▼
There also are groups calling for devolution or full independence for [[Occitania]], the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Corsica]], [[Alsace]], and [[Brittany]].▼
==Mexico==
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===Indigenous peoples===
In a recent amendment to the [[Constitution of Mexico]], the country was defined as a "pluricultural nation" founded upon the "[[indigenous peoples]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info4.juridicas.unam.mx/ijure/fed/9/3.htm?s=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811193236/http://info4.juridicas.unam.mx/ijure/fed/9/3.htm?s=|url-status=dead|title=Second Article of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States|archive-date=August 11, 2007}}</ref> They are granted "free-determination" to choose the social, economic, cultural and political organization for which they are to elect representatives democratically in whatever manner they see fit, traditionally or otherwise, as long as women have the same opportunities to participate in their social and political life. There are, however, no prescribed limits to their territories, and they are still under the jurisdiction of the municipalities and states in which they are located; the indigenous peoples can elect representatives before the municipal councils. In practice, they are allowed to have an autonomous form of self-government, but they are still subject to the rights and responsibilities set forth by the federal constitution and the constitution of the states in which they are located.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov.nt.ca/en/priorities/implementing-devolution-agreement/aboriginal-peoples-and-devolution|title=Aboriginal Peoples and Devolution|last=Affairs|first=Executive and Indigenous|website=www.eia.gov.nt.ca|language=en|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
▲==France==
▲{{main|Decentralisation in France}}
▲In the late 1980s a process of [[decentralisation]] was undertaken by the [[Government of France|French government]]. Initially regions were created and elected regional assemblies set up. Together with the departmental councils these bodies have responsibility for infrastructure spending and maintenance (schools and highways) and certain social spending. They collect revenues through property taxes and various other taxes. In addition a large part of spending is provided by direct grants to such authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/news/news-opinion/look-french-great-devolution-battle-11424847|title=Look to French in great devolution battle|last=Game|first=Chris|date=2016-06-06|website=birminghampost|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
▲There also are groups calling for devolution or full independence for [[Occitania]], the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Corsica]], [[Alsace]], and [[Brittany]].
==Spain==
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{{main|Devolution in the United Kingdom}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Scottish Parliament, from Salisbury Crags.jpg
| caption1 = [[Scottish Parliament Building|Holyrood]] (Scottish Parliament)
| image2 =
| caption2 = [[
| image3
| caption3 = [[Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)|Stormont]] (Northern Ireland Assembly)
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}} In the [[United Kingdom]], devolved government was created for [[Northern Ireland]] in 1921 by the [[Government of Ireland Act 1920]], for [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]] in September 1997 following [[majority|simple majority]] [[referendum]]s, and in [[London]] in May 1998. Between 1998 and 1999, the [[Scottish Parliament]], [[Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament), [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] and [[London Assembly]] were established by law. The [[Campaign for an English Parliament]], which supports [[English devolution]] (i.e. the establishment of a separate English parliament or assembly) was formed in 1998.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
A referendum was held in Scotland on 18 September 2014 which asked citizens whether Scotland should be an independent country.<ref name="BBC 2013-03-21">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-16478121|title=Salmond calls for independence referendum in 2014 |date=10 January 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> By a margin of approximately 55 percent to 45 percent, people living in Scotland rejected the proposal.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/events/scotland-decides|title = Scotland votes no to independence|date = September 19, 2014|access-date = September 19, 2014|website = BBC News – Scotland decides|publisher = BBC}}</ref> The leaders of the three largest British political parties pledged on 16 September 2014 a new devolution settlement for Scotland in the event of a No vote, promising to deliver "faster, safer and better change",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/scottish-independence/scottish-independence-cameron-miliband-and-clegg-sign-devolution-vow-but-scots-sceptical-9736090.html|title=Scottish independence: Cameron, Miliband and Clegg sign devolution|date=2014-09-16|newspaper=The Independent|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref> and as a result of this vote and promises made during the referendum campaign, British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] announced plans to devolve additional powers to the Scottish government, the nature of which would be determined by the [[Smith Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/sep/19/scottish-referendum-david-cameron-devolution-revolution|title=Scottish Referendum David Cameron Devolution Revolution|access-date=19 September 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=19 September 2014}}</ref> These powers were subsequently transferred in the [[Scotland Act 2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/11/contents/enacted|title=Scotland Act 2016|publisher=legislation.gov.uk|date=2016|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> Following the outcome of the [[United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|Brexit]] vote on 23 June 2016, calls for further devolution have been raised,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-36747715|title=Growing calls for federal UK in wake of Brexit vote|last=Taylor|first=Brian|date=2016-07-09|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref> including differential membership of the [[European single market]] for the devolved areas of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/dec/20/nicola-sturgeon-make-scotlands-place-in-single-market-integral-to-talks|title=Nicola Sturgeon: make Scotland's place in single market 'integral' to talks|last=Brooks|first=Libby|date=2016-12-20|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
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{{see also|State constitution (United States)|Home Rule in the United States|Municipal corporation}}
[[File:Forthallindancasiono2007.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Fort Hall Indian Casino, [[Idaho]]. Gambling is allowed within [[
In the United States the federal government and state governments are sovereign. As Native American tribes and the governments they formed pre-date the formation of the United States, their legal position as sovereigns co-exists alongside the individual states and the Federal government. The legal relationships with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes and their government structures are the jurisdiction of [[United States Congress|Congress]]. This relationship is unique to each of the more than 500 tribes and also involves
Territories are under the direct jurisdiction of Congress. Territorial governments are thus devolved by acts of Congress. Political subdivisions of a state, such as a county or municipality, are a type of devolved government and are defined by individual state constitutions and laws.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
===District of Columbia===
{{Main|District of Columbia home rule}}
In the United States, the [[District of Columbia]] offers an illustration of devolved government. The District is separate from any state, and has its own elected government. In many ways, on a day-to-day basis, it operates much like another state, with its own laws, court system, Department of Motor Vehicles, public university, and so on. However, the governments of the 50 states are reserved a broad range of powers in the [[U.S. Constitution]], and most of their laws cannot be voided by any act of U.S. federal government. The District of Columbia, by contrast, is constitutionally under the sole control of the [[United States Congress]], which created the current District government by statute. Any law passed by the District legislature can be nullified by congressional action, and indeed the District government could be significantly altered or eliminated by a simple majority vote in Congress.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
==List of unitary states with devolution==
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|Presidential republic
|[[Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan]]
|
|Autonomous republic: [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]]
|-
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|Republic
|[[Provinces of Indonesia]]
|38 provinces, of which 9 have special status
|Provinces with special status:
* [[Aceh]]
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* [[Gagauzia]]
* [[Transnistria]] (''de facto'' an [[independent state]])
|-
|1918
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|Constitutional monarchy
|[[Municipality of Monaco]]
|1 municipality
|
|-
|1989
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|
* [[Vojvodina]]
* [[Kosovo
|-
|1978
| |||