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[[File:Finch for wiki.jpg|thumb|Red avadavat (male) From [[Dhaka|Dhaka, Bangladesh]] ]]▼
[[File:Red avadavat (Amandava amandava), red munia or strawberry finch - sound.wav|thumb|Red avadavat (Amandava amandava), red munia or strawberry finch - sound]]
The '''red avadavat''' ('''''Amandava amandava'''''), '''red munia''' or '''strawberry finch''', is a sparrow-sized bird of the family [[Estrildidae]]. It is found in the open fields and grasslands of tropical [[Asia]] and is popular as a cage bird due to the colourful plumage of the males in their breeding season. It breeds in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] in the [[monsoon]] season. The species name of ''amandava'' and the common name of ''avadavat'' are derived from the city of [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]], India, from where these birds were exported into the pet trade in former times.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Buceros|url=https://archive.org/details/BirdNamesIndia |title=A dictionary of scientific bird names originating from the Indian region |author=Pittie A|volume=9 |issue=2|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=30|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012794628#page/n83/mode/1up/search/Avadavat|title=Hobson-Jobson:A glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases|publisher=John Murray|author=Yule H |year=1886}}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
The red avadavat was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''
The red avadavat were earlier included in the genus ''Estrilda'' by Jean Delacour. This placement was followed for a while but morphological,<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|year= 1962| volume=82|title=The affinities of the Red Avadavat, Amandava amandava (Linn.)|author=Harrison, C.J.O.|pages=126–132|url= https://archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis82brit#page/126/mode/2up}}</ref> behavioural, biochemical<ref>{{cite journal| title= Biochemical systematics within Palaeotropic finches (Aves: Estrildidae) |author=Christidis, L|pages= 380–392| journal=The Auk| volume=104| issue = 3| year=1987| url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v104n03/p0380-p0392.pdf| doi= 10.2307/4087534|jstor=4087534}}</ref> and DNA studies now support their separation in the genus ''Amandava''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=An ethological comparison of some waxbills (Estrildini), and its relevance to their taxonomy|author=Harrison, CJO| year=1962| journal= Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| volume=139| issue=2| pages=261–282| doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb01830.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Delacour | first=Jean|year=1943| title= A revision of the subfamily Estrildinae of the family Ploceidae| journal=Zoologica |pages=69–86 |volume=28 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51008602 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| year= 2007| journal= Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science| volume= 116| issue= 1| pages= 90–107| title= Skeletal characters and the systematics of Estrildid finches (Aves:Estrildidae)| last= Webster | first=J.D. | url= http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004704/http://www.indianaacademyofscience.org/Documents/Proceedings/V116/Proc_v116_1_2007_pp90-107.aspx| archive-date= 2011-05-24}}</ref>
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==Description==
==Distribution and habitat==
Red avadavats are found mainly on flat plains, in places with tall grasses or crops, often near water.<ref name=pcr>{{ cite book | last1=Rasmussen | first1=Pamela C. | author1-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | last2=Anderton | first2=John C. | year=2012 | title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide | volume=2: Attributes and Status | edition=2nd | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions | ___location=Washington D.C. and Barcelona | isbn=978-84-96553-87-3 | page=572 }}</ref> The species has four named subspecies. The nominate subspecies is called ''amandava'' and is found in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Pakistan]]; the Burmese form is called ''flavidiventris'' (also found in parts of [[China]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]]);<ref name=baker/> the population further east in Java is called ''punicea'' and in Cambodia, ''decouxi''.<ref>{{cite book|pages=192–193|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|author=Oates, EW|year=1890| publisher=Taylor and Francis, London |url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin02oate#page/192/mode/1up/search/amandava}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst2261963unit#page/216/mode/1up/search/amandava|pages=216|year=1963| journal=United States National Museum Bulletin |volume =226| title=Checklist of the birds of Thailand| author=Deignan, H.G.}}</ref><ref name=paynter/><ref>{{cite book|author=Baker ECS |title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 3|edition=2nd|pages=95–97| url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds3/BakerFBI3#page/n116/mode/1up/| publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1926}}</ref>
Introduced populations exist in several locations worldwide: southern [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Une nouvelle espèce à classer parmi les oiseaux de la Péninsule Ibérique: ''Estrilda (Amandava) amandava'' L. (Ploceidae, Passeriformes)|trans-title= A new species for the Iberian Peninsula: ''Estrilda (Amandava) amandava'' L. (Ploceidae, Passeriformes)|author1=De Lope F. |author2=Guerrero J. |author3=De La Cruz C. |journal= Alauda| year=1984| volume=52| issue=4}}</ref> [[Brunei]], [[Fiji]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Langham|first=N.P.E.|year=1987|title=The annual cycle of the Avadavat ''Amandava amandava'' in Fiji|journal=Emu|volume=87|pages=232–243|doi=10.1071/MU9870232|issue=4|bibcode=1987EmuAO..87..232L }}</ref> [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/handlistofbirdso00nico#page/29/mode/1up|page=30|title=Handlist of the birds of Egypt|author=Nicoll, MJ |year=1919| publisher=Government Press, Cairo}}</ref> Malaysia, the United States, [[Bahrain]], [[Guadeloupe]], Iran, Italy, [[Réunion]], Malaysia, Mexico, the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Martinique]], Portugal, Japan, [[Puerto Rico]], [[Singapore]] and Hawaii.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Oiseaux granivores exotiques implantés en Guadeloupe, à Marie-Galante et en Martinique (Antilles françaises)|trans-title= Seed eating exotic birds established in Guadeloupe, Marie Galante and in Martinique (French West Indies)|author1=Barre N. |author2=Benito-Espinal E. |journal=L'Oiseau et la Revue française d'Ornithologie|year=1985| volume=55| issue=3 |pages=235–241}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ticehurst | first=C.B. |year=1930 |title= The Amandavat (''Aamandava amandava'') in Mesopotamia| journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=34|issue=2|page= 576|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48296085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22719614/94635498|title = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Amandava amandava|journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date = October 2016}}</ref>
==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:RedMunia.jpg|thumb|Male in non-breeding plumage|alt=|left]]▼
This finch is usually seen in small flocks,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0003-3472(70)90025-4 |journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=18|issue=4|pages=762–767 |year=1970| title=Some factors affecting the flock behaviour of red avadavats (''Amandava amandava'') with particular reference to clumping|author=Evans, SM}}</ref> flying with rapid wingbeats and descending into grass clumps where they are hard to observe. Pairs stay together during the breeding season.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sparks, J.H. |year=1964|title= Flock structure of the Red Avadavat with particular references to clumping and allopreening| journal= J. Anim. Behaviour |volume=12|issue=1 |pages=125–126|doi=10.1016/0003-3472(64)90113-7}}</ref> These birds produce a distinctive low single note ''pseep'' call that is often given in flight. The song is a series of low notes.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali S |author2=SD Ripley |name-list-style=amp | year= 1999| title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|publisher= Oxford University Press|pages=106–108|volume=10|edition=2nd}}</ref> Birds of a flock will preen each other, ruffling their head feathers in invitation.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb02024.x|title=On the role of allopreening invitation behaviour in reducing aggression among red avadavats, with comments on its evolution in the Spermestidae |year=1965|last1=Sparks|first1=John H.|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=145|pages=387–403|issue=3}}</ref> They feed mainly on grass seeds but will also take insects such as termites when they are available.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Inglis, CM |year=1910|title= Note on the Spotted Munia (''Uroloncha punctulata'') and the Indian Red Munia (''Sporaeginthus amandava'')| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=20|issue=2|pages=517–518|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30166718}}</ref>▼
[[File:Red Avadavat AaaMSM1238.jpg|thumb|Male ''Amandava amandava amandava'' in breeding plumage]]▼
▲This finch is usually seen in small flocks,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0003-3472(70)90025-4 |journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=18|issue=4|pages=762–767 |year=1970| title=Some factors affecting the flock behaviour of red avadavats (''Amandava amandava'') with particular reference to clumping|author=Evans, SM}}</ref> flying with rapid wingbeats and descending into grass clumps where they are hard to observe. Pairs stay together during the breeding season.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sparks, J.H. |year=1964|title= Flock structure of the Red Avadavat with particular references to clumping and allopreening| journal= J. Anim. Behaviour |volume=12|pages=125–126|doi=10.1016/0003-3472(64)90113-7}}</ref> These birds produce a distinctive low single note ''pseep'' call that is often given in flight. The song is a series of low notes.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali S |author2=SD Ripley |name-list-style=amp | year= 1999| title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|publisher= Oxford University Press|pages=106–108|volume=10|edition=2nd}}</ref> Birds of a flock will preen each other, ruffling their head feathers in invitation.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb02024.x|title=On the role of allopreening invitation behaviour in reducing aggression among red avadavats, with comments on its evolution in the Spermestidae |year=1965|last1=Sparks|first1=John H.|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=145|pages=387–403|issue=3}}</ref> They feed mainly on grass seeds but will also take insects such as termites when they are available.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Inglis, CM |year=1910|title= Note on the Spotted Munia (''Uroloncha punctulata'') and the Indian Red Munia (''Sporaeginthus amandava'')| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=20|issue=2|pages=517–518|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30166718}}</ref>
They build a globular nest made of grass blades. The usual clutch is about five or six white eggs.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia02humerich#page/147/mode/1up/search/amandava|author=Hume, AO |title=The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds|volume= 2|year=1890 |pages=147–149|publisher= R.H. Porter | ___location=London}}</ref>
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The beak begins to turn red in May and darkens during November and December. The beak then turns rapidly to black in April and the cycle continues.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Thapliyal, JP |author2=BBP Gupta |name-list-style=amp |year=1984| title= Thyroid and annual gonad development, body weight, plumage pigmentation, and bill color cycles of Lal Munia, ''Estrilda amandava''| journal= Gen. Comp. Endocrinology |volume=55|pages=20–28| doi=10.1016/0016-6480(84)90124-2|pmid=6745630| issue=1}}</ref> These seasonal cycles are linked to seasonal changes in daylength.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Subramanian, P |author2=R Subbaraj |name-list-style=amp |year=1989|title=Seasonal changes in the timing of hopping and feeding activities of a tropical bird (''Estrilda amandava'') under natural photoperiod|journal=Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.) | volume=98| issue=2|pages=89–93|url=https://archive.org/stream/indidanacademyof020238mbp#page/n95/mode/1up| doi= 10.1007/BF03179631|s2cid=83953707 }}</ref>
Two ectoparasitic species of bird lice (an [[ischnocera]]n, ''Brueelia amandavae'', and an [[amblycera]]n, ''Myrsidea amandava'') have been identified living on them<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gupta, N.|author2=Kumar, S.|author3=Saxena, A.K. |year=2007 |title=Prevalence and population structure of lice (Phthiraptera) on the Indian Red Avadavat| journal= Zoological Science |volume=24 |issue=4|pages=381–383|doi=10.2108/zsj.24.000|pmid=17867828|s2cid=19494524}}</ref> and a [[Paramyxoviridae|paramyxovirus]] has been isolated from birds kept in Japan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A new paramyxovirus isolated from an Amaduvade Finch (''Estrilda amandava'') |author1=Matsuoka, Y |author2=H Kida |author3=R Yanagawa |name-list-style=amp |year=1980 |journal=Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. |volume=42 |pages=161–167 |doi=10.1292/jvms1939.42.161 |issue=2 |pmid=7382234 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rékási, J. |author2=Saxena, A. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005
{{clear|left}}
== Conservation ==
Though the current conservation status of Red avadavat is Least Concern (LC), it has become increasingly uncommon in at least part of Southeast Asia. In Thailand, they are described an uncommon to rare resident.<ref>Round, Philip & Gardner, Dana. (2008). Birds of the Bangkok Area. </ref> In Cambodia, Red avadavats were already "exported by the thousands" to Vietnam in the 1920s, described as "uncommon and irregular" in the early 1960s, and populations are now considered to be low and of concern, yet significant numbers were still found in the [[Life release|merit release]] trade in 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |last2=Sokha |first2=Chea |last3=Joyner |first3=Priscilla H. |last4=Thomson |first4=Robert L. |last5=Poole |first5=Colin |date=September 2012 |title=Characterizing the trade of wild birds for merit release in Phnom Penh, Cambodia and associated risks to health and ecology |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320712002066 |journal=Biological Conservation |language=en |volume=153 |pages=10–16 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.024|bibcode=2012BCons.153...10G |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava)- Female in Kolkata W IMG 3311.jpg|Female with red rump visible
File:Red Avadavat at Ameenpur Lake, Hyderabad (49991153246).jpg
File:Beauty in read.jpg
File:Red avadavat female in its habitat.jpg|Red avadavat female in its habitat
File:Red
</gallery>
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[[Category:Amandava|red avadavat]]
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[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|red avadavat]]
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