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'''Arduino''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑː|r|ˈ|d|w|iː|n|oʊ}}) is an Italian [[open-source hardware]] and [[open-source software|software]] company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures [[single-board microcontroller]]s and [[microcontroller]] kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a [[Creative Commons license|CC BY-SA license]], while the software is licensed under the [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] (LGPL) or the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting Started: FOUNDATION > Introduction |url=https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/introduction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829015201/https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction |archive-date=2017-08-29 |access-date=2017-05-23 |website=arduino.cc}}</ref> permitting the [[manufacture]] of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official [[website]] or through authorized distributors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arduino - Home |url=https://www.arduino.cc/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.arduino.cc}}</ref>
Arduino board designs use a variety of [[microprocessor]]s and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog [[input/output]] (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or [[breadboards]] (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including [[Universal Serial Bus]] (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]] [[programming language]]s (Embedded C), using a standard API which is also known as the '''Arduino Programming Language''', inspired by the [[Processing (programming language)|Processing language]] and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional [[compiler]] [[toolchains]], the Arduino project provides an [[integrated development environment]] (IDE) and a [[Command-line interface|command line]] tool developed in [[Go (programming language)|Go]].
The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the [[Interaction Design Institute Ivrea]], Italy,<ref name="kushner">{{Cite journal |last=Kushner |first=David |date=2011-10-26 |title=The Making of Arduino |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-making-of-arduino |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]]}}</ref> aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using [[sensor]]s and [[actuator]]s. Common examples of such devices intended for
The name ''Arduino'' comes from a café in [[Ivrea]], Italy, where some of the project's founders used to meet. The bar was named after [[Arduin of Ivrea]], who was the [[margrave]] of the [[March of Ivrea]] and [[King of Italy]] from 1002 to 1014.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahart |first=Justin |date=27 November 2009 |title=Taking an Open-Source Approach to Hardware |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703499404574559960271468066 |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=2014-09-07}}</ref>
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[[File:UnoConnections.jpg|thumb|An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions of the I/O locations]]
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The ''Diecimila'',{{Efn|name="N10000"|''Diecimila'' means "ten thousand" in Italian}} ''Duemilanove'',{{Efn|name="N2009"|''Duemilanove'' means "two thousand and nine" in Italian}} and current ''Uno''{{Efn|name="N1"|''Uno'' means "one" in Italian}} provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce [[pulse-width modulation|pulse-width modulated]](PWM) signals, and six [[Analog signal|analog]] inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bare Bones Board (BBB) Kit |url=http://moderndevice.com/product/bare-bones-board-bbb-kit/ |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=moderndevice.com |archive-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730012610/http://moderndevice.com/product/bare-bones-board-bbb-kit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Boarduino<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC Boarduino (Arduino compatible) Kit (w/ATmega328) - v1.0 |url=https://www.adafruit.com/products/72 |access-date=29 November 2018 |website=adafruit.com}}</ref> boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless [[breadboard]]s.
Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Tore |first1=Stefano |last2=Todino |first2=Michele |last3=Sibilio |first3=Maurizio |date=2019-04-30 |title=Disuffo: Design, prototyping, and development of an open-source educational robot |url=https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/formare/article/view/3792 |journal=Form@re - Open Journal per la Formazione in Rete |language=it |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=106–116 |doi=10.13128/FORMARE-24446|s2cid=181368197 }}</ref> to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.
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