History of Microsoft SQL Server: Difference between revisions

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The '''history of Microsoft SQL Server''' begins with the first [[Microsoft SQL Server]] database product – SQL Server v1.0, a 16-bit [[relational database]] for the [[OS/2]] operating system, released in 1989.

==Versions==

<!--Template:Version - for version & release history. Documentation and examples: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Version-->

{|style=text-alignalfdfign:center class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!Version

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!Internal<br>database version

|-

|{{Version|o|1.0}} ([[OS/2]])

|1989

|{{dunno}}

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|{{dash}}

|-

|{{Version|o|1.1}} ([[OS/2]])

|1990

|{{dunno}}

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|{{dash}}

|-

|{{Version|o|4.2A}} ([[OS/2]])

|1992

|{{dunno}}

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|{{dash}}

|-

|{{Version|o|4.2B}} ([[OS/2]])

|1993

|{{dunno}}

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|{{dash}}

|-

|{{Version|o|4.21a}} ([[Windows NT|WinNT]])

|1993

|{{dunno}}

|{{dunno}}

|SQL Server 4.21a1a

|SQLNT

|{{dash}}

|-

|{{Version|o|6.0}}

|1995

|{{dunno}}

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|406

|-

|{{Version|o|6.5}}

|1996

|{{dunno}}

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|408

|-

|{{Version|o|7.0}}

|1998

|31 {{version|o|December 31, 2005}}

|11 {{version|o|January 11, 2011}}

|SQL Server 7.0

|Sphinx

|515

|-

|{{Version|o|-N/A}}

|1999

|{{dunno}}

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|{{dash}}

|-

|{{Version|o|8.0}}

|2000

|8 {{version|o|April 8, 2008}}

|9 {{version|o|April 9, 2013}}

|SQL Server 2000

|Shiloh

|539

|-

|{{Version|o|8.0}}

|2003

|{{dunno}}

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|539

|-

|{{Version|o|9.0}}

|14 January 14, 2006

|12 {{version|o|April 12, 2011}}

|12 {{version|o|April 12, 2016}}

|SQL Server 2005

|Yukon

|611/612

|-

|{{Version|o|10.0}}

|6 November 6, 2008

|8 {{version|o|July 8, 2014}}

|9 {{version|o|July 9, 2019}}

|SQL Server 2008

|Katmai

|655

|-

|{{Version|co|10.25}}

|2010

|{{dunno}}

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|{{dash}}

|-

|{{Version|o|10.50}}

|20 July 20, 2010

|8 {{version|o|July 8, 2014}}

|9 {{version|o|July 9, 2019}}

|SQL Server 2008 R2

|Kilimanjaro (aka KJ)

|661

|-

|{{Version|o|11.0}}

|20 May 20, 2012

|11 {{version|o|July 11, 2017}}

|12 {{version|o|July 12, 2022}}

|SQL Server 2012

|Denali

|706

|-

|{{Version|c|12.0}}

|2014

|{{dunno}}

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|{{dash}}

|-

|{{Version|co|12.0}}

|5 June 5, 2014

|9 {{version|o|July 9, 2019}}

|9 {{version|o|July 9, 2024}}

|SQL Server 2014

|Hekaton

|782

|-

|{{Version|co|13.0}}

|1 June 1, 2016

|13 {{version|o|July 13, 2021}}

|14 {{version|co|July 14, 2026}}

|SQL Server 2016

|SQL16

|852

|-

|{{Version|co|14.0}}

|29 September 29, 2017

|11 {{version|o|October 11, 2022}}

|12 {{version|co|October 12, 2027}}

|SQL Server 2017

|Helsinki

|869

|-

|{{Version|co|15.0}}

|4 November 4, 2019

|14 {{version|o|January 14, 2025}}

|8 {{version|co|January 8, 2030}}

|SQL Server 2019

|Seattle

|895

|-

|{{Version|c|16.0}}

|16 November 16, 2022

|11 {{version|c|January 11, 2028}}

|11 {{version|c|January 11, 2033}}

|SQL Server 2022

|Dallas

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==Detailed history==

===Genesis===

By the late 1980s [[Microsoft]] was interested in the low end of the [[database software]] market, while [[Sybase]] focused on the [[Fortune 1000]]. After the former discussed a partnership with Sybase rival [[Informix Corporation]],<ref name="rdbmsingressybase20070613">{{Cite interview|interviewer=Doug Jerger|title=RDBMS Workshop: Ingres and Sybase|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702565-05-01-acc.pdf|access-date=2025-05-30|publisher=Computer History Museum|date=2007-06-13}}</ref> in January 1988 Microsoft joined [[Ashton-Tate]] and Sybase to create a variant of [[Sybase SQL Server]] for [[IBM]] [[OS/2]] (then developed jointly with Microsoft) compatible with Ashton-Tate's [[dBASE]] software. [[Information Builders]], [[Borland]], and [[Symantec Corporation]] announced support for the product. Microsoft's [[Bill Gates]] praised Sybase as the best SQL database engine, and persuaded Ashton-Tate to use it instead of its own. Rivals such as [[Microrim]] ([[R:Base]]), [[Novell]], [[Oracle Corporation]], and [[Lotus Development]] said that they would use their own technology, or that they expected IBM's own SQL technology in OS/2 Extended Edition to be the standard.{{r|mace19880118}}

On June 12, 1988, Microsoft joined [[Ashton-Tate]] was fighting for their desktop product dBASE while [[Sybase]] created a variant of [[Sybase SQL Server]] for [[IBM]] [[OS/2]] (then developed jointly with Microsoft), which was released the following year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Scott|author2=Curtis Preston|title=Backup & Recovery: Inexpensive Backup Solutions for Open Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9mbAgAAQBAJ&q=origins+of+SQL+Server+Sybase&pg=PA562|year=2007|publisher=O'Reilly|isbn=978-0596102463|page=562}}</ref> This was the first version of Microsoft SQL Server, and served as Microsoft's entry to the enterprise-level database market, competing against [[Oracle database|Oracle]], IBM, Informix, Ingres and later, Sybase. SQL Server 4.2 was shipped in 1992, bundled with OS/2 version 1.3, followed by version 4.21 for [[Windows NT]], released alongside Windows NT 3.1. SQL Server 6.0 was the first version designed for NT, and did not include any direction from Sybase.

OnScheduled Junefor 12,the second half of 1988,<ref Microsoftname="mace19880118">{{Cite joinedmagazine|last=Mace|first=Scott|date=18 [[January 1988|title=Ashton-Tate]], wasMicrosoft fightingJoin forForces theirTo desktop product dBASE while [[Sybase]] created a variant of [[SybaseIntroduce SQL Server]] forDatabase Server|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1|access-date=2025-05-25|magazine=[[IBMInfoWorld]] [[OS|pages=1,8|volume=10|issue=3}}</2]]ref> (then developed jointly with Microsoft), whichit was released thein following year1989.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Scott|author2=Curtis Preston|title=Backup & Recovery: Inexpensive Backup Solutions for Open Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9mbAgAAQBAJ&q=origins+of+SQL+Server+Sybase&pg=PA562|year=2007|publisher=O'Reilly|isbn=978-0596102463|page=562}}</ref> This was the first version of Microsoft SQL Server, and served as Microsoft's entry to the enterprise-level database market, competing against [[Oracle database|Oracle]], IBM, Informix, Ingres and later, Sybase. SQL Server 4.2 was shipped in 1992, bundled with OS/2 version 1.3, followed by version 4.21 for [[Windows NT]], released alongside Windows NT 3.1. SQL Server 6.0 was the first version designed for NT, and did not include any direction from Sybase.

About the time [[Windows NT]] was released in July 1993, Sybase and Microsoft parted ways and each pursued its own design and marketing schemes. Microsoft negotiated exclusive rights to all versions of SQL Server written for Microsoft operating systems. (In 1996 Sybase changed the name of its product to [[Adaptive Server Enterprise]] to avoid confusion with Microsoft SQL Server.) Until 1994, Microsoft's SQL Server carried three Sybase copyright notices as an indication of its origin.

Sybase revenue grew quickly during the late 1980s from the Microsoft relationship.{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} About the time [[Windows NT]] was released in July 1993, Sybase and Microsoft parted ways and each pursued its own design and marketing schemes. Microsoft negotiated exclusive rights to all versions of SQL Server written for Microsoft operating systems. (In 1996 Sybase changed the name of its product to [[Adaptive Server Enterprise]] to avoid confusion with Microsoft SQL Server.) Until 1994, Microsoft's SQL Server carried three Sybase copyright notices as an indication of its origin.

===SQL Server 7.0===

[[File:Microsoft_SQL_Server_7.0_Setup_Splash_Screen.jpg|thumb|right|SQL Server 7.0 Splash Screen]]

After problems at its main rivals, SQL Server became Oracle's most important competitor.<ref name="rdbmslateryears20070612">{{Cite interview|interviewer=Burton Grad|title=RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102701921-05-01-acc.pdf|access-date=2025-05-30|publisher=Computer History Museum|date=2007-06-12}}</ref> SQL Server 7.0 was a major rewrite (using C++) of the older Sybase engine, which was coded in C. Data pages were enlarged from 2k bytes to 8k bytes. Extents thereby grew from 16k bytes to 64k bytes. User Mode Scheduling (UMS) was introduced to handle SQL Server threads better than Windows preemptive multi-threading, also adding support for fibers (lightweight threads, introduced in NT 4.0, which are used to avoid context switching<ref>{{cite web|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa175393%28v=sql.80%29.aspx|title=Developer tools, technical documentation and coding examples}}</ref>). SQL Server 7.0 also introduced a multi-dimensional database product called SQL OLAP Services (which became Analysis Services in SQL Server 2000).

SQL Server 7.0 would be the last version to run on the DEC Alpha platform. Although there were pre-release versions of SQL 2000 (as well as Windows 2000) compiled for Alpha, these were canceled and were never commercially released. Mainstream Supportsupport Endedended on December 31, 2005, asand Extendedextended Supportsupport Endedended on January 11, 2011.

===SQL Server 2000===

SQL Server 2000 included more modifications and extensions to the Sybase code base, adding support for the [[IA-64]] architecture (now out of "mainstream" support<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2516742/computer-hardware/microsoft-ending-support-for-itanium.html|title=Microsoft ending support for Itanium|date=4 April 4, 2010}}</ref>). By SQL Server 2005 the legacy Sybase code had been completely rewritten.<ref name="Scriptcase">{{cite web|url=http://www.scriptcase.net/blog/all-about-the-history-of-sql-server/|title=All about the History of SQL Server|website=Scriptcase.net.|date=August 14, 2013|accessdate=August 15, 2016|archive-08date=September 16, 2016|archive-15url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916133043/http://www.scriptcase.net/blog/all-about-the-history-of-sql-server/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the release of SQL Server 2000, advances have been made in performance, the client IDE tools, and several complementary systems that are packaged with SQL Server 2005. These include:

*an [[Extract, transform, load|extract-transform-load (ETL)]] tool (initially called Data Transformation Services -or DTS-, and subsequentlylater called SQL Server Integration Services, or [[SQL Server Integration Services|SSIS]])

*[[SQL Server Reporting Services]] (SSRS), or "Reporting Server"

*an [[OLAP]] and [[data mining]] server ([[Microsoft Analysis Services|Analysis Services]])

Line 216 ⟶ 222:

SQL Server 2000 also introduced many T-SQL language enhancements, such as table variables, user-defined functions, indexed views, INSTEAD OF triggers, cascading referential constraints and some basic XML support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=25735|title=What's New in SQL Server 2000 &#124; New SQL Server 2000 Features &#124; InformIT}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sqlmag.com/t-sql/sql-server-2000s-coolest-features|title=ITPro Today: IT News, How-Tos, Trends, Case Studies, Career Tips, More}}</ref>

With the release of Service Pack 3, Microsoft also released the first 64-bit version of the SQL Server for the [[Itanium]] IA-64 platform. (not to be confused with the [[x86-64]] platform). Only the SQL Server relational engine and SQL Agent were ported to Itanium at this time. Client tools, such as EnterpriseSQL ManagerServer Management Studio, wouldwere still need to be run from 32-bit x86 clientsprograms. The first release of SQL IA-64 was version 8.00.760, with a build date of February 6, 2003.

Mainstream Supportsupport Endedended on April 8, 2008, and Extendedextended Supportsupport Endedended on April 9, 2013.

===SQL Server 2005===

SQL Server 2005 (formerly codenamed "Yukon") was released in November 2005, introducing native support for [[x86-64|x64]] systems and updates to Reporting Services, Analysis Services & Integration Services.<ref name="The Definitive Guide to Scaling Out SQL Server 2005">{{cite book|author=Don Jones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhkaNTEGCdgC&pg=PA218|title=The Definitive Guide to Scaling Out SQL Server 2005 Edition|publisher=realtimepublishers.com|year=2005|isbn=9781931491532}}</ref> It included native support for managing [[XML]] data, in addition to [[relational database|relational data]]. For this purpose, it defined an <code>xml</code> [[data type]] that could be used either as a data type in database columns or as [[Literal (computer science)|literal]]s in queries. XML columns can be associated with [[XSD]] schemas; XML data being stored is verified against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data type before being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made available for XML data. XML data is queried using [[XQuery]]; SQL Server 2005 added some extensions to the [[T-SQL]] language to allow embedding XQuery queries in T-SQL. It also defines a new extension to XQuery, called XML DML, that allows query-based modifications to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be exposed over [[web service]]s using [[Tabular Data Stream]] (TDS) packets encapsulated within [[SOAP (protocol)]] requests. When the data is accessed over web services, results are returned as XML.<ref name="Database Engine XML Enhancements">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms170809.aspx|title=Database Engine XML Enhancements|accessdate=December 3, 2007-12-03}}</ref>

[[Common Language Runtime]] (CLR) integration was introduced with this version, enabling one to write SQL code as Managed Code by the CLR. For relational data, [[T-SQL]] has been augmented with error handling features (try/catch) and support for recursive queries with CTEs (Common Table Expressions). SQL Server 2005 has also been enhanced with new indexing algorithms, syntax and better error recovery systems. Data pages are [[checksum]]med for better error resiliency, and optimistic concurrency support has been added for better performance. Permissions and access control have been made more granular and the query processor handles concurrent execution of queries in a more efficient way. Partitions on tables and indexes are supported natively, so scaling out a database onto a [[Cluster (computing)|cluster]] is easier. SQL CLR was introduced with SQL Server 2005 to let it integrate with the .NET Framework.<ref name="Database Engine Enhancements">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms170910.aspx|title=Database Engine Enhancements|accessdate=December 3, 2007-12-03}}</ref>

SQL Server 2005 introduced:

SQL Server 2005 introduced [[Multiversion concurrency control|Multi-Version Concurrency Control]] (MVCC). User facing features include new transaction isolation level called SNAPSHOT and a variation of the READ COMMITTED isolation level based on statement-level data snapshots.

SQL Server 2005 introduced* [[Multiversion concurrency control|Multi-Version Concurrency Control]] (MVCC).; Useruser facing features include new transaction isolation level called SNAPSHOT and a variation of the READ COMMITTED isolation level based on statement-level data snapshots.

SQL* Server 2005 introduced "MARS" (Multiple Active Results Sets (MARS), a method of allowing usage of [[database connection]]s for multiple purposes.<ref name="MARS">[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms345109(SQL.90).aspx Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS) in SQL Server 2005. retrieved June 20, 2009]</ref>

SQL Server 2005 introduced* DMVs (Dynamic Management Views), which are specialized views and functions that return server state information that can be used to monitor the health of a server instance, diagnose problems, and tune performance.<ref name="Dynamic Management Views and Functions">[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms188754.aspx Dynamic Management Views and Functions. retrieved June 6, 2010]</ref>

Service Pack 1 (SP1) ofwas SQLreleased Serveron 2005April 18, 2006, introducedadding Database Mirroring, a high availability option that provides redundancy and failover capabilities at the database level.<ref name="database mirroring">{{cite web|urldate=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/907741November 20, 2007|title=Issues to consider when you use the database mirroring feature in the initial release of SQL Server 2005|publisherurl=Supporthttp://support.microsoft.com|date=2007-11-20/kb/907741|accessdate=September 4, 2011-09-04|publisher=Support.microsoft.com}}</ref> Failover(Database canMirroring bewas performedincluded manuallyin orthe canRTM berelease configuredof SQL Server 2005, but it was not enabled by default, being supported for automaticevaluation failoverpurposes{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}). AutomaticFailover can be manual or automatic; automatic failover requires a witness partner and an operating mode of synchronous (also known as high-safety or full safety).<ref name="Automatic Failover">{{cite web|title=Automatic Failover|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms189590.aspx|titleaccessdate=AutomaticSeptember Failover4, 2011|publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref> DatabaseService MirroringPack was2 includedreleased inon theFebruary first19, release2007, ofService SQLPack Server3 2005was forreleased evaluationon purposesDecember only.15, Prior to SP12008, itand wasSQL notServer enabled2005 byService default,Pack and4 wasreleased noton supportedDecember by13, Microsoft2010.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

SQL Server 2005 introduced DMVs (Dynamic Management Views), which are specialized views and functions that return server state information that can be used to monitor the health of a server instance, diagnose problems, and tune performance.<ref name="Dynamic Management Views and Functions">[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms188754.aspx Dynamic Management Views and Functions. retrieved June 6, 2010]</ref>

SQL Server 2005 was the first version with native support for the [[x86-64|x64]] platform.<ref name="The Definitive Guide to Scaling Out SQL Server 2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhkaNTEGCdgC&pg=PA218|title=The Definitive Guide to Scaling Out SQL Server 2005 Edition|author=Don Jones|year=2005|publisher=realtimepublishers.com|isbn=9781931491532}}</ref>

Service Pack 1 (SP1) of SQL Server 2005 introduced Database Mirroring, a high availability option that provides redundancy and failover capabilities at the database level.<ref name="database mirroring">{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/907741|title=Issues to consider when you use the database mirroring feature in the initial release of SQL Server 2005|publisher=Support.microsoft.com|date=2007-11-20|accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref> Failover can be performed manually or can be configured for automatic failover. Automatic failover requires a witness partner and an operating mode of synchronous (also known as high-safety or full safety).<ref name="Automatic Failover">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms189590.aspx|title=Automatic Failover|publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref> Database Mirroring was included in the first release of SQL Server 2005 for evaluation purposes only. Prior to SP1, it was not enabled by default, and was not supported by Microsoft.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Service Pack 1 was released on April 18, 2006, Service Pack 2 released on February 19, 2007, Service Pack 3 was released on December 15, 2008, and SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 4 released on December 13, 2010.

Mainstream support for SQL Server 2005 ended on April 12, 2011, and Extended support for SQL Server 2005 ended on April 12, 2016.

===SQL Server 2008===

SQL Server 2008 (formerly codenamed "Katmai")<ref name="2k8">{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/sql/prodinfo/futureversion/default.mspx|title=Microsoft SQL Server 2008|website=[[Microsoft]]|accessdate=April 6, 2007-04-06}}</ref><ref name="PaulFlessner">{{cite web|title=ChannelWeb: Next SQL Server stop: Katmai|url=http://www.crn.com/storage/170702999|accessdate=November 5, 2005-11-05|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322212538/http://www.crn.com/storage/170702999|archivedate=2007-03-March 22, 2007}}</ref> was released on August 6, 2008, announced to the SQL Server Special Interest Group at the ESRI 2008 User's Conference on August 6, 2008, by Ed Katibah (Spatial Program Manager at Microsoft), and aims to make data management [[self-tuning]], self organizing, and self maintaining with the development of ''SQL Server Always On'' technologies, to provide near-zero downtime. SQL Server 2008 also includes support for [[structured data|structured]] and semi-structured data, including digital media formats for pictures, audio, video and other multimedia data. In current versions, such multimedia data can be stored as [[Binary large object|BLOBs]] (binary large objects), but they are generic bitstreams. Intrinsic awareness of multimedia data will allow specialized functions to be performed on them. According to [[Paul Flessner]], senior Vice President of Server Applications at Microsoft, SQL Server 2008 can be a data storage backend for ''different varieties of data: XML, email, time/calendar, file, document, spatial, etc.'' as well as perform ''search, query, analysis, sharing, and synchronization'' across all data types.<ref name="PaulFlessner"/>

Other new data types include specialized date and time types and a ''Spatial'' data type for ___location-dependent data.<ref name="iWeek">{{cite web|url=http://www.informationweek.com/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199500164&subSection=Development|title=Microsoft Gives Peek At Next Version Of SQL Server|accessdate=May 11, 2007|archive-05-date=October 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011225111/http://informationweek.com/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199500164&subSection=Development|url-status=dead}}</ref> Better support for unstructured and semi-structured data is provided using the new ''FILESTREAM''<ref name="mary">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=937|title=One more test build to go for SQL Server 2008|accessdate=November 13, 2006|archive-11date=June 23, 2008|archive-13url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623135221/http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=937|url-status=dead}}</ref> data type, which can be used to reference any file stored on the file system.<ref name="Kummert">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/stevengu/archive/2007/11/13/guest-blogger-ted-kummert.aspx|title=Guest Blogger: Ted Kummert|accessdate=2007-11-November 20, 2007}}</ref> Structured data and metadata about the file is stored in SQL Server database, whereas the unstructured component is stored in the file system. Such files can be accessed both via [[Win32]] file handling [[API]]s as well as via SQL Server using [[T-SQL]]; doing the latter accesses the file data as a BLOB. Backing up and restoring the database backs up or restores the referenced files as well.<ref name="kleinerman">{{cite web|url=http://channel9.msdn.com/Showpost.aspx?postid=387069|title=SQL Server 2008 for developers|author=Christian Kleinerman|publisher=[[Channel 9 (Microsoft)|Channel 9]]|accessdate=March 7, 2008-03-07}}</ref> SQL Server 2008 also natively supports hierarchical data, and includes [[T-SQL]] constructs to directly deal with them, without using recursive queries.<ref name="kleinerman"/>

The [[full-text search]] functionality has been integrated with the database engine. According to a Microsoft technical article, this simplifies management and improves performance.<ref name="Full-Text Search">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc721269.aspx|title=SQL Server 2008 Full-Text Search: Internals and Enhancements|author=Fernando Azpeitia Lopez|date=September 4, 2009}}</ref>

Spatial data will be stored in two types. A "Flat Earth" (GEOMETRY or planar) data type represents geospatial data which has been projected from its native, spherical, coordinate system into a plane. A "Round Earth" data type (GEOGRAPHY) uses an ellipsoidal model in which the Earth is defined as a single continuous entity which does not suffer from the singularities such as the international dateline, poles, or map projection zone "edges". Approximately 70 methods are available to represent spatial operations for the Open Geospatial Consortium [[Simple Features for SQL]], Version 1.1.<ref name="Spatial Support">{{cite web|url=http://www.directionsmag.com/editorials.php?article_id=2477&trv=1|title=Microsoft Shares Details on SQL Server 2008 Spatial Support by Directions Staff|accessdate=September 7, 2007-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808001216/http://www.directionsmag.com/editorials.php?article_id=2477&trv=1|archivedate=August 8, 2007-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>

SQL Server includes better compression features, which also helps in improving scalability.<ref name="Features of SQL 2008">{{cite web|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc721270%28SQL.100%29.aspx|title=Features of SQL 2008|publisher=Technet.microsoft.com|date=2009-02-February 12, 2009|accessdate=September 4, 2011-09-04}}</ref> It enhanced the indexing algorithms and introduced the notion of filtered indexes. It also includes ''Resource Governor'' that allows reserving resources for certain users or workflows. It also includes capabilities for [[transparent data encryption|transparent encryption of data]] (TDE) as well as compression of backups.<ref name="mary"/> SQL Server 2008 supports the [[ADO.NET Entity Framework]] and the reporting tools, replication, and data definition will be built around the [[Entity Data Model]].<ref name="Entity Data Platform">{{cite web|url=http://oakleafblog.blogspot.com/2007/05/sql-server-to-deliver-entity-data.html|title=SQL Server "Katmai" to Deliver Entity Data Platform and Support LINQ|accessdate=2007-05-May 12, 2007}}</ref> [[SQL Server Reporting Services]] will gain charting capabilities from the integration of the data visualization products from [[Dundas Data Visualization, Inc.]], which was acquired by Microsoft.<ref name="Tech-Ed 2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/news_press_release,115898.shtml|title=Microsoft Details Dynamic IT Strategy at Tech-Ed 2007|accessdate=June 4, 2007|archive-06date=June 5, 2011|archive-04url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605024950/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/news_press_release,115898.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the management side, SQL Server 2008 includes the ''Declarative Management Framework'' which allows configuring policies and constraints, on the entire database or certain tables, declaratively.<ref name="iWeek"/> The version of [[SQL Server Management Studio]] included with SQL Server 2008 supports [[IntelliSense]] for SQL queries against a SQL Server 2008 Database Engine.<ref name="IntelliSense">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173434.aspx|title=SQL Server IntelliSense|accessdate=2008-08-August 18, 2008}}</ref> SQL Server 2008 also makes the databases available via [[Windows PowerShell]] providers and management functionality available as [[Cmdlets]], so that the server and all the running instances can be managed from [[Windows PowerShell]].<ref name="PowerShell">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/powershell/archive/2007/11/13/sql-server-support-for-powershell.aspx|title=SQL Server Support for PowerShell!|accessdate=December 3, 2007-12-03}}</ref> '''

The final SQL Server 2008 service pack (10.00.6000, Service Pack 4) was released on September 30, 2014.<ref name="Service Pack 4">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sqlreleaseservices/archive/2014/09/30/sql-server-2008-service-pack-4-has-released.aspx|website=SQL Release Services Blog|title=SQL Server 2008 Service Pack 4 has released|accessdate=October 1, 2014-10-01}}</ref>

SQL Server 2008 had mainstream support until July 8, 2014, and extended support until July 9, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=SQL Server 2008 Support Lifecycle|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/microsoft-sql-server-2008|website=Microsoft Product Lifecycle}}</ref> [[volume licensing|Volume licensed]] Standard, Web, Enterprise, Workgroup and Datacenter editions of SQL Server 2008 are eligible for the Extended Security Updates program.<ref name=ESU4SQL(Doc)>{{cite web|title=What are Extended Security Updates for SQL Server?|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/sql-server/end-of-support/sql-server-extended-security-updates|website=Microsoft Documentation|date=July 13, 2023}}</ref> The first term of yearly installment ended on 14 July 14, 2020, the second term ended on July 13, 2021, and the third term ended on July 12, 2022.<ref name=SQL2008ESU(Blog)>{{cite web|title=Announcing new options for SQL Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 End of Support|first=Takeshi|last=Numoto|url=https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/announcing-new-options-for-sql-server-2008-and-windows-server-2008-end-of-support|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030193930/https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/announcing-new-options-for-sql-server-2008-and-windows-server-2008-end-of-support|date=July 12, 2018|archivedate=October 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Products_with_ESU>{{cite web|title=Lifecycle FAQ - Extended Security Updates|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/faq/extended-security-updates|website=Microsoft Documentation}}</ref> Those volume licensed editions rehosted on [[Microsoft Azure]] automatically receivereceived ESUs until 11 July 11, 2023.<ref name=SQL2012ESU(Reminder)>{{cite web|title=SQL Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012/2012 R2 end of support|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/announcements/sql-server-2012-windows-server-2012-2012-r2-end-of-support|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703155353/https://20220703155353/docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/announcements/sql-server-2012-windows-server-2012-2012-r2-end-of-support|date=June 29, 2022|archivedate=July 3, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SQL2012ESU(Blog)>{{cite web|title=Know your options for SQL Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 End of Support|firstfirst1=Debbi|lastlast1=Lyons|first2=Vijay|last2=Kumar|url=https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2021/07/14/know-your-options-for-sql-server-2012-and-windows-server-2012-end-of-support|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714150745/https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2021/07/14/know-your-options-for-sql-server-2012-and-windows-server-2012-end-of-support|date=July 14, 2021|archivedate=July 14, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SQL2012ESU(Blog2)>{{cite web|title=Move end-of-support SQL Server 2012 to Azure Virtual Machines and save|first=Logan|last=Carrington|url=https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2022/03/24/move-end-of-support-sql-server-2012-to-azure-virtual-machines-and-save|date=March 24, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325031012/https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2022/03/24/move-end-of-support-sql-server-2012-to-azure-virtual-machines-and-save|archivedate=March 25, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SQL2012ESU(Blog3)>{{cite web|title= SQL Server 2012 reaches end of support and Microsoft is here to help|first=Jessica|last=Hawk|url=https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2022/07/12/sql-server-2012-reaches-end-of-support-and-microsoft-is-here-to-help|date=July 12, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712160411/https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2022/07/12/sql-server-2012-reaches-end-of-support-and-microsoft-is-here-to-help|archivedate=July 12, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

===SQL Server 2008 R2===

SQL Server 2008 R2 (10.50.1600.1, formerly codenamed "Kilimanjaro") was announced at TechEd 2009, and was [[released to manufacturing]] on April 21, 2010.<ref name="SQL Server 2008 R2">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.technet.com/sqlserverexperts/archive/2010/04/21/sql-server-2008-r2-launches.aspx|title=SQL Server 2008 R2 Launches!|accessdate=2010-04-April 21, 2010}}</ref> SQL Server 2008 R2 addsintroduced certainseveral new features toand SQLservices:<ref Servername="Networkworld">{{cite 2008web|date=May including3, a2010|title=Review: [[master data management]] system branded as [[Microsoft SQL Server Master2008 Data ServicesR2|Master Dataurl=http://www.networkworld.com/reviews/2010/050310-microsoft-sql-server-2008-test.html?ap1=rcb|accessdate=June Services]]15, a central management of master data entities and hierarchies2013|publisher=Networkworld.com}}</ref>

Also Multi Server Management, a centralized console to manage multiple SQL Server 2008 instances and services including relational databases, Reporting Services, Analysis Services & Integration Services.<ref name="Innovations">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.technet.com/dataplatforminsider/archive/2009/05/11/teched-2009-new-sql-server-innovations.aspx|publisher=MSDN Blogs|author=SQL Server Team|accessdate=2009-05-12|title=TechEd 2009&nbsp;– New SQL Server Innovations}}</ref>

* a [[master data management]] system branded as [[Microsoft SQL Server Master Data Services|Master Data Services]], a central management of master data entities and hierarchies;

SQL Server 2008 R2 includes a number of new services,<ref name="Networkworld">{{cite web|url=http://www.networkworld.com/reviews/2010/050310-microsoft-sql-server-2008-test.html?ap1=rcb|title=Review: Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2|publisher=Networkworld.com|date=2010-05-03|accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> including [[PowerPivot]] for [[MS Excel|Excel]] and [[SharePoint]], [[Master Data Services]], [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/ee476990.aspx StreamInsight], [[Report Builder]] 3.0, [https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/ff660783.aspx Reporting Services] Add-in for SharePoint, a Data-tier function in Visual Studio that enables packaging of tiered databases as part of an application, and a SQL Server Utility named UC (Utility Control Point), part of AMSM (Application and Multi-Server Management) that is used to manage multiple SQL Servers.<ref name="Multi-Server Management">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee364757%28SQL.100%29.aspx|title=SQL SQL Server 2008 R2 Application and Multi-Server Management|accessdate=2010-06-06}}</ref>

Also* a number of services and utilities, collectively known as Application and Multi-Server Management<ref name="Multi-Server Management,">{{cite aweb|title=SQL centralizedSQL consoleServer 2008 R2 Application and Multi-Server Management|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee364757%28SQL.100%29.aspx|accessdate=June 6, 2010}}</ref> (AMSM), to manage multiple SQL Server 2008database instances; andthese servicesutilities includingincluded relationala databases,centralized Reportingconsole Services,named AnalysisUtility ServicesControl &Point Integration Services.(UC);<ref name="Innovations">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.technet.com/dataplatforminsider/archive/2009/05/11/teched-2009-new-sql-server-innovations.aspx|publisher=MSDN Blogs|author=SQL Server Team|accessdate=2009-05-May 12, 2009|title=TechEd 2009&nbsp;– New SQL Server Innovations}}</ref>

* [[PowerPivot]] for [[MS Excel|Excel]] and [[SharePoint]];

* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/ee476990.aspx StreamInsight];

* [[Report Builder]] 3.0 and [https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/ff660783.aspx Reporting Services] Add-in for SharePoint;

* a Data-tier function in Visual Studio that enables packaging of tiered databases as part of an application.

TheService firstPack SQL Server 2008 R2 service pack1 (10.50.2500, Service Pack 1) was released on July 11, 2011.,<ref name="SQL Server® 2008 R2 SP1">{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?id=26727|title=Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 R2 SP1|website=[[Microsoft]]|accessdate=September 19, 2011-09-19}}</ref> TheService secondPack SQL Server 2008 R2 service pack2 (10.50.4000, Service Pack 2) was released on July 26, 2012.<ref name="SQL Server® 2008 R2 SP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=30437|title=Microsoft® SQL Server® 2008 R2 SP2|website=[[Microsoft]]|accessdate=2012-07-July 31, 2012}}</ref> Theand the final SQLservice Serverpack, 2008Service R2Pack service pack3 (10.50.6000), Service Pack 3) was released on September 26, 2014.<ref name="SQL Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 3">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sqlreleaseservices/archive/2014/09/26/sql-server-2008-r2-service-pack-3-has-released.aspx|website=SQL Release Services Blog|title=SQL Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 3 has released|accessdate=October 1, 2014-10-01}}</ref>

SQL Server 2008 R2 would beis the last version of SQL Server to run on the [[Itanium]] (IA-64) platform. Howeversystems, the x64 platform would continue on in force.with Extendedextended support for SQL Server on Itanium would continuecontinuing until 2018. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://rcpmag.com/articles/2010/04/05/microsoft-dropping-itanium-support.aspx|title=Microsoft Dropping Itanium Support -}}</ref>

SQL Server 2008 R2 had mainstream support until July 8, 2014, and extended support until July 9, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=SQL Server 2008 R2 Support Lifecycle|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/microsoft-sql-server-2008-r2|website=Microsoft Product Lifecycle}}</ref> [[volume licensing|Volume licensed]] Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter and Embedded editions of SQL Server 2008 R2 are eligible for the Extended Security Updates program.<ref name="ESU4SQL(Doc)"/> The first term of yearly installment ended on 14 July 14, 2020, the second term ended on July 13, 2021, and the third term ended on July 12, 2022.<ref Thosename="SQL2008ESU(Blog)"/><ref volumename="Products_with_ESU"/> Volume-licensed editions rehosted on [[Microsoft Azure]] automatically receivereceived ESUs until 11 July 11, 2023.<ref name="SQL2012ESU(Reminder)"/>

===SQL Server 2012===

At the 2011 [[Professional Association for SQL Server]] (PASS) summit on October 11, Microsoft announced that the nextanother major version of SQL Server, SQL Server 2012 (codenamed "Denali"),. wouldThe befinal SQL Server 2012. Itversion was released to manufacturing on March 6, 2012.<ref name=2012-release>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Releases SQL Server 2012 to Help Customers Manage "Any Data, Any Size, Anywhere"|url=http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2012/mar12/03-06SQLServer12PR.mspx|work=Microsoft News Center|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=March 7, 2012|date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> SQL Server 2012 Service Pack 1 was released to manufacturing on November 7, 2012, Service Pack 2 was released to manufacturing on June 10, 2014, Service Pack 3 was released to manufacturing on December 1, 2015, and Service Pack 4 was released to manufacturing on October 5, 2017.

It was announced to be the last version to natively support [[OLE DB]] and instead to prefer [[ODBC]] for native connectivity.<ref name="ODBC">{{cite web|title=Microsoft is Aligning with ODBC for Native Relational Data Access&nbsp;— FAQ|url=http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/sqldataaccess/thread/e696d0ac-f8e2-4b19-8a08-7a357d3d780f|work=SQL Server Forums|publisher=Microsoft Corporation|accessdate=March 7, 2012|last=Lam|first=Rohan}}</ref>

SQL Server 2012's new features and enhancements include Always On SQL Server Failover Cluster Instances and Availability Groups which provides a set of options to improve database availability,<ref name="Availability Enhancements">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645581(v=sql.110).aspx|title=Availability Enhancements (Database Engine)|date=May 24, 2013|publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=2013-06-June 15, 2013}}</ref> Contained Databases which simplify the moving of databases between instances, new and modified Dynamic Management Views and Functions,<ref name="Manageability Enhancements">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645579(v=sql.110).aspx|title=Manageability Enhancements (Database Engine)|publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com|date=2011-07-July 13, 2011|accessdate=2013-06-June 15, 2013}}</ref> programmability enhancements including new spatial features,<ref name="Aitchison2012">{{cite book|author=Alastair Aitchison|title=Pro Spatial with SQL Server 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdvJXu7hT8oC&pg=PA21|year=2012|publisher=Apress|isbn=978-1-4302-3491-3|pages=21–23}}</ref> metadata discovery, sequence objects and the THROW statement,<ref name="Programmability Enhancements">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645577(v=sql.110).aspx|title=Programmability Enhancements (Database Engine)|date=April 2012|publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=2013-06-June 15, 2013}}</ref> performance enhancements such as ColumnStore Indexes as well as improvements to OnLine and partition level operations and security enhancements including provisioning during setup, new permissions, improved role management, and default schema assignment for groups.<ref name="Scalability and Performance Enhancements">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645580(v=sql.110).aspx|title=Scalability and Performance Enhancements (Database Engine)|date=April 2012|publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=2013-06-June 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Security Enhancements">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645578(v=sql.110).aspx|title=Security Enhancements (Database Engine)|publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=2013-06-June 15, 2013}}</ref>

SQL Server 2012 had mainstream support until July 11, 2017, and extended support until July 12, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=SQL Server 2012 Support Lifecycle|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/microsoft-sql-server-2012|website=Microsoft Product Lifecycle}}</ref>.<ref name=SQL2012ESU(Reminder)/> All volume licensed editions of SQL Server 2012 are eligible for the Extended Security Updates program.<ref name=ESU4SQL(Doc)/> The first term of yearly installment will endended on 11 July 11, 2023, the second term will endended on July 9, 2024, and the third and final term will endended on July 8, 2025.<ref name=SQL2012ESU(Blog)/><ref name=Products_with_ESU/> Those volume licensed editions rehosted on [[Microsoft Azure]] automatically receivereceived ESUs until July 8, 2025.<ref name=SQL2012ESU(Blog3)/><ref name=SQL2012ESU(Blog2)/>

===SQL Server 2014===

SQL Server 2014 was released to manufacturing on March 18, 2014, and released to the general public on April 1, 2014, and the build number was 12.0.2000.8 at release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faceofit.com/list-of-sql-server-versions-build-numbers-and-service-packs|title=List of SQL Server Versions Build Numbers and Service Packs|date=9 May 9, 2016}}</ref> Until November 2013 there were two CTP revisions, CTP1 and CTP2.<ref name="CTP2">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/data__knowledge__intelligence/archive/2013/10/17/sql-server-2014-ctp2-is-now-available.aspx|title=SQL Server 2014&nbsp;– CTP2 is now available|first=Deepthi|last=Anantharam|work=MSDN blogs|date=October 16, 2013|accessdate=2016-08-August 15, 2016}}</ref> SQL Server 2014 provides a new in-memory capability for tables that can fit entirely in memory (also known as [[Hekaton (database)|Hekaton]]). Whilst small tables may be entirely resident in memory in all versions of SQL Server, they also may reside on disk, so work is involved in reserving [[Random-access memory|RAM]], writing evicted pages to disk, loading new pages from disk, locking the pages in RAM while they are being operated on, and many other tasks. By treating a table as guaranteed to be entirely resident in memory much of the 'plumbing' of disk-based databases can be avoided.<ref name="SQL Server 2012-2014-Explore">[http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/sql-server-2014.aspx SQL Server 2012-2014-Explore. Server Cloud. Microsoft.com (2013-04-17). Retrieved on 2014-03-23]</ref>

For disk-based SQL Server applications, it also provides the SSD Buffer Pool Extension, which can improve performance by cache between [[Random-access memory|RAM]] and spinning media.

Line 282 ⟶ 288:

SQL Server 2014 also enhances the Always On (HADR) solution by increasing the readable secondaries count and sustaining read operations upon secondary-primary disconnections, and it provides new hybrid disaster recovery and backup solutions with Microsoft Azure, enabling customers to use existing skills with the on-premises version of SQL Server to take advantage of Microsoft's global datacenters. In addition, it takes advantage of new Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 capabilities for database application scalability in a physical or virtual environment.

Microsoft provides three versions of SQL Server 2014 for downloading: the one that runs on [[Microsoft Azure]], the SQL Server 2014 CAB, and SQL Server 2014 ISO.<ref name="Testversion">{{cite web|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/de-DE/evalcenter/dn205290.aspx|title=Laden Sie die Testversion herunter: Microsoft SQL Server 2014|language=German|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=November 5, 2014-11-05}}</ref>

SQL Server 2014 SP1, consisting primarily of bugfixes, was released on May 15, 2015.<ref name="SQL Server 2014 Service Pack 1">{{cite web|title=SQL Server 2014 Service Pack 1 release information|url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/3058865|website=Microsoft.com|publisher=Microsoft, Inc.|accessdate=17 May 17, 2015}}</ref>

SQL Server 2014 is the last version available for x86/IA-32 systems<ref name="2016 Requirements">{{cite web|date=May 2, 2016|title=Requirements for Installing SQL Server 2016|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143506(v=sql.130).aspx|accessdate=July 28, 2016|publisher=msdn.microsoft.com}}</ref> and the final version supported on [[Windows Server 2008 R2]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-30|title=Hardware and Software Requirements for Installing SQL Server 2014 – esiLaw 360 Knowledge Base|url=https://kb360.esilaw.com/knowledge-base/hardware-and-software-requirements-for-installing-sql-server-2014/|access-date=2024-11-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

SQL Server 2014 is the last version available on x86/IA32 architecture.<ref name="2016 Requirements"/>

SQL Server 2014 had mainstream support until July 9, 2019, and extended support until July 9, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=SQL Server 2014 Support Lifecycle|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/lifecycle/products/sql-server-2014|website=Microsoft Product Lifecycle}}</ref> All volume licensed editions of SQL Server 2014 are eligible for the Extended Security Updates program.<ref name=ESU4SQL(Doc)/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2023/09/28/protect-sql-server-2014-workloads-with-azure-flexibility|title=Protect SQL Server 2014 workloads with Azure flexibility|first=Debbi|last=Lyons|date=September 28, 2023|archivedate=October 5, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005210526/https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2023/09/28/protect-sql-server-2014-workloads-with-azure-flexibility|website=Microsoft SQL Server Blog|url-status=live}}</ref> The first term of yearly installment ended on July 8, 2025, the second term will end on July 14, 2026, and the third and final term will end on July 12, 2027.<ref name=Products_with_ESU/> Those volume licensed editions rehosted on [[Microsoft Azure]] automatically receive ESUs until July 12, 2027.

===SQL Server 2016===

The official General Availability (GA) release date for SQL Server 2016 (13.0.1601.5) was June 1, 2016., Thewith [[ReleaseSQL toServer manufacturing|RTM]]2016 being the first version isto 13.0.1601.5.only Servicesupport packx64 2processors<ref updatesname="2016 Requirements"/> and the versionlast to 13.2.5026have the Service Packs updating mechanism. Service Pack 1 was released on November 16, 2016, Service Pack 2 (13.2.5026) was released on April 24, 2018, and Service Pack 3 was released on September 15, 2021.

SQL Server 2016 is supported on x64 processors only. It is no longer supported on x86 processors.<ref name="2016 Requirements">

{{cite web

|title=Requirements for Installing SQL Server 2016

|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143506(v=sql.130).aspx

|publisher=msdn.microsoft.com

|date=2016-05-02

|accessdate=2016-07-28

}}

</ref>

SQL Server 2016 is the last version to have Service Packs launched.

===SQL Server 2017===

Microsoft launched SQL Server 2017 on October 2, 2017, along with support for [[Linux]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/17/how-microsoft-brought-sql-server-to-linux|title=How Microsoft brought SQL Server to Linux|last=Lardinois|first=Frederic|date=July 17, 2017|website=TechCrunch|publisher=Oath Inc.|accessdate=September 5, 2017|quote=The company today launched the first release candidate of SQL Server 2017, which will be the first version to run on Windows, Linux and in Docker containers. The Docker container alone has already seen more than 1 million pulls, so there can be no doubt that there is a lot of interest in this new version.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/dataplatforminsider/2017/10/02/sql-server-2017-on-windows-linux-and-docker-is-now-generally-available/|title=SQL Server 2017 on Windows Linux and Docker is now generally available|date=October 2, 2017}}</ref> This is the final release supporting [[Windows Server 2012]] and [[windows Server 2012 R2|2012 R2]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=MikeRayMSFT|date=2024-09-16|title=SQL Server 2016 & 2017: Hardware & software requirements - SQL Server|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/sql-server/install/hardware-and-software-requirements-for-installing-sql-server?view=sql-server-ver16#operating-system-support-for-sql-server-2017|access-date=2024-11-10|website=learn.microsoft.com|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=MikeRayMSFT|date=2024-09-17|title=SQL Server 2019: Hardware & software requirements - SQL Server|url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/sql-server/install/hardware-and-software-requirements-for-installing-sql-server-2019?view=sql-server-ver16|access-date=2024-11-10|website=learn.microsoft.com|language=en-us}}</ref>

Microsoft launched SQL Server 2017 on October 2, 2017, along with support for Linux.<ref>

{{cite web

|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/17/how-microsoft-brought-sql-server-to-linux/

|title=How Microsoft brought SQL Server to Linux

|last=Lardinois

|first=Frederic

|date=2017-07-17

|website=TechCrunch

|publisher=Oath Inc.

|access-date=2017-09-05

|quote=The company today launched the first release candidate of SQL Server 2017, which will be the first version to run on Windows, Linux and in Docker containers. The Docker container alone has already seen more than 1 million pulls, so there can be no doubt that there is a lot of interest in this new version.

}}

</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/dataplatforminsider/2017/10/02/sql-server-2017-on-windows-linux-and-docker-is-now-generally-available/|title=SQL Server 2017 on Windows Linux and Docker is now generally available|date=2 October 2017}}</ref>

===SQL Server 2019===

Microsoft launched SQL Server 2019 (15.x) on November 4, 2019. SQL Server 2019 (15.x) introduces Big Data Clusters for SQL Server. It also provides additional capability and improvements for the SQL Server database engine, SQL Server Analysis Services, SQL Server Machine Learning Services, SQL Server on Linux, and SQL Server Master Data Services.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's new in SQL Server 2019 (15.x)|date=March 16, 2023|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/sql-server/what-s-new-in-sql-server-ver15?view=sql-server-ver15}}</ref>

===SQL Server 2022===

Microsoft launched SQL Server 2022 on November 16, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bernard|first=Andy|date=February 13, 2023|title=Microsoft SQL Server 2022: Here's what you need to know for a successful 2023|url=https://blog.shi.com/business-of-it/microsoft-sql-server-2022-heres-what-you-need-to-know-for-a-successful-2023|accessdate=July 5, 2023|website=The SHI Resource Hub|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2023}} However, customers purchasing via [[OEM]], and Services Provider License Agreement (SPLA) had to purchase SQL Server 2022 starting January 2023.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Rohan|date=November 16, 2022|title=SQL Server 2022 is now generally available|url=https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2022/11/16/sql-server-2022-is-now-generally-available|accessdate=July 5, 2023|website=Microsoft SQL Server Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Processor support==

Line 325 ⟶ 312:

|+Processor support for SQL Server

!Version

![[Intel 80286|x286Intel 286]]

![[IA-32|x386]]

![[x86-64|x64]]

![[DEC Alpha]]

Line 332 ⟶ 319:

![[PowerPC]]

![[IA-64|Itanium]]

![[ARM architecture family|ARM]]

![[SuperH|SH4]]

|-

Line 519 ⟶ 506:

|{{no}}

|{{no}}

|{{yes}} (Edge)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-sql-edge/deploy-portal|title=Deploy Azure SQL Edge using the Azure portal|date=January 15, 2023}}</ref>

|{{no}}

|-

|SQL 2022+

|{{no}}

|{{no}}

|{{yes}}

|{{no}}

|{{no}}

|{{no}}

|{{no}}

|{{no}}

|{{no}}

|}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Client-server database management systems]]

Line 534 ⟶ 531:

[[Category:Relational database management systems]]

[[Category:Windows Server System|SQL Server]]

[[Category:Software topical history overviews|Microsoft SQL Server]]

[[Category:Software version histories|Microsoft SQL Server]]