Mycobacterium avium complex: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Group of bacteria}}

{{italic title}}

{{Distinguish|Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex}}{{italic title|string=Mycobacterium avium}}

{{Taxobox

| name = ''Mycobacterium avium'' complex

| ___domain = [[Bacteria]]

| phylum = [[ActinobacteriaActinomycetota]]

| ordoclassis = [[ActinomycetalesActinomycetia]]

| subordoordo = [[CorynebacterineaeMycobacteriales]]

| familia = [[Mycobacteriaceae]]

| genus = ''[[Mycobacterium]]''

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| binomial2 = ''Mycobacterium avium''

| binomial2_authority = Chester 1901 emend. Thorel et al. 1990

| binomial3 = ''Mycobacterium chimaera''

| binomial3_authority = Tortoli et al. 2004, CCUG 50989

}}

'''''Mycobacterium avium complex''complex''' is a group of [[mycobacteria]] comprising '''''Mycobacterium intracellulare''''', '''''Mycobacterium avium''''', and '''''Mycobacterium chimaeraavium''''' that are commonly grouped together because they infect humans together; this group, in turn, is part of the group of [[nontuberculous mycobacteria]]. These bacteria cause disease in humans called [[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection|''Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare'' infections]] or ''Mycobacterium avium'' complex infectioninfections in humans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mycobacterium Avium Complex. MAI; MAC Information|url=https://patient.info/doctor/mycobacterium-avium-complex|publisher=Patient Info|date=29 August 2014}}</ref> These bacteria are common and are found in fresh and salt water, in household [[dust]] and in soil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7123/mycobacterium-avium-complex-infections|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208175000/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7123/mycobacterium-avium-complex-infections|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 8, 2020|title=Mycobacterium Avium Complex infections {{!}} Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> MAC bacteria usually cause infection in those who are [[immunocompromised]] or those with severe [[lung disease]].

==Description==

[[File:Slant tubes of Löwenstein-Jensen medium with control, M tuberculosis, M avium and M gordonae.jpg|thumb|150px|Slant tubes of [[Löwenstein-Jensen medium]]. From left to right:<br>- Negative control<br>- ''[[M. tuberculosis]]'': Dry-appearing colonies<br>- ''Mycobacterium avium complex'': Wet-appearing colonies<br>- ''[[M. gordonae]]'': Yellowish colonies]]

In the [[Runyon classification]], allboth threebacteria are nonchromogens. They can be differentiated from ''M. tuberculosis'' and each other viaby commercially available [[DNA probes]].<ref name=Tropical>{{cite book|last1=Jones-Lopez|first1=Edward C.|last2=Ellner|first2=Jerrold J.|editor1-last=Guerrant|editor1-first=Richard L.|editor2-last=Walker|editor2-first=David H.|editor3-last=Weller|editor3-first=Peter F.|title=Tropical infectious diseases : principles, pathogens, & practice|date=2011|publisher=Saunders|___location=Edinburgh|isbn=9780702039355|edition=3rd|chapter=Chapter 35: Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacterial Infections}}</ref> {{rp|245}}

"They are characterized as [[Gram-positive]]", nonmotile and, [[acid-fast]], short to long rods.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

'''Colony characteristics'''

* Usually, colonies are smooth, rarely rough, and nonpigmentednot pigmented [[Colony (biology)|colonies]]. AgeingOlder colonies may become yellow.

'''Physiology'''

* Growth on [[Löwenstein-Jensen]] medium and [[Middlebrook 7H10 Agar|Middlebrook 7H10 agar]] occurs at 37[[{{nbsp}}°C]] after 7seven or more days.

* The complex can be (but is not often) resistant to [[isoniazid]], [[ethambutol]], [[rifampin]], and [[streptomycin]].<ref name="pmid29054853">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haworth CS, Banks J, Capstick T, Fisher AJ, Gorsuch T, Laurenson IF, Leitch A, Loebinger MR, Milburn HJ, Nightingale M, Ormerod P, Shingadia D, Smith D, Whitehead N, Wilson R, Floto RA | title = British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) | journal = Thorax | volume = 72 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = ii1–ii64 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29054853 | doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210927 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

*Resistant to [[isoniazid]], [[ethambutol]], [[rifampin]] and [[streptomycin]].

'''Differential characteristics'''

* ''M. intracellulare'' and ''[[MycobacteriumM. avium]]'' form the [[''M. avium'' complex]] (MAC).

* Remarkable [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS]] heterogeneity is seen within different ''M. intracellulare'' isolates.

== Species ==

* ''[[Mycobacterium avium avium|Mycobacterium avium]]''

** ''[[Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis]]''

==Type strains==

* ''M. intracellulare'' type strains include [[American Type Culture Collection|ATCC]] 13950, CCUG 28005, CIP 104243, DSM 43223, JCM 6384, and NCTC 13025.<ref>[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=8403&submit=Search Type strain of ''Mycobacterium intracellulare'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]</ref>

* ''M. avium'' type strains include [[American Type Culture Collection|ATCC]] 25291, DSM 44156, and TMC 724.<ref>[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?site=search&rd=8419 Type strain of ''Mycobacterium avium'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]</ref>

''M. avium'' type strains include [[American Type Culture Collection|ATCC]] 25291, DSM 44156, and TMC 724.<ref>[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?site=search&rd=8419 Type strain of ''Mycobacterium avium'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]</ref>

''M. chimaera'' type strains include DSM 44623 and CIP 107892.<ref>[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?site=search&rd=8528 Type strain of ''Mycobacterium chimaera'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]</ref>

==Human health==

MAC bacteria enter most people's body when inhaled into the lungs or swallowed, but only cause infection in those who are [[immunocompromised]] or who have severe [[lung disease]] such as those with [[cystic fibrosis]] or [[chronic obstructive lung disease]] (COPD).<ref name=":0" /> [[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection|MAC infection]] can cause chronicCOPD pulmonary disease,and [[lymphadenitis]], and can cause disseminated disease, especially in people with [[immunodeficiency]].<ref name=Tropical/>{{rp|245}}

During the last decade ''Mycobacterium chimaera'' (see below) infections following cardiothoracic surgery, especially open-heart surgery, have been increasingly reported worldwide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Riccardi |first1=Niccolò |last2=Monticelli |first2=Jacopo |last3=Antonello |first3=Roberta Maria |last4=Luzzati |first4=Roberto |last5=Gabrielli |first5=Marco |last6=Ferrarese |first6=Maurizio |last7=Codecasa |first7=Luigi |last8=Di Bella |first8=Stefano |last9=Giacobbe |first9=Daniele Roberto |date=2020 |title=Mycobacterium chimaera infections: An update |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1341321X19303459 |journal=Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1016/j.jiac.2019.11.004|pmid=31843377 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Infections usually involve the respiratory system. ''Mycobacterium chimaera'' is acquired during cardiopulmonary bypass via bioaerosols emitted from contaminated heater-cooler units water systems. Due to nonspecific symptoms and long latency, postoperative ''Mycobacterium chimaera'' infections may not be promptly diagnosed and treated, and may become life-threatening.

The plant [[cannabinoid]] [[cannabigerol]] (CBG) have shown selective [[antimicrobial]] activity against ''Mycobacterium intracellulare'' with an [[IC50|IC₅₀]] value of 15.0 [[㎍|''μ''g]]/[[Litre|mL]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radwan|first=Mohamed M.|last2=Ross|first2=Samir A.|last3=Slade|first3=Desmond|last4=Ahmed|first4=Safwat A.|last5=Zulfiqar|first5=Fazila|last6=ElSohly|first6=Mahmoud A.|date=2008|title=Isolation and Characterization of New Cannabis Constituents from a High Potency Variety|journal=Planta medica|volume=74|issue=3|pages=267–272|doi=10.1055/s-2008-1034311|issn=0032-0943|pmc=4887452|pmid=18283614|via=}}</ref>

==History==

In 2004, Tortoli et al. proposed the name ''M. chimaera'' for strains that a reverse hybridization–based line probe assay suggested belonged to MAIS (''M. avium–M. intracellulare–M. scrofulaceum'' group), but were different from ''M. avium'', ''M. intracellulare'', or ''M. scrofulaceum''. The new species name comes from the [[chimera (mythology)|chimeraChimera]], a mythological being made up of parts of 3three different animals.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henry |first=Ronnie |last2= |first2= |date=March 2017 |title=Etymologia: Mycobacterium chimaera |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2303.ET2303 |journal= Emerg Infect Dis |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=499 |doi=10.3201/eid2303.ET2303 |access-date=March 14, 2017 |quote=Citing public ___domain text from the CDC.|pmc=5382748 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tortoli|first1=E|last2=Rindi|first2=L|last3=Garcia|first3=MJ|last4=Chiaradonna|first4=P|last5=Dei|first5=R|last6=Garzelli|first6=C|last7=Kroppenstedt|first7=RM|last8=Lari|first8=N|last9=Mattei|first9=R|last10=Mariottini|first10=A|last11=Mazzarelli|first11=G|last12=Murcia|first12=MI|last13=Nanetti|first13=A|last14=Piccoli|first14=P|last15=Scarparo|first15=C|title=Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=July 2004|volume=54|issue=Pt 4|pages=1277–85|pmid=15280303|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02777-0}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflistReflist}}

==External links==

* {{MeshName|Mycobacterium avium Complex}}

{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}}

{{Mycobacteria}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3311330}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mycobacterium Intracellulare}}

[[Category:Acid -fast bacilli]]

[[Category:Nontuberculous mycobacteria|avium complex]]

[[Category:Bacteria described in 1965]]

[[Category:Pathogenic bacteria]]

{{Mycobacterium-stub}}