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Most of the current BSD operating systems are [[Open-source software|open source]] and available for download, free of charge, under the [[BSD License]]. They also generally use a [[monolithic kernel]] architecture, apart from DragonFly BSD which feature [[hybrid kernel]]s. The various open source BSD projects generally develop the kernel and [[user space|userland]] programs and libraries together, the source code being managed using a single central source repository.
==Aims and philosophies==
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===NetBSD===
[[NetBSD]] aims to provide a freely redistributable operating system that professionals, hobbyists, and researchers can use in any manner they wish. The main focus is [[software portability|portability]], through the use of clear distinctions between machine-dependent and [[cross-platform software | machine-independent]] code. It runs on a wide variety of [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]]
NetBSD places emphasis on [[Software verification and validation#Software validation|correct design]], well-written code, stability, and efficiency, where practical, close compliance with [[open API]] and [[open protocol | protocol standards]] is also aimed for. A powerful [[Internet protocol suite | TCP/IP stack]], combined with a small [[application footprint | footprint]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://machaddr.substack.com/p/netbsd-the-portable-lightweight-and |title=NetBSD: The Portable, Lightweight, and Robust Unix-Like OS | author=André Machado | date=4 November 2024}}</ref> make NetBSD well suited to be [[embedded system | embedded]] in [[Network service | networking applications]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yazzy.org/docs/NetBSD/Embedding_NetBSD.pdf |title=Embedding the NetBSD Operating System |author=Wasabi Systems Inc |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref> as well as to revive [[retrocomputing | vintage hardware]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/08/10/netbsd_93/ |title=NetBSD 9.3: A 2022 OS that can run on late-1980s hardware | author=The Register |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>
In June 2008, the NetBSD Foundation moved to a [[BSD_licenses#2-clause_license_("Simplified_BSD_License"_or_"FreeBSD_License") | 2-clause BSD license]], citing changes at UCB and industry applicability.<ref>{{cite web | date = 2006-01-08 | url = http://www.netbsd.org/Misc/about.html | title = About the NetBSD Project – What is the NetBSD project? | publisher = The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. | access-date = 2006-04-22}}</ref>
Projects spawned by NetBSD include [[NPF (firewall)|NPF]], [[Rump kernel | Rump kernels ]], [[busdma]], [[pkgsrc]] and NVMM.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.netbsd.org/tnf/entry/from_zero_to_nvmm |title=From Zero to NVMM| date=2019-04-09 |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>
'''Derivatives:'''
*'''
*'''SEIL/SMFv2'''– The system management [[software framework | framework]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dev.smf.jp/|title=SMF developer site}}</ref> used by [[Internet Initiative Japan, Inc. | IIJ]]'s SEIL/X [[Customer-premises equipment|CPE]] routers, built on NetBSD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.netbsd.org/gallery/presentations/msaitoh/2014_AsiaBSDCon/ABC2014-P6B-paper.pdf |title=Developing CPE Routers based on NetBSD: Fifteen Years of SEIL |work=AsiaBSDCon 2014 |author=Masanobu SAITOH, Hiroki SUENAGA |date=March 2014 |access-date=14 February 2025 |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010134105/https://www.netbsd.org/gallery/presentations/msaitoh/2014_AsiaBSDCon/ABC2014-P6B-paper.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''fdgw''' – fdgw is a tool kit to build a minimal NetBSD [[boot disk | bootable disk]], with a primary focus on routers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fml.org/software/fdgw/ |title=fdgw is one floppy NetBSD. |publisher=Ken'ichi Fukamachi - FML.ORG |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/user340/fdgw2 |title=fdgw Github repository |date=6 June 2017 |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>
*'''g4u''' – NetBSD based boot floppy/CD-ROM that allows easy [[disk cloning | cloning]] of PC [[hard drives]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.feyrer.de/g4u/ |title=g4u - Harddisk Image Cloning for PCs |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>
*'''OS108''' – system with graphical [[desktop environment]] based on NetBSD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://os108.org/ |title=A fast, open and Secure desktop Operating System based on NetBSD |date=2020-11-13 |access-date=2021-08-02}}</ref>
*'''polyBSD/pocketSAN''' – Multipurpose framework for building embedded [[Storage area network|SAN]] and [[VPN]] [[computer appliance | appliances]] based on NetBSD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tdisecurity.com/labs/polybsd-pocketsan-pocketvpn/ |title=NetBSD on embedded devices - turning USB thumb-drives into VPNs. |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>
*'''smolBSD''' – Tiny BSD system creation tool, primarily aimed at building modern, lightweight, fast micro [[Virtual Machine | VMs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://smolbsd.org/ |title=smolBSD: make your own BSD UNIX MicroVM |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>
===OpenBSD===
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}}</ref>
OpenBSD emphasizes very high standards in all areas. Security policies include disabling all non-essential services and having sane initial settings; and integrated [[cryptography]] (originally made easier due to relaxed Canadian export laws relative to the United States), [[Full disclosure (computer security)|full public disclosure]] of all security flaws discovered; thoroughly [[auditing]] code for bugs and security issues; various security features, including the [[W^X]] page protection technology and heavy use of randomization to mitigate attacks. Coding approaches include an emphasis on searching for similar issues throughout the [[code base]] if any code issue is identified. Concerning software freedom, OpenBSD prefers the [[BSD license|BSD]] or [[ISC license]], with the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] acceptable only for existing software which is impractical to replace, such as the [[GNU Compiler Collection]]. NDAs are never considered acceptable. In common with its parent, NetBSD, OpenBSD strives to run on a wide variety of hardware.<ref>{{cite web | date = 2005-10-12 | url = http://www.openbsd.org/goals.html | title = OpenBSD Project Goals | publisher = OpenBSD | access-date = 2006-04-22}}</ref> Where licenses or code quality conflict with OpenBSD's philosophy, the OpenBSD team has re-implemented major pieces of software from scratch, which have often become the standard used within other versions of BSD. Examples include the [[PF (firewall)|pf]] [[packet filter]], new [[privilege separation]] techniques used to safeguard tools such as [[tcpdump]] and [[tmux]], much of the [[OpenSSH]] codebase, and replacing GPL licensed tools such as [[diff]], [[grep]] and [[pkg-config]] with [[ISC license|ISC]] or [[BSD license|BSD]] licensed equivalents.
OpenBSD prominently notes the success of its security approach on its website home page. {{As of|2024|July}}, only two vulnerabilities have ever been found in its default install (an [[OpenSSH]] vulnerability found in 2002, and a remote network vulnerability found in 2007) in a period of almost 22 years. According to OpenBSD expert Michael W. Lucas, OpenBSD "is widely regarded as the most secure operating system available anywhere, under any licensing terms."<ref>{{cite book
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*'''LibertyBSD''' – Aimed to be a 'deblobbed' version of OpenBSD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://libertybsd.net/ |title=Liberty BSD |work=libertybsd.net |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180830222805/https://libertybsd.net/ |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are a number of reasons as to why blobs can be problematic, according to the project.<ref name="kerneltrap/6497">{{cite web |url=http://kerneltrap.org/node/6497 |first=Jeremy |last=Andrews |title=Interview with Jonathan Gray and Damien Bergamini |access-date=2008-01-06 |date=2006-04-19 |publisher=kerneltrap.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211025952/http://kerneltrap.org/node/6497 |archive-date=2007-12-11 }}</ref> LibertyBSD began going through the process to become [[Free Software Foundation]] [[FSDG]] certified, but ultimately never was accepted.<ref>[https://libertybsd.net/faq.html "LibertyBSD - FAQ"]. ''LibertyBSD''. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</ref> LibertyBSD is no longer actively developed, and the project page directs people instead to [[Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre|HyperbolaBSD]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Levesque|first=Jaidyn|title=LibertyBSD|url=https://libertybsd.net|access-date=2021-09-07|website=LibertyBSD}}</ref>
*'''Isotop''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=pavroo |title=Isotop |url=https://archiveos.org/isotop/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=ArchiveOS |date=17 May 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> a French project<ref>{{Cite web |title=3hg {{!}} isotop - index |url=https://www.3hg.fr/Isos/isotop/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=www.3hg.fr |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401081201/https://www.3hg.fr/Isos/isotop/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> aiming to adapt OpenBSD to desktops and laptops,<ref>{{Cite web |title=DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD. |url=https://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20191007#mazon |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=distrowatch.com}}</ref> using [[xfce]] then [[dwm]].
* '''fuguita'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fuguita.org/ |title=Welcome - fuguita |accessdate=2025-03-30}}</ref> – a live system based on OpenBSD for i386, amd64, and arm64
===DragonFly BSD===
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Because survey takers were permitted to select more than one answer, the percentages shown in the graph, which are out of the number survey of participants, add up to greater than 100%. If a survey taker filled in more than one choice for "other", this is still only counted as one vote for other on this chart.<ref name="bsdcsurvey" />
Another attempt to profile worldwide BSD usage is the *BSDstats Project, whose primary goal is to demonstrate to hardware vendors the penetration of BSD and viability of hardware drivers for the operating system. The project collects data monthly from any BSD system administrators willing to participate, and currently records the BSD market share of participating FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonflyBSD, Debian GNU/kFreeBSD, TrueOS, and MirBSD systems.<ref name="bsdstats">{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003331/https://bsdstats.org/ | archive-date=30 September 2023| url = http://www.bsdstats.org | title = *BSD Usage Statistics | access-date = 2006-09-30 | publisher = The *BSD Stats Project}}</ref>
In 2020, a new independent project was introduced to collect statistics with the goal of significantly increasing the number of observed parameters.<ref name="bsdhw">{{cite web | url = https://github.com/bsdhw/Trends | title = BSD Hardware Trends | access-date = 2020-06-03 | publisher = BSD Hardware Project}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bsd-hardware.info/|title=Hardware for BSD| access-date=12 December 2024|publisher = BSD Hardware Project}}</ref>
[[DistroWatch]], well known in the Linux community and often used as a rough guide to free operating system popularity, publishes page hits for each of the Linux distributions and other operating systems it covers. As of 27 March 2020, using a data span of the last six months it placed FreeBSD in 21st place with 452 hits per day, GhostBSD in 51st place with 243 hits, TrueOS in 54th place with 182 hits per day, DragonflyBSD in 75th place with 180 hits, OpenBSD in 80th place with 169 hits per day and NetBSD in 109th place with 105 hits per day.<ref name="Distrowatch Rankings">{{cite web | year = 2001–2011 | url = http://distrowatch.com/ | title = DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. | publisher = DistroWatch.com | access-date = 2016-09-04}}</ref>
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A number of BSD OSes use stylized version of their respective names for logos. This includes TrueOS, GhostBSD, DesktopBSD, ClosedBSD,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.closedbsd.org/images/logo.jpg | title = ClosedBSD logo
| format = JPEG | access-date = 2006-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050306153339/http://www.closedbsd.org/images/logo.jpg
| archive-date=2005-03-06}} Original last retrieved on 2006-04-22.</ref> and
[[MirOS]]'s site collects a variety of BSD mascots and [[Tux (mascot)|Tux]], the [[Linux]] mascot, together, illustrating the project's aim of supporting both BSD and Linux kernels. MirOS's slogan is "a wonderful operating system for a world of peace."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mirbsd.mirsolutions.de/ | title = MirOS/MirPorts: a wonderful operating system for a world of peace | publisher = MirOS Project | access-date = 2006-04-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060412181907/http://mirbsd.mirsolutions.de/ | archive-date = 2006-04-12 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
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==General information==
<!-- No article? Discontinued? DO NOT LIST IT! -->
{{sort-under}}
{| class="sortable sort-under wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|+Overview of BSD versions
|-
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| 1993-12-01
| [[386BSD]], [[4.4BSD]]-Lite
| 14.2
|
| {{Yes|Free}}
| [[BSD licenses#2-clause|Simplified BSD]]
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| 1996-09-01
| [[NetBSD|NetBSD 1.0]]
| 7.
|
| {{Yes|Free}}
| [[ISC license|ISC]]
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| 1993-04-19
| [[386BSD]], [[4.4BSD]]-Lite
| 10.
| 2024-
| {{Yes|Free}}
| [[BSD licenses#2-clause|Simplified BSD]]
| |||