ECMAScript: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:28, 19 February 2023

Latest revision as of 04:18, 24 August 2025

(44 intermediate revisions by 40 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Specification for Javascript and other programming languages}}

{{Infobox programming language

| name = ECMAScript

| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm]]: [[prototype-based programming|prototype-based]], [[functional programming|functional]], [[imperative programming|imperative]]

| designer = [[Brendan Eich]], [[Ecma International]]

| typing = [[weak typing|weak]], [[dynamic typing|dynamic]]

| implementations = [[JavaScript]], [[SpiderMonkey]], [[V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8]], [[ActionScript]], [[JScript]], [[QtScript]], [[InScript (JavaScript engine)|InScript]], [[Google Apps Script]]

| website = {{URL|https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-262/}}

| year = {{Start date and age|1997}}

| influenced_by = [[Self (programming language)|Self]], [[HyperTalk]], [[AWK]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[CoffeeScript]], [[Perl]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

}}

{{Infobox file format

| name = ECMAScript (file format)

| icon = [[File:Crystal source.svg]]

| logo =

| screenshot =

| caption =

| extension = .es

| mime = application/ecmascript

| type code =

| uniform type =

| magic =

| owner = [[Sun Microsystems]],<br />[[Ecma International]]

| released = {{Start date and age|1997|06}}

| latest release version = Edition 1315

| latest release date = {{start date and age|20222024|06}}

| genre = [[Scripting language]]

| container for =

| contained by =

| extensions = JavaScriptes

| extended to =

| standard =

| url = [https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ Standards]

| url = [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm ECMA-262], [http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-290.htm ECMA-290],<br />[http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-327.htm ECMA-327], [https://web.archive.org/web/20131104082608/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-357.htm ECMA-357],<br />[http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-402.htm ECMA-402]

}}

'''ECMAScript''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ɛ|k|m|ə|s|k|r|ɪ|p|t}}; '''ES''')<ref>{{cite book

|last1 = Stefanov

|first1 = Stoyan

|title = JavaScript Patterns

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WTZqecc9olUC

|publisher = O'Reilly Media, Inc.

|date = 2010

|page = 5

|isbn = 9781449396947

|access-date = 2016-01-12

|quote = The core JavaScript programming language [...] is based on the ''ECMAScript'' standard, or ES for short.

|archive-date = 2016-06-10

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610005241/https://books.google.com/books?id=WTZqecc9olUC

|url-status = live

}}</ref> is a standard for scripting languages, including [[JavaScript]], [[JScript]], and [[ActionScript]]. It is best known as a JavaScript standard intended to ensure the [[interoperability]] of [[web page]]s across different [[web browser|browser]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wirfs-Brock |first1=Allen |last2=Eich |first2=Brendan |date=2020-05-02 |year=2020 |title=JavaScript: The First 20 Years |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages |volume=4 |issue=HOPL |pages=1–189 |doi=10.1145/3386327 |doi-access=free |s2cid=219603695}}</ref> It is standardized by [[Ecma International]] in the document [https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-262/ ECMA-262].

ECMAScript is commonly used for [[client-side scripting]] on the [[World Wide Web]], and it is increasingly being used for writing server-side applications and services using runtime environments such as [[Node.js]],<spanref>{{cite langweb|last="Wunder|first=C.|url=https://nodejs.org/en"/docs/es6 | dirtitle="ltr">[[Node.js — ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) and beyond|website=Node.js}}</ref> [[Deno (software)|Deno]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https:/span/www.infoworld.com/article/3644460/deno-joins-javascript-standards-effort.html | title=Deno joins JavaScript standards effort | date=14 December 2021 }}</ref> and other[[Bun runtime environments(software)|Bun]].<ref>https://bun.sh/docs#:~:text=or%2C%20more%20formally%2C-,ECMAScript,-)%20is%20just%20a bun</ref>

== ECMAScript, ECMA-262 and, JavaScript ==

'''ECMA-262''', or the ''ECMAScript Language Specification'', defines the ''ECMAScript Language'', or just '''ECMAScript'''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guo |first=Shu-yu |date=2022-02-14 |title=ECMAScriptÂŽ 2022 Language Specification |url=https://tc39.es/ecma262/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508053013/https://tc39.es/ecma262/ |archive-date=2020-05-08 |website=tc39.es |publisher=Tc39.es |accessdate=2022-02-14}}</ref> ECMA-262 specifies only language syntax and the semantics of the core application programming interface ([[API]]), such as {{monospacemono|Array}}, {{monospacemono|Function}}, and {{monospacemono|globalThis}}, while valid implementations of JavaScript add their own functionality such as [[input-/output]] and [[file- system]] handling.

'''ECMA-262''', or the ''ECMAScript Language Specification'', defines the ''ECMAScript Language'', or just '''ECMAScript'''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guo |first=Shu-yu |date=2022-02-14 |title=ECMAScriptÂŽ 2022 Language Specification |url=https://tc39.es/ecma262/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508053013/https://tc39.es/ecma262/ |archive-date=2020-05-08 |website=tc39.es |publisher=Tc39.es |accessdate=2022-02-14}}</ref> ECMA-262 specifies only language syntax and the semantics of the core [[API]], such as {{monospace|Array}}, {{monospace|Function}}, and {{monospace|globalThis}}, while valid implementations of JavaScript add their own functionality such as input-output and file-system handling.

== History==

The ECMAScript specification is a standardized specification of a scripting language developed by [[Brendan Eich]] of [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]]; initially named Mocha, then LiveScript, and finally JavaScript.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krill |first=Paul |date=2008-06-23 |title=JavaScript creator ponders past, future |url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/2653798/application-development/javascript-creator-ponders-past--future.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920141040/http://www.infoworld.com/article/2653798/application-development/javascript-creator-ponders-past--future.html |archive-date=2014-09-20 |access-date=2013-10-31 |website=infoworld.com |publisher=InfoWorld}}</ref> In December 1995, [[Sun Microsystems]] and Netscape announced JavaScript in a press release.<ref>{{cite web |date=1995-12-04 |title=Netscape and Sun announce JavaScript, the Open, Cross-platform Object Scripting Language for Enterprise Networks and the Internet |url=http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease67.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606002913/http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease67.html |archive-date=2002-06-06 |access-date=2019-11-04 |website=Netscape.com |publisher=Netscape}}</ref> In November 1996, Netscape announced a meeting of the [[Ecma International]] standards organization to advance the standardization of JavaScript.<ref>{{cite web |last=Press Release |date=November 15, 1996 |title=Industry Leaders to Advance Standardization of Netscape's JavaScript at Standards Body Meeting |url=http://cgi.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease289.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203070212/http://cgi.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease289.html |archive-date=1998-12-03 |access-date=2013-10-31 |website=Netscape.com |publisher=Netscape}}</ref> <!-- Should add that Jscript is also from EMCAScript -->The first edition of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma General Assembly in June 1997. Several editions of the language standard have been published since then. The name "ECMAScript" was a compromise between the organizations involved in standardizing the language, especially Netscape and Microsoft, whose disputes dominated the early standards sessions. Eich commented that "ECMAScript was always an unwanted trade name that sounds like a [[eczema|skin disease]]."<ref>{{cite web |last=Eich |first=Brendan |date=2006-10-03 |title=Will there be a suggested file suffix for es4? |url=https://mail.mozilla.org/pipermail/es-discuss/2006-October/000133.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621202321/https://mail.mozilla.org/pipermail/es-discuss/2006-October/000133.html |archive-date=2020-06-21 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=mozilla.org |publisher=Mail.mozilla.org}}</ref> ECMAScript has been formalized through [[operational semantics]] by work at [[Stanford University]] and the [[Department of Computing, Imperial College London|Department of Computing]], [[Imperial College London]] for security analysis and standardization.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maffeis |first1=Sergio |last2=Mitchell |first2=John C. |last3=Taly |first3=Ankur |date=2020-01-03 |title=An Operational Semantics for JavaScript |url=http://theory.stanford.edu/people/jcm/papers/aplas08-camera-ready.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103204704/http://theory.stanford.edu/people/jcm/papers/aplas08-camera-ready.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-03 |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=stanford.edu |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]}}</ref>

"ECMA" stood for "European Computer Manufacturers Association" until 1994.

===Version historyEvolution===

{{Main article|ECMAScript version history}}

Ecma's Technical Committee 39 (TC39) is responsible for the maintenance of ECMAScript.<ref>{{Citation |title=TC39 |work=Technical Committees |url=https://ecma-international.org/technical-committees/tc39 |access-date=2024-08-11 |publisher=Ecma International |language=en-US}}</ref> New proposals to the language go through a staged process, with each stage representing the completeness of the proposal's specification. Consensus must be reached within the committee to advance a proposal to the next stage. Proposals that reach stage 4, the final stage, will be included into the next version of the standard.<ref>{{Citation |title=The TC39 Process |work=TC39 |url=https://tc39.es/process-document |access-date=2024-08-11 |publisher=Ecma International}}</ref> Since the release of version 6 in June 2015, new major versions have been finalized and published every June.<ref>{{Citation |title=ECMAScript, TC39, and the History of JavaScript |work=ui.dev |url=https://ui.dev/ecmascript |access-date=2024-08-11}}</ref>

== Features ==

{{expand section|date=February 2017}}

<!-- Could be expanded using the Javascript article -->{{main|ECMAScript syntax|JavaScript#Features}}

The ECMAScript language includes [[structured programming|structured]], [[dynamic programming language|dynamic]], [[functional programming|functional]], and [[prototype-based programming|prototype-based]] features.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecmascript.org/about.php |title=About |publisher=ECMAScript |access-date=2009-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802115457/http://www.ecmascript.org/about.php |archive-date=2012-08-02 }}</ref>

=== Imperative and structured ===

ECMAScript JavaScript<!-- How to make clearer? --> supports [[C (programming language)|C]] -style structured programming. Previously, JavaScript only supported [[Scope (computer science)|function scoping]] using the keyword <code>var</code>, but ECMAScript 2015 added the keywords <code>let</code> and <code>const</code>, allowing JavaScript to support both block scoping and function scoping. JavaScript supports [[automatic semicolon insertion]], meaning that semicolons that are normally used to terminate a statement in C may be omitted in JavaScript.<!-- Might imply EMCAScript doesn't support automatic semicolon insertion --><ref name="Flanagan2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2weL0iAfrEMC|title=JavaScript: The Definitive Guide: The Definitive Guide|authorfirst=David |last=Flanagan|edition=5th|date=17 August 2006|publisher="O'Reilly Media, Inc."|isbn=978-0-596-5544710199-72|page=16|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/webdetails/20200801065235/https://books.google.com/books?id=2weL0iAfrEMCjavascriptdefini0000flan|url-statusaccess=liveregistration}}</ref>

Like C-style languages, [[control flow]] is done with the {{Code|code=while}}, {{Code|code=for}}, {{Code|code=do}} / {{Code|code=while}}, {{Code|code=if}} / {{Code|code=else}}, and {{Code|code=switch}} statements.<!-- missing Labels / Functions --> Functions are weakly typed and may accept and return any type. Arguments not provided default to {{Code|code=undefined}}.

=== Weakly typed ===

ECMAScript is [[weakly typed]]. This means that certain types are assigned implicitly based on the operation being performed. However, there are several quirks in JavaScript's implementation of the conversion of a variable from one type to another. These quirks have been the subject of a <!-- humorous --> talk entitled ''Wat''.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Bernhardt |first1=Gary |title=Wat |url=https://www.destroyallsoftware.com/talks/wat |website=Destroy All Software |conference=CodeMash 2012 |access-date=2021-08-18 |archive-date=2019-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028204723/https://www.destroyallsoftware.com/talks/wat |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gilbertson |first1=Scott |title=Jokes for Nerds: Wat Moments in Programming |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/01/jokes-for-nerds-wat-moments-in-programming/ |access-date=22 August 2021 |magazine=Wired |date=26 January 2012 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823123837/https://www.wired.com/2012/01/jokes-for-nerds-wat-moments-in-programming/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dynamic ===

Line 81:

=== Transpiling ===

{{Main|JavaScript#transpilers}}

Since ES 2015, transpiling JavaScript has become very common. Transpilation is a [[source-to-source compilation]] in which newer versions of JavaScript are used, and a transpiler rewrites the source code so that it is supported by older browsers. Usually, transpilers transpile down to ES3 to maintain compatibility with all versions of browsers. The settings to transpilingtranspile to a specific version can be configured according to need. Transpiling adds an extra step to the build process and is sometimes done to avoid needing [[Polyfill (programming)|polyfills]]. Polyfills create new features for older environments that lack them.<!-- The polyfill article is much better --> Polyfills do this at runtime in the interpreter, such as the user's browser or on the server. Instead, transpiling rewrites the ECMA code itself during the build phase of development before it reaches the interpreter.

== Conformance ==

In 2010, Ecma International started developing a standards test for Ecma 262 ECMAScript.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://test262.ecmascript.org/ |title=ECMAScript Language – test262 |publisher=Test262.ecmascript.org |access-date=2013-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514205704/http://test262.ecmascript.org/ |archive-date=2011-05-14 }}</ref>

Test262 is an ECMAScript conformance test suite that can be used to check how closely a JavaScript implementation follows the ECMAScript Specification. The test suite contains thousands of individual tests, each of which tests some specific requirement(s) of the ECMAScript specification. The development of Test262 is a project of the Ecma Technical Committee 39 (TC39). The testing framework and the individual tests are createdcontributed to Ecma by member organizations of TC39 and contributed to Ecma for use in Test262.

Important contributions were made by Google ([[Sputnik testsuite(JavaScript conformance test)|Sputnik test suite]]) and Microsoft, who both contributed thousands of tests.

The Test262 testsuitetest suite consisted of {{val|38014}} tests {{as of|2020|01|lc=y}}.<ref name="GitHub 2020">{{cite web | title=tc39/test262 | website=GitHub | date=January 24, 2020 | url=https://github.com/tc39/test262 | access-date=January 29, 2020 | archive-date=October 1, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001032806/https://github.com/tc39/test262 | url-status=live }}</ref> ECMAScript specifications through ES7 are well-supported in major [[web browser]]s. The table below shows the conformance rate for current versions of software with respect to the most recent editions of ECMAScript.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

Line 97:

! scope="col" colspan="4" | Conformance<ref>ES5 is the baseline for this test suite. The conformance rate for other editions reflects support for new features only, not a comprehensive score.</ref>

|-

!scope="col" | ES5<ref name="kangax5">{{cite web |urldate=https://kangax.github.io/compat2024-table/es504-14 |title=ECMAScript 5 compatibility table |websiteurl=kangaxhttps://compat-table.github.io|language=en|access-date=2018-11/compat-08table/es5/ |archiveurl-datestatus=2018-11-19live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2018111914515120240114035054/httphttps://kangaxcompat-table.github.io/compat-table/es5/ |urlarchive-statusdate=live2024-01-14 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=compat-table.github.io |language=en}}</ref>

!scope="col" | ES6 (2015)<ref name="kangax6">{{cite web |urldate=https://kangax.github.io/compat2024-table/es604-14 |title=ECMAScript 6 compatibility table |websiteurl=kangaxhttps://compat-table.github.io|language=en|access-date=2018-11/compat-08table/es6/ |archiveurl-datestatus=2018-11-17live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2018111719402720240404212624/httphttps://kangaxcompat-table.github.io/compat-table/es6/ |urlarchive-statusdate=live2024-04-04 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=compat-table.github.io |language=en}}</ref>

!scope="col" | ES7 (2016)ES2016+<ref name="kangax2016plus">{{cite web |urldate=https://kangax.github.io/compat2024-table/es2016plus04-14 |title=ECMAScript 2016+ compatibility table |websiteurl=kangaxhttps://compat-table.github.io|language=en|access/compat-date=2018-11-08table/es2016plus/ |archiveurl-datestatus=2018-11-24live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2018112411295420240114034945/httphttps://kangaxcompat-table.github.io/compat-table/es2016plus/ |urlarchive-statusdate=live2024-01-14 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=compat-table.github.io |language=en}}</ref>

!scope="col" | Newer (2017+)Next<ref>{{Cite nameweb |date="kangax2016plus"2024-04-14 |title=ECMAScript Next compatibility table |url=https://compat-table.github.io/compat-table/esnext/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114035113/https://compat-table.github.io/compat-table/esnext/ |archive-date=2024-01-14 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=compat-table.github.io}}</ref><ref>Composite score that includes new features from ES7 through next edition drafts</ref>

|-

!scope="row" | [[SpiderMonkey]]

| [[Firefox]] 94120

| 100% || 98% || 10098% || 1005%

|-

!scope="row" | [[V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8]]

| [[Google Chrome]] 95117, [[Microsoft Edge]] 95113, [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] 8098

| 100% || 98% || 10098% || 1005%

|-

!scope="row" | [[JavaScriptCore]]

| [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] 1517

| 10099% || 99100% || 10098% || 9011%

|}

== See also ==

* [[ECMAScript for XML]] (E4X)

* [[JavaScript]]

* [[JScript]]

* [[List of ECMAScript engines]]

== References ==

{{reflistReflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{-Clear}}

{{ECMAScript}}

{{Ecma International Standards}}

{{ISO standards}}

{{List of International Electrotechnical CommissionIEC standards}}

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1997]]

[[Category:C programming language family]]

[[Category:Computer standards]]

[[Category:Dynamically typed programming languages]]

[[Category:Ecma standards]]

[[Category:JavaScript dialect engines]]

[[Category:JavaScript programming language family]]

[[Category:Object-based programming languages]]

[[Category:Programming languages with an ISO standard]]

[[Category:Prototype-based programming languages]]

[[Category:Scripting languages]]

[[Category:Source-to-source compilers]]