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ScottBurson (talk | contribs) m An article about Lisp must have balanced parentheses! |
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{{Infobox programming language
| name = Lisp
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Functional programming|functional]], [[Procedural programming|procedural]], [[Reflective programming|reflective]], [[Metaprogramming|meta]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1960}}
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{{Multiple image |direction=vertical |image1=John McCarthy Stanford.jpg |image2=Steve Russell.jpg |footer=[[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] (top) and [[Steve Russell (computer scientist)|Steve Russell]]}}
[[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] began developing Lisp in 1958 while he was at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). He was motivated by a desire to create an AI programming language that would work on the [[IBM 704]], as he believed that "IBM looked like a good bet to pursue Artificial Intelligence research vigorously."<ref name="wexelblat-history-programming-languages">{{cite book |title=History of programming languages |last1=McCarthy |first1=John |last2=Wexelblat |first2=Richard L. |year=1978 |isbn=0127450408 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=173–183}}</ref> He was inspired by [[Information Processing Language]], which was also based on list processing, but did not use it because it was designed for different hardware and he found an algebraic language more appealing.<ref name="wexelblat-history-programming-languages" /> Due to these factors, he consulted on the design of the [[Fortran]] List Processing Language, which was implemented as a Fortran library. However, he was dissatisfied with it because it did not support [[Recursion (computer science)|recursion]] or a modern [[Conditional (computer programming)#If–then(–else)|if-then-else]] statement (which was a new concept when
McCarthy's original notation used bracketed "[[M-expression]]s" that would be translated into [[S-expression]]s. As an example, the M-expression {{Lisp2|car[cons[A,B]]}} is equivalent to the S-expression {{Lisp2|(car (cons A B))}}. Once Lisp was implemented, programmers rapidly chose to use S-expressions, and M-expressions were abandoned.<ref name="wexelblat-history-programming-languages"/> M-expressions surfaced again with short-lived attempts of [[MLisp]]<ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=David Canfield |title=MLISP Users Manual |url=http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/stanford/Smith-MLISP-AIM-84.pdf |access-date=2006-10-13}}</ref> by Horace Enea and [[CGOL]] by [[Vaughan Pratt]].
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[[Garbage collection (computer science)|Garbage collection]] routines were developed by MIT graduate student [[Daniel Edwards (programmer)|Daniel Edwards]], prior to 1962.<ref>{{cite book |title=LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual |url=http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/book/LISP%201.5%20Programmers%20Manual.pdf |page=Preface |orig-date=1962 |year=1985 |version=15th printing |last1=McCarthy |first1=John |last2=Abrahams |first2=Paul W. |last3=Edwards |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Hart |first4=Timothy P. |last5=Levin |first5=Michael I. |edition=2nd}}</ref>
During the 1980s and 1990s, a great effort was made to unify the work on new Lisp dialects (mostly successors to [[Maclisp]] such as [[ZetaLisp]] and NIL (New Implementation of Lisp)) into a single language. The new language, [[Common Lisp]], was somewhat compatible with the dialects it replaced (the book ''[[Common Lisp the Language]]'' notes the compatibility of various constructs). In 1994, [[ANSI]] published the Common Lisp standard, "ANSI X3.226-1994 Information Technology Programming Language Common Lisp".
=== Timeline ===
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