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The version history of the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[mobile operating system]] began with the public release of its first [[Beta (software)|beta]] on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008. The operating system has been developed by [[Google]] on a yearly schedule since at least 2011.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=January 30, 2023 |title=What's the Latest Version of Android? |url=https://www.howtogeek.com/345250/whats-the-latest-version-of-android/ |website=How-To Geek |first1=Joe |last1=Fedewa|date=January 12, 2023 }}</ref> New major releases are usually announced at [[Google I/O]] in May, along with beta testing, with the [[stable version]]
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The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived using a [[confectionery]]-themed naming scheme for public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake. Google announced in August 2019 they were ending the confectionery theming scheme to use numerical ordering for future versions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blog.google/products/android/evolving-android-brand/ |title=A pop of color and more: updates to Android's brand |publisher=Google |date=August 22, 2019 |access-date=August 22, 2019 |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902060330/https://www.blog.google/products/android/evolving-android-brand/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first release under the numerical order format was [[Android 10]], which was released in September 2019.
In 2017, Google announced that [[Google Play]] would begin to require apps to target a recent Android version (or API level).<ref>{{cite web |title=Improving app security and performance on Google Play for years to come |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/12/improving-app-security-and-performance.html |first1=Edward |last1=Cunningham |date=December 19, 2017 |access-date=June 30, 2020 |website=Android Developers Blog |archive-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702093301/https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2017/12/improving-app-security-and-performance.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since then, a new major Android version has been released in the second half of each year, and apps must target it by August 31 of the following year for new apps, or November 1 for app updates.<ref name="Target API">{{Cite web |title=Target API level requirements for Google Play apps - Play Console Help |url=https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/11926878 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=Google Support |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114134721/https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/11926878 |url-status=live }}</ref> These requirements have expanded to [[Wear OS]], [[Android TV]], and [[Android Automotive OS]].
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| [[Android 1.0]]
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| {{Version|o|1.0}}
| 1
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| September 29, 2015<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web |url=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-6.0.0_r1 |title=refs/tags/android-6.0.0_r1 – platform/system/core – Git at Google |website=android.googlesource.com |access-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114134721/https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-6.0.0_r1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| August 2018
| rowspan="14" |25.
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| rowspan="2" | [[Android Nougat]]
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| August 15, 2022
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| [[Android 14]]
| Upside Down Cake<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Kyle |title=Android 14 gets official internal
| {{Version|co|14}}
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{{Anchor|Android 3.0|Android Honeycomb|Honeycomb|Android 3|3.0}}
On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first [[tablet computer|tablet]]-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.<ref name="honeycomb-highlights"/><ref name="honeycomb-sneak-peek">{{cite web |url=http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2011/01/sneak-peak-of-android-30-honeycomb.html |title=A Sneak Peek of Android 3.0, Honeycomb |first=Andy |last=Rubin |publisher=Google Mobile Blog |date=January 5, 2011 |access-date=January 5, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110108061358/http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2011/01/sneak-peak-of-android-30-honeycomb.html |archive-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="3.0-release">{{cite web |url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/02/final-android-30-platform-and-updated.html |title=Final Android 3.0 Platform and Updated SDK Tools |author=Xavier Ducrohet |publisher=Android Developers Blog |date=February 22, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110305143408/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/02/final-android-30-platform-and-updated.html |archive-date=March 5, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/4150/googles-android-event-analysis/2 |title=Google's Android Event Analysis |author=Mithun Chandrasekhar |publisher=AnandTech |date=February 2, 2011 |access-date=February 5, 2011 |quote=I confirmed this with Google; Honeycomb, at least in the current form, will not be coming to non-tablet devices. |archive-date=February 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205210127/http://www.anandtech.com/show/4150/googles-android-event-analysis/2 |url-status=
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* HTTPS stack improved with [[Server Name Indication]] (SNI).
* [[Filesystem in Userspace]] (FUSE; kernel module).
* Disallows applications from having to write access to secondary storage (memory cards on devices with internal primary storage) outside of designated, application-specific directories. Full access to primary internal storage is still allowed through a separate application-level permission.<ref name="anandtech-sdkitkat">{{cite web |last=Ho |first=Joshua |title=Examining MicroSD changes in Android 4.4 |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7859/examining-microsd-changes-in-android-44 |work=Anandtech |access-date=March 28, 2014 |archive-date=March 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328131328/http://anandtech.com/show/7859/examining-microsd-changes-in-android-44 |url-status=
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| November 13, 2012<ref name="Jelly Bean 4.2">[https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/29/3569244/android-4-2-new-features-miracast-gesture-keyboard-multiple-users-photo-sphere "Android 4.2 adds gestue typing, wireless TV display, multiple user support on tablets, and more"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114141804/https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/29/3569244/android-4-2-new-features-miracast-gesture-keyboard-multiple-users-photo-sphere |date=January 14, 2024 }}. ''[[The Verge (website)|The Verge]]''. October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.</ref>
|
* [[Lock screen]] improvements, including widget support (removed again in 2014, reintroduced again in 2024)<ref name="CWnostalgia"/> and the ability to swipe directly to the camera.<ref>[http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/android-4-2-jelly-bean-brings-all-new-photography-powers-1108294 "Android 4.2 Jelly Bean brings all-new photography powers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030113843/http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/android-4-2-jelly-bean-brings-all-new-photography-powers-1108294 |date=October 30, 2012 }}. TechRadar.com. October 29, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.</ref>
* Notification power controls ("Quick Settings").
* "Daydream" [[screensaver]]s, showing information when idle or docked (later renamed to "screen saver" following the launch of the unrelated [[Google Daydream]] VR platform in 2016).<ref name="CWnostalgia"/>
* Multiple user accounts (tablets only).
* Rewritten [[Bluetooth stack]], switching from [[Bluez]] to [[Broadcom]] open source [[BlueDroid]],<ref name="anand1">{{cite web |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6965/the-next-version-of-android-some-of-whats-coming |title=The Next Version of Android – Some of What's Coming |website=anandtech.com |first=Brian |last=Klug |date=May 19, 2013 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122815/http://www.anandtech.com/show/6965/the-next-version-of-android-some-of-whats-coming |url-status=
* Native [[right-to-left]], always-on [[Virtual Private Network|VPN]] and application verification.<ref name="aosp-jb1">{{cite web |title=Jelly Bean |url=http://developer.android.com/about/versions/jelly-bean.html |website=Android developer portal |access-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-date=January 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128204124/http://developer.android.com/about/versions/jelly-bean.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A new [[Near field communication|NFC]] stack was added at the same time.<ref name="anand1" />
* Accessibility improvements: triple-tap to magnify the entire screen, pan and zoom with two fingers. Speech output and Gesture Mode navigation for blind users.
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Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was unveiled under the codename "Android L" on June 25, 2014, during [[Google I/O]]. It became available as an official [[Over-the-air programming|over-the-air]] (OTA) update on November 12, 2014, for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by Google, including [[Google Nexus|Nexus]] and [[Google Play edition]] devices. Its source code was made available on November 3, 2014.<ref name=PCWorldJun2014>{{cite web |title=From Android L to Google Fit: All the new products and features from Google I/O |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2367746/from-android-l-to-google-fit-all-the-announcements-from-google-i/from-android-l-to-google-fit-all-t.html |publisher=PC World |date=June 25, 2014|access-date=June 26, 2014|archive-date=June 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626183451/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2367746/from-android-l-to-google-fit-all-the-announcements-from-google-i/from-android-l-to-google-fit-all-t.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Updated Android Lollipop Developer Preview image coming to Nexus devices in a couple of days |url=http://www.phonearena.com/news/Updated-Android-Lollipop-Developer-Preview-image-coming-to-Nexus-devices-in-a-couple-of-days_id61780 |publisher=PhoneArena.com |date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=October 16, 2014 |archive-date=October 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018090820/http://www.phonearena.com/news/Updated-Android-Lollipop-Developer-Preview-image-coming-to-Nexus-devices-in-a-couple-of-days_id61780 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Lollipop features a redesigned user interface built around a responsive [[design language]] referred to as "[[material design]]". Other changes include improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Furthermore, Google made internal changes to the platform, with the [[Android Runtime]] (ART) officially replacing [[Dalvik virtual machine|Dalvik]] for improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and optimize battery usage, known internally as [[Project Volta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Google's new 'Material Design' UI coming to Android, Chrome OS and the web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/06/25/googles-new-design-language-is-called-material-design/ |website=Engadget |date=June 25, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816150431/https://www.engadget.com/2014/06/25/googles-new-design-language-is-called-material-design/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=We just played with Android's L Developer Preview |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/06/26/android-developer-preview-hands-on/ |website=Engadget |date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=AOL |access-date=June 26, 2014 |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626162710/http://www.engadget.com/2014/06/26/android-developer-preview-hands-on/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Reveals Details About Android L at Google IO |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8207/google-reveals-details-about-android-l-at-google-io |website=Anandtech |access-date=June 26, 2014 |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628013652/http://anandtech.com/show/8207/google-reveals-details-about-android-l-at-google-io |url-status=
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| 7.1.1<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.google/products/android/sweet-update-nougat-android-711/ |title=A sweet update to Nougat: Android 7.1.1 |date=December 5, 2016 |website=Google Blog |access-date=December 13, 2016 |archive-date=December 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213001345/https://blog.google/products/android/sweet-update-nougat-android-711/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| December
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* New set of [[emoji]]s adding different skin tones and haircuts to existing ones.
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| August 21, 2017
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* Battery percentage displayed in the status bar, next to the battery icon
* '''Project Treble''', the biggest change to the foundations of Android to date: a modular architecture that makes it easier and faster for hardware makers to deliver Android updates.
* Picture-in-picture support.
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* Better support for [[biometric authentication]] in apps.<ref name="introducingqbeta" />
* Support for the [[Wi-Fi Protected Access#WPA3|WPA3]] Wi-Fi security protocol.<ref name="introducingqbeta" />
* Support for [[Foldable smartphone|foldable phone]]s.<ref name="introducingqbeta" />
* Support for Notification Bubbles.<ref name="qbeta2">{{cite web |last1=Burke |first1=Dave |title=Android Q Beta 2 update |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2019/04/android-q-beta-2-update.html |website=Android Developers Blog |access-date=April 25, 2019 |date=April 3, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114144944/https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2019/04/android-q-beta-2-update.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="notificationbubbles">{{cite web |title=Bubbles |website=Android Developers |url=https://developer.android.com/preview/features/bubbles|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410052657/https://developer.android.com/preview/features/bubbles|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Replace the preview link with the final Bubbles link when Android Q is publicly released. -->
* New system-wide dark theme/mode<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/look-and-feel/darktheme |title=Dark theme |website=Android Developers |access-date=October 13, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114144954/https://developer.android.com/develop/ui/views/theming/darktheme |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://9to5google.com/2019/10/10/google-dark-mode-apps-gallery/ |title=Google Dark Mode app roundup: Everything available so far |first=Ben |last=Schoon |work=9to5Google |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=October 13, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114144952/https://9to5google.com/2020/05/19/google-dark-mode-apps-gallery/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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! style="width:87%;" | Features
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* Reintroduction of lock screen widgets on tablets, which were introduced in Android 4.2 and removed in Android 5.0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=2024-01-12 |title=Android 15 might bring back lock screen widgets |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/it-looks-like-lock-screen-widgets-are-making-a-comeback-in-android-15/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>
* Google Advanced Factory Reset Protection to prevent the device to bypass the setup if stolen, and it requires the google account or unlock key to work again.
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* Health records
* Privacy sandbox on Android.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Developer Preview of Android 16 |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2024/11/the-first-developer-preview-android16.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Android Developers Blog |language=en}}</ref>
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| 16 QPR1
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* Material Expressive 3
* Battery icons are changed to Landscape icon and percentage showing inside the battery icon
* Desktop mode if connected to Monitor/TV, Keyboard and Mouse
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