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{{Short description|Field of research}}
'''Animal-computerAnimal–computer interaction''' ('''ACI''') is a field of research for the design and use of technology with, for and by animals covering different kinds of animals from wildlife, tozoo and domesticated animals in different roles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hirskyj-Douglas |first1=Ilyena |last2=Pons |first2=Patricia |last3=Read |first3=Janet C. |last4=Jaen |first4=Javier |date=June 2018 |title=Seven Years after the Manifesto: Literature Review and Research Directions for Technologies in Animal Computer Interaction |journal=Multimodal Technologies and Interaction |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=30 |doi=10.3390/mti2020030 |issn=2414-4088|doi-access=free }}</ref> It emerged from, and was heavily influenced by, the discipline of [[Human–computer interaction|human-computer interaction]] (HCI). As the field expanded, it has become increasingly multi-disciplinary, incorporating techniques and research from disciplines such as [[Artificialartificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] (AI), [[Requirementsrequirements engineering|Requirements Engineering]] (RE), and [[Veterinary medicine|Veterinaryveterinary Sciencescience]].
 
A central theme of ACI research is establishing how user-centred design approaches and methods from HCI and RE can be adapted to design for animals.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citecite conference book|lastvauthors = Westerlaken|first=Michelle|last2= M, Gualeni|first2=Stefano S |date=2016|title=Becoming with: Towards the Inclusion of Animals As Participants in Design Processes |journalbook-title=ACI '16: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI '16|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACMAssociation for Computing Machinery |pages=1:1–1:10 |doi=10.1145/2995257.2995392 |isbn=9781450347587 |s2cid=18669570|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-10964 |via=Malmö University Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite bookconference |last vauthors = Zamansky|first=Anna|last2= A, Roshier|first2=Amanda|last3= A, Mancini|first3=Clara|last4=Collins|first4=Emily C.|last5=, Collins EC, Hall|first5=Carol|last6= C, Grillaert|first6=Katie|last7= K, Morrison|first7=Ann|last8= A, North|first8=Steve|last9= S, Wirman|first9=Hanna H |date=2017|title=A Report on the First International Workshop on Research Methods in Animal-Computer Interaction |journalbook-title=CHI EA '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI EA '17|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACMAssociation for Computing Machinery |pages=806–815|doi=10.1145/3027063.3052759|isbn=9781450346566|urls2cid=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48586/1/main-11.02-CM.pdf22209273}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last vauthors = Mancini|first=Clara|last2= C, Lawson|first2=Shaun|last3= S, Juhlin|first3=Oskar O |title=Animal-Computer Interaction: The emergence of a discipline|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=129–134|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.10.003|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48565/3/IJHCS-SI-ACI-Editorial-ORO.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last vauthors = North|first=Steve|last2= S, Mancini|first2=Clara C |date=June 2016|title=Frameworks for ACI: animals as stakeholders in the design process|journal=Interactions|volume=23|issue=4|pages=34–36|doi=10.1145/2946043|s2cid=229345990|issn=1072-5520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook|last vauthors = Zamansky|first= A.|last2=van, derVan Der Linden|first2= D.|last3=, Baskin|first3= S. | datetitle = September 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE) |title chapter = Pushing Boundaries of RE: Requirement Elicitation for Non-human Users | date = September 2017 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8049148/|journal=2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)|pages=406–411|doi=10.1109/RE.2017.30| hdl = 1983/d9b68bcb-352c-418b-871a-d3c72ffb0d13 |isbn=978-1-5386-3191-1|s2cid=4764365| url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/184073595/Dirk_van_der_Linden_Pushing_Boundaries_of_RE_Requirement_Elicitation_for_Non_Human_Users.pdf }}</ref> Accordingly, many studies seek to adopt 'animal-centred' approaches to design and research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last vauthors = Hirskyj-Douglas|first= I.|last2=, Read|first2=J.C.|last3= JC, Cassidy|first3= B. |title=A dog centred approach to the analysis of dogs' interactions with media on TV screens|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=208–220|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.05.007|year=2017|s2cid=39537532 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Westerlaken|first=Michelle|last2=Gualeni|first2=Stefano|date=2014|title=Grounded Zoomorphism:vauthors An= EvaluationWesterlaken MethodologyM, forGualeni ACIS Design|journaltitle=Proceedings of the 2014 Workshops on Advances in Computer Entertainment Conference |chapter=Grounded Zoomorphism |date=2014|series=ACE '14 Workshops|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=5:1–5:6|doi=10.1145/2693787.2693796|isbn=9781450333146|s2cid=3171568|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-10806 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journalbook|last vauthors = van der Linden|first= D.|last2=, Zamansky|first2= A. | datetitle = September 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW) |title chapter = Agile with Animals: Towards a Development Method |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8054889/|journal=2017 IEEEdate 25th= InternationalSeptember Requirements2017 Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)|pages=423–426|doi=10.1109/REW.2017.11|isbn=978-1-5386-3488-2|s2cid=8244248}}</ref>
The ACI community has organised its flagship conference, the International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction, as a yearly stand-alone event since 2016 with its proceedings published in the ACM Digital Library. It incorporates doctoral consortia for junior researchers to become acquainted with the field, and co-located workshops to stimulate collaboration on emerging topics. Since 2020, a yearly International Summer School on Animal-Centred Computing has been organised which exposes ACI researchers and students to a wide variety of experts from veterinary science to interaction design.
 
In anher ''ACI Manifesto'' (2011), Clara Mancini defines one aim of ACI as understanding "the interaction between animals and computing technology within the contexts in which animals habitually live, are active, and socialise with members of the same or other species, including humans".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last vauthors = Mancini|first=Clara C |date=July 2011|title=Animal-computer Interaction: A Manifesto|journal=Interactions|volume=18|issue=4|pages=69–73|doi=10.1145/1978822.1978836|issns2cid=1072-552013009441 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/28857/1/ACI-Manifesto-OpenResearchOnline.pdf}}</ref> She additionally proposes three core design goals for the field: enhancing animals' quality of life and wellbeing; supporting animals in the functions assigned to them by humans; and supporting human-animal relationships. Accordingly, some ACI research has given considerable attention to questions of animal ethics,<ref>{{Cite journal|last vauthors = Mancini|first=Clara C |title=Towards an animal-centred ethics for Animal–Computer Interaction|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=221–233|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.008|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/46164/1/Mancini_1-s2.0-S1071581916300180-main.pdf}}</ref> welfare,<ref>{{Cite book |lastlast1=ManciniFrench |firstfirst1=ClaraFiona |last2=vanHirskyj-Douglas der Linden|first2=JanetIlyena |last3=KortuemVäätäjä |first3=GerdHeli |last4=DewsburyPons |first4=GuyPatricia |last5=MillsKarl |first5=DanielSabrina |last6=BoydenChisik |first6=PaulaYoram |datelast7=2014Nannoni |first7=Eleonora |last8=Zamansky |first8=Anna |last9=Mangat |first9=Mandeep |last10=Paci |first10=Patrizia |last11=Kasuga |first11=Haruka |last12=Vilker |first12=Dana |title=UbiCompAcademic forMindtrek Animal2021 Welfare|chapter=Ethics and Power Dynamics in Playful Technology for Animals: EnvisioningUsing Smartspeculative Environmentsdesign to provoke reflection |date=2021-06-01 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for KenneledComputing Machinery Dogs|journalpages=91–101 |doi=10.1145/3464327.3464366 |isbn=978-1-4503-8514-5|s2cid=237433989 |chapter-url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/79012/1/79012.pdf }}</ref> welfare,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Mancini C, Van Der Linden J, Kortuem G, Dewsbury G, Mills D, Boyden P |title=Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing |chapter=UbiComp for animal welfare |date=2014|series=UbiComp '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=117–128|doi=10.1145/2632048.2632073|isbn=9781450329682|s2cid=6213881|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/41242/1/ubicomp%202014%20p117-mancini%20animal%20welfare%20in%20kennels.pdf}}</ref> consent and power.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/july-august-2016/power-participation-and-the-dog-internet|title=Power, Participation, and the Dog Internet|last vauthors = Lawson|first=Shaun S, Kirman B, Linehan C |date=August 2016|work=Interactions|access-date=23 NovNovember 2017|last2=Kirman|first2=Ben |pages=37|last3=Linehan|first3=Conor }}</ref>
 
== Applications ==
A central theme of ACI research is establishing how user-centred design approaches and methods from HCI and RE can be adapted to design for animals.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Westerlaken|first=Michelle|last2=Gualeni|first2=Stefano|date=2016|title=Becoming with: Towards the Inclusion of Animals As Participants in Design Processes|journal=Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI '16|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=1:1–1:10|doi=10.1145/2995257.2995392|isbn=9781450347587}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Zamansky|first=Anna|last2=Roshier|first2=Amanda|last3=Mancini|first3=Clara|last4=Collins|first4=Emily C.|last5=Hall|first5=Carol|last6=Grillaert|first6=Katie|last7=Morrison|first7=Ann|last8=North|first8=Steve|last9=Wirman|first9=Hanna|date=2017|title=A Report on the First International Workshop on Research Methods in Animal-Computer Interaction|journal=Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI EA '17|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=806–815|doi=10.1145/3027063.3052759|isbn=9781450346566|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48586/1/main-11.02-CM.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mancini|first=Clara|last2=Lawson|first2=Shaun|last3=Juhlin|first3=Oskar|title=Animal-Computer Interaction: The emergence of a discipline|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=129–134|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.10.003|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48565/3/IJHCS-SI-ACI-Editorial-ORO.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=North|first=Steve|last2=Mancini|first2=Clara|date=June 2016|title=Frameworks for ACI: animals as stakeholders in the design process|journal=Interactions|volume=23|issue=4|pages=34–36|doi=10.1145/2946043|issn=1072-5520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zamansky|first=A.|last2=van der Linden|first2=D.|last3=Baskin|first3=S.| date = September 2017 |title=Pushing Boundaries of RE: Requirement Elicitation for Non-human Users|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8049148/|journal=2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)|pages=406–411|doi=10.1109/RE.2017.30}}</ref> Accordingly, many studies seek to adopt 'animal-centred' approaches to design and research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirskyj-Douglas|first=I.|last2=Read|first2=J.C.|last3=Cassidy|first3=B.|title=A dog centred approach to the analysis of dogs' interactions with media on TV screens|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=208–220|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.05.007|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Westerlaken|first=Michelle|last2=Gualeni|first2=Stefano|date=2014|title=Grounded Zoomorphism: An Evaluation Methodology for ACI Design|journal=Proceedings of the 2014 Workshops on Advances in Computer Entertainment Conference|series=ACE '14 Workshops|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=5:1–5:6|doi=10.1145/2693787.2693796|isbn=9781450333146}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=van der Linden|first=D.|last2=Zamansky|first2=A.| date = September 2017 |title=Agile with Animals: Towards a Development Method|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8054889/|journal=2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)|pages=423–426|doi=10.1109/REW.2017.11}}</ref>
Much ACI work focuses on technologies to support communication and relationships between animals and humans. Researchers have investigated digital technologies for dogs, including systems for remote communication with dogs left at home,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mankoff|first=Demi|last2=Dey|first2=Anind|last3=Mankoff|first3=Jennifer|last4=Mankoff|first4=Ken|date=2005|title=Supporting Interspeciesvauthors Social= Awareness:Mankoff UsingD, PeripheralDey DisplaysA, forMankoff DistributedJ, PackMankoff K Awareness|journaltitle=Proceedings of the 18th Annualannual ACM Symposiumsymposium on User Interfaceinterface Softwaresoftware and Technologytechnology |chapter=Supporting interspecies social awareness |date=2005|series=UIST '05|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=253–258|doi=10.1145/1095034.1095076|isbn=978-1595932716|s2cid=16620403}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Rover@Home: Computer Mediated Remote Interaction Between Humans and Dogs (MSc Thesis)|last vauthors = Resner|first=Benjamin IshakBI |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|year=2001}}</ref> wearable interactive devices for them,<ref>{{Cite book|last vauthors = Jackson|first=Melody Moore|last2=MM, Zeagler|first2=Clint|last3= C, Valentin|first3=Giancarlo|last4= G, Martin|first4=Alex|last5= A, Martin|first5=Vincent|last6= V, Delawalla|first6=Adil|last7= A, Blount|first7=Wendy|last8=Eiring|first8=Sarah|last9=Hollis|first9=Ryan|date=2013|title=FIDO -W, FacilitatingEiring InteractionsS, forHollis DogsR, withKshirsagar Occupations:Y, WearableStarner Dog-activatedT Interfaces|journal title = Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Wearable Computers | chapter = FIDO - facilitating interactions for dogs with occupations | display-authors = 6 |date=2013|series=ISWC '13|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=81–88|doi=10.1145/2493988.2494334| hdl = 1853/52140 |isbn=9781450321273|s2cid=701037}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last vauthors = Byrne|first=Ceara|last2= C, Freil|first2=Larry|last3= L, Starner|first3=Thad|last4= T, Jackson|first4=Melody MooreMM |title=A method to evaluate haptic interfaces for working dogs|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=196–207|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.004|year=2017|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite bookconference |lastvauthors = Morrison|first=Ann|last2= A, Møller|first2=Rune Heide|last3=RH, Manresa-Yee|first3=Cristina|last4= C, Eshraghi|first4=Neda N |date=2016 |title=The Impact of Training Approaches on Experimental Setup and Design of Wearable Vibrotactiles for Hunting Dogs |journalbook-title=ACI '16: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI '16|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACMAssociation for Computing Machinery |pages=4:1–4:10|doi=10.1145/2995257.2995391|isbn=9781450347587|s2cid=14261948}}</ref> and interfaces for working dogs.<ref>{{Cite book|last vauthors = Zeagler|first=Clint|last2=Gilliland|first2=Scott|last3=Freil|first3=Larry|last4=Starner|first4=Thad|last5=Jackson|first5=Melody|date=2014|title=Going toC, theGilliland Dogs:S, TowardsFreil anL, InteractiveStarner TouchscreenT, InterfaceJackson forM Working Dogs|journaltitle=Proceedings of the 27th Annualannual ACM Symposiumsymposium on User Interfaceinterface Softwaresoftware and Technologytechnology |chapter=Going to the dogs |date=2014|series=UIST '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=497–507|doi=10.1145/2642918.2647364|isbn=9781450330695|s2cid=16844739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last vauthors = Mancini|first=Clara|last2=Harris|first2=Rob|last3=Aengenheister|first3=Brendan|last4=Guest|first4=Claire|date=2015|title=Re-Centering MultispeciesC, Practices:Harris AR, CanineAengenheister InterfaceB, forGuest CancerC Detection Dogs|journaltitle=Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Re-Centering Multispecies Practices |date=2015|series=CHI '15|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=2673–2682|doi=10.1145/2702123.2702562|isbn=9781450331456|s2cid=13258155|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/42640/1/pn2412-mancini.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last vauthors = Robinson|first=Charlotte L.|last2=CL, Mancini|first2=Clara|last3=van derC, Linden|first3=Janet|last4=Guest|first4=Claire|last5=Harris|first5=Robert|date=2014|title=Canine-centeredVan InterfaceDer Design:Linden SupportingJ, theGuest WorkC, ofHarris DiabetesR Alert Dogs|journaltitle=Proceedings of the 32Nd Annual ACMSIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Canine-centered interface design |date=2014|series=CHI '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=3757–3766|doi=10.1145/2556288.2557396|isbn=9781450324731|s2cid=5150406|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/39352/1/paper2368.pdf}}<!--http://oro.open.ac.uk/39352/1/paper2368.pdf--></ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook|last vauthors = Ruge|first=Luisa|last2= L, Cox|first2=Elizabeth|last3= E, Mancini|first3=Clara|last4= C, Luck R |first4title=RachaelProceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |date=2018|titlechapter=User centered design approaches to measuring canine behavior: tail wagging as a measure of user experience|date=2018|chapter-url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3295598.3295599|journal=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction - ACI '18|language=en|___location=Atlanta, Georgia|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3295598.3295599|isbn=9781450362191|s2cid=90239594|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/57936/1/08_11_18_ACD%20TW-CM-ORO.pdf }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journalconference |lastvauthors = Ruge|first=Luisa|last2= L, Mancini|first2=Clara C |date=2019 |title=A Method for Evaluating Animal Usability (MEAU) |urlbook-title=httpACI'19://www.aciconf.org/aci2019 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |___location=Haifa,New York Isrel|publisher=ACMAssociation Digitalfor LibraryComputing Machinery}}</ref> They have also explored technology for interactions with other domestic animals, including cats.<ref>{{Cite book|title=More Playful User Interfaces|last vauthors = Pons|first=Patricia|last2= P, Jaen|first2=Javier|last3= J, Catala A |first3 chapter =Alejandro Envisioning Future Playful Interactive Environments for Animals |date=2015|publisher=Springer, Singapore|isbn=9789812875457|series=Gaming Media and Social Effects|pages=121–150|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-287-546-4_6|hdl = 10251/69598}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last vauthors = Trindade|first=Rui|last2=Sousa|first2=Micaela|last3=Hart|first3=Cristina|last4=Vieira|first4=Nádia|last5=Rodrigues|first5=Roberto|last6=França|first6=João|date=2015|title=Purrfect Crime:R, ExploringSousa AnimalM, ComputerHart InteractionC, ThroughVieira aN, DigitalRodrigues GameR, forFrança HumansJ and Cats|journaltitle=Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Purrfect Crime |date=2015|series=CHI EA '15|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=93–96|doi=10.1145/2702613.2728660|isbn=9781450331463|s2cid=14712252}}</ref> An increasing focus in the ACI community is investigating the wider context of these technologies and the impact they have beyond the individual animals that use them, from security and privacy considerations of pet wearables,<ref>{{Cite journalbook|last vauthors = van der Linden|first= D.|last2=Zamansky|first2=A.|last3=, Williams E, Hadar|first3= I.|last4=Craggs|first4=B.|last5=Rashid|first5=A.|date=, MayZamansky 2019A |title=Buddy'sProceedings Wearableof Isthe NotSixth YourInternational Buddy:Conference Privacyon ImplicationsAnimal-Computer of PetInteraction Wearables|urlchapter=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8713279/|journal=IEEESome Securitymight Privacy|volume=17|issue=3|pages=28–39|doi=10.1109/MSEC.2018.2888783|issn=1558-4046}}</ref><ref>{{Citefreak journal|last=vanout der Linden|first=Dirk|last2=Williams|first2=Emma|last3=Hadar|first3=Irit|last4=Zamansky|first4=Anna|date=2019-11-12|title=Some might freak out: What if your dog's activity tracker were to have a data breach?|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371057|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371057|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8|s2cid=210867065}}</ref> the effect they may have on humans living with these animals<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zamansky|first=A.|last2=van der Linden|first2=D.|last3=Hadar|first3=I.|last4=Bleuer-Elsner|first4=S.|date= September 2019 |title=Log My Dog: Perceived Impact of Dog Activity Tracking|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8812161/|journal=Computer|volume=52|issue=9|pages=35–43|doi=10.1109/MC.2018.2889637|issn=1558-0814}}</ref>, the context they are deployed in,<ref>{{Cite journalbook|last=Kresnye|first=K. Cassie|last2=Theisz|first2=Alecvauthors Andrew|last3=Trester|first3=Lauren|last4=Shih|first4=Patrick C.|date=2019-11-12|title=BarksKresnye &amp;KC, Rec:Theisz AAA, DogTrester ParkL, Socio-TechnicalShih PC System|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371064|journaltitle=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |chapter=Barks & Rec |date=2019-11-12|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–6|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371064|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8|s2cid=207846940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook|last=Kresnye|first=K. Cassie|last2=Phelps|first2=Annievauthors M.|last3=Shih|first3=Patrick C.|date=2019-11-12|title=TowardsKresnye RehabilitationKC, SmartPhelps Habitats:AM, DesigningShih forPC North American Opossum Joeys|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371058|journaltitle=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |chapter=Towards Rehabilitation Smart Habitats |date=2019-11-12|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–6|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371058|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8|s2cid=207926012}}</ref>, to supporting veterinary science,<ref>{{Citecite journal |last vauthors = Bleuer-Elsner|first=Stephane|last2= S, Zamansky|first2=Anna|last3= A, Fux|first3=Asaf|last4= A, Kaplun|first4=Dmitry|last5= D, Romanov|first5=Sergey|last6= S, Sinitca|first6=Aleksandr|last7= A, Masson|first7=Sylvia|last8= S, van der Linden D |first8=Dirk|date= Decemberdisplay-authors 2019= 6 | title = Computational Analysis of Movement Patterns of Dogs with ADHD-Like Behavior |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/12/1140| journal = Animals |language=en| volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 1140 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31847213 | pmc = 6941159 | doi = 10.3390/ani9121140 |pmc doi-access =PMC6941159|pmid=31847213 free }}</ref> and animal behavior research.<ref>{{Citecite journal |last vauthors = Karl|first=Sabrina|last2= S, Boch|first2=Magdalena|last3= M, Zamansky|first3=Anna|last4= A, van der Linden|first4=Dirk|last5= D, Wagner|first5=Isabella C.|last6=IC, Völter|first6=Christoph J.|last7=CJ, Lamm|first7=Claus|last8= C, Huber L |first8 display-authors =Ludwig|date=2020-12-17 6 | title = Exploring the dog–humandog-human relationship by combining fMRI, eye-tracking and behavioural measures |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79247-5| journal = Scientific Reports |language=en| volume = 10 | issue = 1 |pages article-number = 22273 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33335230 | pmc = 7747637 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-79247-5 |issn bibcode =2045-2322 2020NatSR..1022273K }}</ref>
 
== Animal internet technologies ==
Much ACI work focuses on technologies to support communication and relationships between animals and humans. Researchers have investigated digital technologies for dogs, including systems for remote communication with dogs left at home,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mankoff|first=Demi|last2=Dey|first2=Anind|last3=Mankoff|first3=Jennifer|last4=Mankoff|first4=Ken|date=2005|title=Supporting Interspecies Social Awareness: Using Peripheral Displays for Distributed Pack Awareness|journal=Proceedings of the 18th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology|series=UIST '05|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=253–258|doi=10.1145/1095034.1095076|isbn=978-1595932716}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Rover@Home: Computer Mediated Remote Interaction Between Humans and Dogs (MSc Thesis)|last=Resner|first=Benjamin Ishak|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|year=2001}}</ref> wearable interactive devices for them,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Melody Moore|last2=Zeagler|first2=Clint|last3=Valentin|first3=Giancarlo|last4=Martin|first4=Alex|last5=Martin|first5=Vincent|last6=Delawalla|first6=Adil|last7=Blount|first7=Wendy|last8=Eiring|first8=Sarah|last9=Hollis|first9=Ryan|date=2013|title=FIDO - Facilitating Interactions for Dogs with Occupations: Wearable Dog-activated Interfaces|journal=Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Wearable Computers|series=ISWC '13|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=81–88|doi=10.1145/2493988.2494334|isbn=9781450321273}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Byrne|first=Ceara|last2=Freil|first2=Larry|last3=Starner|first3=Thad|last4=Jackson|first4=Melody Moore|title=A method to evaluate haptic interfaces for working dogs|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=196–207|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.004|year=2017|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Morrison|first=Ann|last2=Møller|first2=Rune Heide|last3=Manresa-Yee|first3=Cristina|last4=Eshraghi|first4=Neda|date=2016|title=The Impact of Training Approaches on Experimental Setup and Design of Wearable Vibrotactiles for Hunting Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI '16|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=4:1–4:10|doi=10.1145/2995257.2995391|isbn=9781450347587}}</ref> and interfaces for working dogs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zeagler|first=Clint|last2=Gilliland|first2=Scott|last3=Freil|first3=Larry|last4=Starner|first4=Thad|last5=Jackson|first5=Melody|date=2014|title=Going to the Dogs: Towards an Interactive Touchscreen Interface for Working Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology|series=UIST '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=497–507|doi=10.1145/2642918.2647364|isbn=9781450330695}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mancini|first=Clara|last2=Harris|first2=Rob|last3=Aengenheister|first3=Brendan|last4=Guest|first4=Claire|date=2015|title=Re-Centering Multispecies Practices: A Canine Interface for Cancer Detection Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI '15|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=2673–2682|doi=10.1145/2702123.2702562|isbn=9781450331456|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/42640/1/pn2412-mancini.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Charlotte L.|last2=Mancini|first2=Clara|last3=van der Linden|first3=Janet|last4=Guest|first4=Claire|last5=Harris|first5=Robert|date=2014|title=Canine-centered Interface Design: Supporting the Work of Diabetes Alert Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 32Nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=3757–3766|doi=10.1145/2556288.2557396|isbn=9781450324731|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/39352/1/paper2368.pdf}}<!--http://oro.open.ac.uk/39352/1/paper2368.pdf--></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruge|first=Luisa|last2=Cox|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Mancini|first3=Clara|last4=Luck|first4=Rachael|date=2018|title=User centered design approaches to measuring canine behavior: tail wagging as a measure of user experience|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3295598.3295599|journal=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction - ACI '18|language=en|___location=Atlanta, Georgia|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3295598.3295599|isbn=9781450362191}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruge|first=Luisa|last2=Mancini|first2=Clara|date=2019|title=A Method for Evaluating Animal Usability (MEAU)|url=http://www.aciconf.org/aci2019|___location=Haifa, Isrel|publisher=ACM Digital Library}}</ref> They have also explored technology for interactions with other domestic animals, including cats.<ref>{{Cite book|title=More Playful User Interfaces|last=Pons|first=Patricia|last2=Jaen|first2=Javier|last3=Catala|first3=Alejandro|date=2015|publisher=Springer, Singapore|isbn=9789812875457|series=Gaming Media and Social Effects|pages=121–150|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-287-546-4_6|hdl = 10251/69598}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Trindade|first=Rui|last2=Sousa|first2=Micaela|last3=Hart|first3=Cristina|last4=Vieira|first4=Nádia|last5=Rodrigues|first5=Roberto|last6=França|first6=João|date=2015|title=Purrfect Crime: Exploring Animal Computer Interaction Through a Digital Game for Humans and Cats|journal=Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI EA '15|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=93–96|doi=10.1145/2702613.2728660|isbn=9781450331463}}</ref> An increasing focus in the ACI community is investigating the wider context of these technologies and the impact they have beyond the individual animals that use them, from security and privacy considerations of pet wearables,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van der Linden|first=D.|last2=Zamansky|first2=A.|last3=Hadar|first3=I.|last4=Craggs|first4=B.|last5=Rashid|first5=A.|date= May 2019 |title=Buddy's Wearable Is Not Your Buddy: Privacy Implications of Pet Wearables|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8713279/|journal=IEEE Security Privacy|volume=17|issue=3|pages=28–39|doi=10.1109/MSEC.2018.2888783|issn=1558-4046}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=van der Linden|first=Dirk|last2=Williams|first2=Emma|last3=Hadar|first3=Irit|last4=Zamansky|first4=Anna|date=2019-11-12|title=Some might freak out: What if your dog's activity tracker were to have a data breach?|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371057|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371057|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8}}</ref> the effect they may have on humans living with these animals<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zamansky|first=A.|last2=van der Linden|first2=D.|last3=Hadar|first3=I.|last4=Bleuer-Elsner|first4=S.|date= September 2019 |title=Log My Dog: Perceived Impact of Dog Activity Tracking|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8812161/|journal=Computer|volume=52|issue=9|pages=35–43|doi=10.1109/MC.2018.2889637|issn=1558-0814}}</ref>, the context they are deployed in<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kresnye|first=K. Cassie|last2=Theisz|first2=Alec Andrew|last3=Trester|first3=Lauren|last4=Shih|first4=Patrick C.|date=2019-11-12|title=Barks &amp; Rec: A Dog Park Socio-Technical System|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371064|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–6|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371064|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kresnye|first=K. Cassie|last2=Phelps|first2=Annie M.|last3=Shih|first3=Patrick C.|date=2019-11-12|title=Towards Rehabilitation Smart Habitats: Designing for North American Opossum Joeys|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371058|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–6|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371058|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8}}</ref>, to supporting veterinary science<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bleuer-Elsner|first=Stephane|last2=Zamansky|first2=Anna|last3=Fux|first3=Asaf|last4=Kaplun|first4=Dmitry|last5=Romanov|first5=Sergey|last6=Sinitca|first6=Aleksandr|last7=Masson|first7=Sylvia|last8=van der Linden|first8=Dirk|date= December 2019 |title=Computational Analysis of Movement Patterns of Dogs with ADHD-Like Behavior|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/9/12/1140|journal=Animals|language=en|volume=9|issue=12|pages=1140|doi=10.3390/ani9121140|pmc=PMC6941159|pmid=31847213}}</ref> and animal behavior research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karl|first=Sabrina|last2=Boch|first2=Magdalena|last3=Zamansky|first3=Anna|last4=van der Linden|first4=Dirk|last5=Wagner|first5=Isabella C.|last6=Völter|first6=Christoph J.|last7=Lamm|first7=Claus|last8=Huber|first8=Ludwig|date=2020-12-17|title=Exploring the dog–human relationship by combining fMRI, eye-tracking and behavioural measures|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79247-5|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=22273|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79247-5|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
Recent work in ACI has focused on how internet connected technologies, such as [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]] (IoT), can support animals.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last1=Hirskyj-Douglas |first1=Ilyena |last2=Lucero |first2=Andrés |title=Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=On the Internet, Nobody Knows You're a Dog... Unless You're Another Dog |date=2019-05-02 |series=CHI '19 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1145/3290605.3300347 |arxiv=2105.03181 |isbn=978-1-4503-5970-2|s2cid=85512429 }}</ref> This includes technologies such as remote video call devices for dogs to call their owners,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Hirskyj-Douglas |first1=Ilyena |last2=Piitulainen |first2=Roosa |last3=Lucero |first3=Andrés |date=2021-11-03 |title=Forming the Dog Internet: Prototyping a Dog-to-Human Video Call Device |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |language=en |volume=5 |issue=<nowiki>ISS</nowiki> |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1145/3488539 |s2cid=243765497 |issn=2573-0142|doi-access=free }}</ref> speculative technologies for dogs to sense their owners <ref>{{Cite conference |last1=RTD Conference |last2=Kirman |first2=Ben |last3=Lawson |first3=Shaun |last4=Linehan |first4=Conor |date=2019 |title=The Dog Internet: Autonomy and Interspecies Design |book-title=RTD2017: Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Research Through Design Conference |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/4747039 |pages=1719725 Bytes |doi=10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.4747039 |via=FigShare}}</ref> and technologies to support dog-to-dog interactions mediated by the internet.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Much of this work has focused on how to incorporate [[interspecies design]] into the process and what the user experience and what interactive internet systems look like with animal users.<ref name=":2" />
 
== Conferences ==
== References ==<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. -->
The ACI community has organised its flagship conference, the International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction, as a yearly stand-alone event since 2016 with its proceedings published in the ACM Digital Library. It incorporates doctoral consortia for junior researchers to become acquainted with the field, and co-located workshops to stimulate collaboration on emerging topics. Since 2020, a yearly International Summer School on Animal-Centred Computing has been organised which exposes ACI researchers and students to a wide variety of experts from veterinary science to interaction design.
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.aciconf.org/home International Conference on Animal-ComputerAnimal–Computer Interaction]
* [https://dl.acm.org/conference/aci/proceedings ACM Digital Library Proceedings of the ACI Conference]
 
* [https://www.animalcomputing.com/ International Summer School on Animal-Centered Computing]
[https://dl.acm.org/conference/aci/proceedings ACM Digital Library Proceedings of the ACI Conference]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Animal-computer interaction}}
[https://www.animalcomputing.com/ International Summer School on Animal-Centered Computing]
[[Category:SubfieldsHuman–computer of computer scienceinteraction]]
[[Category:Animal intelligence]]