Animal–computer interaction: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Field of research}}

'''Animal–computer interaction''' ('''ACI''') is a field of research for the design and use of technology with, for and by animals covering different kinds of animals from wildlife, tozoo and domesticated animals in different roles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hirskyj-Douglas |first1=Ilyena |last2=Pons |first2=Patricia |last3=Read |first3=Janet C. |last4=Jaen |first4=Javier |date=June 2018 |title=Seven Years after the Manifesto: Literature Review and Research Directions for Technologies in Animal Computer Interaction |journal=Multimodal Technologies and Interaction |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=30 |doi=10.3390/mti2020030 |issn=2414-4088|doi-access=free }}</ref> It emerged from, and was heavily influenced by, the discipline of [[human–computerHuman–computer interaction]] (HCI). As the field expanded, it has become increasingly multi-disciplinary, incorporating techniques and research from disciplines such as [[artificial intelligence]] (AI), [[requirements engineering]] (RE), and [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary science]].

A central theme of ACI research is establishing how user-centred design approaches and methods from HCI and RE can be adapted to design for animals.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite bookconference | vauthors = Westerlaken M, Gualeni S |date=2016|title=Becoming with: Towards the Inclusion of Animals As Participants in Design Processes |journalbook-title=ACI '16: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |series=ACI '16|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACMAssociation for Computing Machinery |pages=1:1–1:10 |doi=10.1145/2995257.2995392 |isbn=9781450347587 |s2cid=18669570|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-10964 |via=Malmö University Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite bookconference | vauthors = Zamansky A, Roshier A, Mancini C, Collins EC, Hall C, Grillaert K, Morrison A, North S, Wirman H |date=2017|chaptertitle=A Report on the First International Workshop on Research Methods in Animal-Computer Interaction |journalbook-title=CHI EA '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems|series=CHI EA '17|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACMAssociation for Computing Machinery |pages=806–815|doi=10.1145/3027063.3052759|isbn=9781450346566|s2cid=22209273|chapter-url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48586/1/main-11.02-CM.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C, Lawson S, Juhlin O |title=Animal-Computer Interaction: The emergence of a discipline|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=129–134|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.10.003|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48565/3/IJHCS-SI-ACI-Editorial-ORO.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = North S, Mancini C |date=June 2016|title=Frameworks for ACI: animals as stakeholders in the design process|journal=Interactions|volume=23|issue=4|pages=34–36|doi=10.1145/2946043|s2cid=229345990|issn=1072-5520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook| vauthors = Zamansky A, Van Der Linden D, Baskin S | datetitle = September 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE) |title chapter = Pushing Boundaries of RE: Requirement Elicitation for Non-human Users | date = September 2017 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8049148|journal=2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)|pages=406–411|doi=10.1109/RE.2017.30| hdl = 1983/d9b68bcb-352c-418b-871a-d3c72ffb0d13 |isbn=978-1-5386-3191-1|s2cid=4764365| url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/184073595/Dirk_van_der_Linden_Pushing_Boundaries_of_RE_Requirement_Elicitation_for_Non_Human_Users.pdf }}</ref> Accordingly, many studies seek to adopt 'animal-centred' approaches to design and research.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hirskyj-Douglas I, Read JC, Cassidy B |title=A dog centred approach to the analysis of dogs' interactions with media on TV screens|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=208–220|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.05.007|year=2017|s2cid=39537532 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Westerlaken M, Gualeni S |date=2014|title=Grounded Zoomorphism: An Evaluation Methodology for ACI Design|journal=Proceedings of the 2014 Workshops on Advances in Computer Entertainment Conference |chapter=Grounded Zoomorphism |date=2014|series=ACE '14 Workshops|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=5:1–5:6|doi=10.1145/2693787.2693796|isbn=9781450333146|s2cid=3171568|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-10806 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journalbook| vauthors = van der Linden D, Zamansky A | datetitle = September 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW) |title chapter = Agile with Animals: Towards a Development Method |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8054889|journal=2017 IEEEdate 25th= InternationalSeptember Requirements2017 Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)|pages=423–426|doi=10.1109/REW.2017.11|isbn=978-1-5386-3488-2|s2cid=8244248}}</ref>

In anher ''ACI Manifesto'' (2011), Clara Mancini defines one aim of ACI as understanding "the interaction between animals and computing technology within the contexts in which animals habitually live, are active, and socialise with members of the same or other species, including humans".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C |date=July 2011|title=Animal-computer Interaction: A Manifesto|journal=Interactions|volume=18|issue=4|pages=69–73|doi=10.1145/1978822.1978836|s2cid=13009441 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/28857/1/ACI-Manifesto-OpenResearchOnline.pdf}}</ref> She additionally proposes three core design goals for the field: enhancing animals' quality of life and wellbeing; supporting animals in the functions assigned to them by humans; and supporting human-animal relationships. Accordingly, some ACI research has given considerable attention to questions of animal ethics,<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C |title=Towards an animal-centred ethics for Animal–Computer Interaction|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=221–233|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.008|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/46164/1/Mancini_1-s2.0-S1071581916300180-main.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=French |first1=Fiona |last2=Hirskyj-Douglas |first2=Ilyena |last3=Väätäjä |first3=Heli |last4=Pons |first4=Patricia |last5=Karl |first5=Sabrina |last6=Chisik |first6=Yoram |last7=Nannoni |first7=Eleonora |last8=Zamansky |first8=Anna |last9=Mangat |first9=Mandeep |last10=Paci |first10=Patrizia |last11=Kasuga |first11=Haruka |last12=Vilker |first12=Dana |title=Academic Mindtrek 2021 |chapter=Ethics and Power Dynamics in Playful Technology for Animals: Using speculative design to provoke reflection |date=2021-06-01 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1145/3464327.3464366 |isbn=978-1-4503-8514-5|s2cid=237433989 |chapter-url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/79012/1/79012.pdf }}</ref> welfare,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Mancini C, Van Der Linden J, Kortuem G, Dewsbury G, Mills D, Boyden P |date=2014|title=UbiComp for Animal Welfare: Envisioning Smart Environments for Kenneled Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing |chapter=UbiComp for animal welfare |date=2014|series=UbiComp '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=117–128|doi=10.1145/2632048.2632073|isbn=9781450329682|s2cid=6213881|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/41242/1/ubicomp%202014%20p117-mancini%20animal%20welfare%20in%20kennels.pdf}}</ref> consent and power.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/july-august-2016/power-participation-and-the-dog-internet|title=Power, Participation, and the Dog Internet| vauthors = Lawson S, Kirman B, Linehan C |date=August 2016|work=Interactions|access-date=23 November 2017 |pages=37 }}</ref>

== Applications ==

Much ACI work focuses on technologies to support communication and relationships between animals and humans. Researchers have investigated digital technologies for dogs, including systems for remote communication with dogs left at home,<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Mankoff D, Dey A, Mankoff J, Mankoff K |date=2005|title=Supporting Interspecies Social Awareness: Using Peripheral Displays for Distributed Pack Awareness|journal=Proceedings of the 18th Annualannual ACM Symposiumsymposium on User Interfaceinterface Softwaresoftware and Technologytechnology |chapter=Supporting interspecies social awareness |date=2005|series=UIST '05|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=253–258|doi=10.1145/1095034.1095076|isbn=978-1595932716|s2cid=16620403}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Rover@Home: Computer Mediated Remote Interaction Between Humans and Dogs (MSc Thesis)| vauthors = Resner BI |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|year=2001}}</ref> wearable interactive devices for them,<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Jackson MM, Zeagler C, Valentin G, Martin A, Martin V, Delawalla A, Blount W, Eiring S, Hollis R, Kshirsagar Y, Starner T | display-authorstitle = 6Proceedings of the |date=2013 International Symposium on Wearable Computers |title chapter = FIDO - Facilitatingfacilitating Interactionsinteractions for Dogsdogs with Occupations:occupations Wearable| Dogdisplay-activatedauthors Interfaces|journal=Proceedings of the6 |date=2013 International Symposium on Wearable Computers|series=ISWC '13|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=81–88|doi=10.1145/2493988.2494334| hdl = 1853/52140 |isbn=9781450321273|s2cid=701037}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Byrne C, Freil L, Starner T, Jackson MM |title=A method to evaluate haptic interfaces for working dogs|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=196–207|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.004|year=2017|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite bookconference | vauthors = Morrison A, Møller RH, Manresa-Yee C, Eshraghi N |date=2016 |chaptertitle=The Impact of Training Approaches on Experimental Setup and Design of Wearable Vibrotactiles for Hunting Dogs |journalbook-title=ACI '16: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI '16|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACMAssociation for Computing Machinery |pages=4:1–4:10|doi=10.1145/2995257.2995391|isbn=9781450347587|s2cid=14261948}}</ref> and interfaces for working dogs.<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Zeagler C, Gilliland S, Freil L, Starner T, Jackson M |date=2014|title=Going to the Dogs: Towards an Interactive Touchscreen Interface for Working Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 27th Annualannual ACM Symposiumsymposium on User Interfaceinterface Softwaresoftware and Technologytechnology |chapter=Going to the dogs |date=2014|series=UIST '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=497–507|doi=10.1145/2642918.2647364|isbn=9781450330695|s2cid=16844739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Mancini C, Harris R, Aengenheister B, Guest C |date=2015|title=Re-Centering Multispecies Practices: A Canine Interface for Cancer Detection Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Re-Centering Multispecies Practices |date=2015|series=CHI '15|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=2673–2682|doi=10.1145/2702123.2702562|isbn=9781450331456|s2cid=13258155|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/42640/1/pn2412-mancini.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book| vauthors = Robinson CL, Mancini C, Van Der Linden J, Guest C, Harris R |date=2014|title=Canine-centered Interface Design: Supporting the Work of Diabetes Alert Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACMSIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Canine-centered interface design |date=2014|series=CHI '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=3757–3766|doi=10.1145/2556288.2557396|isbn=9781450324731|s2cid=5150406|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/39352/1/paper2368.pdf}}<!--http://oro.open.ac.uk/39352/1/paper2368.pdf--></ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook| vauthors = Ruge L, Cox E, Mancini C, Luck R |datetitle=2018Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |titlechapter=User centered design approaches to measuring canine behavior: tail wagging as a measure of user experience|date=2018|chapter-url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3295598.3295599|journal=Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction - ACI '18|language=en|___location=Atlanta, Georgia|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3295598.3295599|isbn=9781450362191|s2cid=90239594|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/57936/1/08_11_18_ACD%20TW-CM-ORO.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|conference |vauthors = Ruge L, Mancini C |date=2019 |title=A Method for Evaluating Animal Usability (MEAU) |urlbook-title=httpACI'19://www.aciconf.org/aci2019 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |___location=Haifa,New York Isrel|publisher=ACMAssociation Digitalfor LibraryComputing Machinery}}</ref> They have also explored technology for interactions with other domestic animals, including cats.<ref>{{Cite book|title=More Playful User Interfaces| vauthors = Pons P, Jaen J, Catala A | chapter = Envisioning Future Playful Interactive Environments for Animals |date=2015|publisher=Springer, Singapore|isbn=9789812875457|series=Gaming Media and Social Effects|pages=121–150|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-287-546-4_6|hdl = 10251/69598}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Trindade R, Sousa M, Hart C, Vieira N, Rodrigues R, França J |date=2015|title=Purrfect Crime: Exploring Animal Computer Interaction Through a Digital Game for Humans and Cats|journal=Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Purrfect Crime |date=2015|series=CHI EA '15|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=93–96|doi=10.1145/2702613.2728660|isbn=9781450331463|s2cid=14712252}}</ref> An increasing focus in the ACI community is investigating the wider context of these technologies and the impact they have beyond the individual animals that use them, from security and privacy considerations of pet wearables,<ref>{{citeCite journalbook| vauthors = van der Linden D, ZamanskyWilliams AE, Hadar I, Craggs B, RashidZamansky A |date= May 2019 |title=Buddy'sProceedings Wearableof Isthe NotSixth YourInternational Buddy:Conference Privacyon ImplicationsAnimal-Computer of PetInteraction Wearables|urlchapter=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8713279|journal=IEEESome Securitymight Privacy|volume=17|issue=3|pages=28–39|doi=10.1109/MSEC.2018.2888783|s2cid=86524363|issn=1558-4046|hdl=1983/0f130b1e-2753-4c17-9e00-3fcd4c3d64fe|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citefreak journal| vauthors = van der Linden D, Williams E, Hadar I, Zamansky Aout |date=2019-11-12|title=Some might freak out: What if your dog's activity tracker were to have a data breach?|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371057|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371057|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8|s2cid=210867065}}</ref> the effect they may have on humans living with these animals,<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Zamansky A, van der Linden D, Hadar I, Bleuer-Elsner S |date= September 2019 |title=Log My Dog: Perceived Impact of Dog Activity Tracking|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8812161|journal=Computer|volume=52|issue=9|pages=35–43|doi=10.1109/MC.2018.2889637|s2cid=192659305|issn=1558-0814}}</ref> the context they are deployed in,<ref>{{Cite journalbook| vauthors = Kresnye KC, Theisz AA, Trester L, Shih PC |date=2019-11-12|title=Barks & Rec: A Dog Park Socio-Technical System|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371064|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |chapter=Barks & Rec |date=2019-11-12|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–6|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371064|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8|s2cid=207846940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook| vauthors = Kresnye KC, Phelps AM, Shih PC |date=2019-11-12|title=Towards Rehabilitation Smart Habitats: Designing for North American Opossum Joeys|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3371049.3371058|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |chapter=Towards Rehabilitation Smart Habitats |date=2019-11-12|series=ACI'19|___location=Haifa, Israel|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–6|doi=10.1145/3371049.3371058|isbn=978-1-4503-7693-8|s2cid=207926012}}</ref> to supporting veterinary science,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bleuer-Elsner S, Zamansky A, Fux A, Kaplun D, Romanov S, Sinitca A, Masson S, van der Linden D | display-authors = 6 | title = Computational Analysis of Movement Patterns of Dogs with ADHD-Like Behavior | journal = Animals | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = 1140 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31847213 | pmc = 6941159 | doi = 10.3390/ani9121140 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and animal behavior research.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karl S, Boch M, Zamansky A, van der Linden D, Wagner IC, Völter CJ, Lamm C, Huber L | display-authors = 6 | title = Exploring the dog-human relationship by combining fMRI, eye-tracking and behavioural measures | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pagesarticle-number = 22273 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33335230 | pmc = 7747637 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-79247-5 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1022273K }}</ref>

== Animal internet technologies ==

Recent work in ACI has focused on how internet connected technologies, such as [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]] (IoT), can support animals.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last1=Hirskyj-Douglas |first1=Ilyena |last2=Lucero |first2=Andrés |title=Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=On the Internet, Nobody Knows You're a Dog... Unless You're Another Dog |date=2019-05-02 |series=CHI '19 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1145/3290605.3300347 |arxiv=2105.03181 |isbn=978-1-4503-5970-2|s2cid=85512429 }}</ref> This includes technologies such as remote video call devices for dogs to call their owners,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Hirskyj-Douglas |first1=Ilyena |last2=Piitulainen |first2=Roosa |last3=Lucero |first3=Andrés |date=2021-11-03 |title=Forming the Dog Internet: Prototyping a Dog-to-Human Video Call Device |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |language=en |volume=5 |issue=<nowiki>ISS</nowiki> |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1145/3488539 |s2cid=243765497 |issn=2573-0142|doi-access=free }}</ref> speculative technologies for dogs to sense their owners <ref>{{Cite conference |last1=RTD Conference |last2=Kirman |first2=Ben |last3=Lawson |first3=Shaun |last4=Linehan |first4=Conor |date=2019 |title=The Dog Internet: Autonomy and Interspecies Design |book-title=RTD2017: Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Research Through Design Conference |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/4747039 |pages=1719725 Bytes |doi=10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.4747039 |via=FigShare}}</ref> and technologies to support dog-to-dog interactions mediated by the internet.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Much of this work has focused on how to incorporate [[interspecies design]] into the process and what the user experience and what interactive internet systems look like with animal users.<ref name=":2" />

== Conferences ==

The ACI community has organised its flagship conference, the International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction, as a yearly stand-alone event since 2016 with its proceedings published in the ACM Digital Library. It incorporates doctoral consortia for junior researchers to become acquainted with the field, and co-located workshops to stimulate collaboration on emerging topics. Since 2020, a yearly International Summer School on Animal-Centred Computing has been organised which exposes ACI researchers and students to a wide variety of experts from veterinary science to interaction design.

== References ==