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A '''webcam model''' ([[colloquially]], '''camgirl''', '''camboy''', or '''cammodel''') is a video performer who streams on the [[Internet]] with a live [[webcam]] broadcast.<ref name=Richtel>{{cite news|last1=Richtel|first1=Matt|title=Intimacy on the Web, With a Crowd|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/technology/intimacy-on-the-web-with-a-crowd.html|access-date=16 January 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 September 2013|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509141435/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/technology/intimacy-on-the-web-with-a-crowd.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A webcam model often performs erotic acts online, such as [[Striptease|stripping]], [[masturbation]], or sex acts in exchange for money, goods, or attention.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|last=Bertrand|first=Natasha|author-link=Natasha Bertrand|date=18 November 2014|title=How Webcam Models Make Money|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-how-webcam-models-make-money-2014-11|access-date=30 May 2020|website=[[Business Insider]]|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108115126/https://www.businessinsider.com/heres-how-webcam-models-make-money-2014-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/cam-models-tell-us-how-much-money-they-are-really-making/ |title=Cam Models Tell Us How Much Money They Are Really Making |last=Isador |first=Graham |date=8 March 2019 |website=Vice.com |publisher=Vice |access-date=30 May 2019 |quote=They were looking for people willing to strip then masturbate on webcam. |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806043133/https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/wjmbwn/cam-models-tell-us-how-much-money-they-are-really-making |url-status=live }}</ref> They may also sell videos of their performances. Once viewed as a small niche in the world of [[Sex industry|adult entertainment]], camming became "the engine of the porn industry," according to Alec Helmy, the publisher of ''[[XBIZ]]'', a sex-trade industry journal.<ref name="Song">{{cite news|last1=Song|first1=Jason|title=As L.A. porn industry struggles, 'web camming' becomes a new trend|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-porn-camming-20160803-snap-story.html|access-date=16 January 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=3 August 2016|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135650/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-porn-camming-20160803-snap-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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A camming website acts as an [[intermediary]] and aggregator by hosting independent models, and verifies that all are at least 18 years old.<ref name=Richtel/><ref name=McGehee>{{cite news|last1=McGehee|first1=Cate|title=Camming Is Not Like Any Other Kind of Sex Work|url=https://www.thestranger.com/features/feature/2015/06/10/22360297/camming-is-not-like-any-other-kind-of-sex-work|access-date=19 January 2018|work=the Stranger|date=10 June 2015|archive-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105055315/http://www.thestranger.com/features/feature/2015/06/10/22360297/camming-is-not-like-any-other-kind-of-sex-work|url-status=live}}</ref> Camming websites typically fall into two main categories, dependent upon whether their video [[chat room]]s are free or private. Viewers in private chat rooms pay the performance by the minute. In free chat rooms, payment is voluntary in the form of tips.<ref name=Rachel>{{cite news|last1=Stuart|first1=Rachel|title=Webcamming - The Sex Work Revolution That No One Wants to Talk About|url=https://theconversation.com/webcamming-the-sex-work-revolution-that-no-one-is-willing-to-talk-about-69834|access-date=17 January 2018|work=The Conversation|date=19 December 2016|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120146/https://theconversation.com/webcamming-the-sex-work-revolution-that-no-one-is-willing-to-talk-about-69834|url-status=live}}</ref>
Tips are electronic tokens that viewers can buy from a camming website, and then give to the models during live performances to show appreciation. Tokens can also be used to buy access to private shows, operate a [[Teledildonics|
A July 2020 survey found the average webcam model in the United States works 18 hours per week, and earns $4,470 per month. Webcam models who work full-time (40 hours per week or more) earn $11,250 per month on average. Top-earning webcam models have a self-reported income of over $312,000 annually, while bottom earners take home as little as $100 per week.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://readysetcam.com/blogs/camming-101/how-much-do-cam-girls-make |title=How Much Do Cam Girls Make? (2020 Cam Girl Salary Report) |last=Haze |first=Moon |date=30 July 2020 |website=readysetcam.com |publisher=Ready Set Cam |access-date=28 October 2020 |quote=The average webcam model earns $1,043 per week from an 18 hour work week... The top-earning cam models in the United States earn as much as $6,000 per week, while beginner cam models can earn as little as $100 per week... models who cam for 35+ hours per week typically make $2,500 per week or more. |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027172640/https://readysetcam.com/blogs/camming-101/how-much-do-cam-girls-make |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Personal connection and interaction===
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==Camming industry==
As of 2016, the money generated by camming sites was upwards of US$2 billion annually. The pornography business as a whole is estimated to be about $5 billion.<ref name=Rabouin/> According to the [[web traffic]] analysis service [[Compete.com]], [[LiveJasmin]] generates more than 9 million unique viewers a month. Similar webcam model hosting sites such as [[Chaturbate]], [[
The decentralized business model of camming has upended the pornography industry in multiple ways. Camming revenue has been severely cutting into the profits of the pornographic movie business, which has also been eroded for several years by piracy and the distribution of free sexual content on the Internet.<ref name=Richtel/> The pornographic film industry used to be male-dominated, except for the performers. Since camming requires only a video camera, broadband service, and a computer, there has now been a power reversal, and female webcam performers are driving the industry.<ref name=Rachel/><ref name=Hess>{{cite news |last1=Hess |first1=Amanda |date=5 May 2018 |title=Who Gets to Be Sexy? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/style/porn-women-nonbinary-queer.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=7 May 2018 |archive-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112095631/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/style/porn-women-nonbinary-queer.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Todd Blatt, a former pornographic movie producer, has said, "If you're the middle guy who has been eating off this industry for 20 years, it's a big change. The girls don't need anybody."<ref name=Richtel/>
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===Social media===
Webcam models often rely on social media to interact with existing customers and to meet new customers. This has potential disadvantages; however, mainstream social media platforms often have poorly
===Resources for performers===
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Due to the controversial nature of pornography, camming, like most sex work, is not considered a legitimate form of labor in most [[Developed country|developed countries]]. As a result, cam models do not receive the same benefits and rights as other employees since they are technically [[independent contractor]]s. This offers cam models some freedom not offered to other laborers but prevents them from demanding better treatment from the websites that host them. However, in-person sex work is treated more harshly since it is illegal in many Western countries, including the [[United States]]. Camming is considered slightly different, since it is considered pornography as a virtue of being filmed.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Azhar, Dasgupta, Sinha & Karandikar|first=Sameena, Satarupa, Sunny & Sharvari|date=March 25, 2020|title=Diversity in Sex Work in India: Challenging Stereotypes Regarding Sex Workers|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-020-09719-3|journal=Sexuality & Culture|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1774–1797|doi=10.1007/s12119-020-09719-3|s2cid=216299163|via=Springer Link|access-date=January 6, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106234650/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-020-09719-3|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Regulation would be beneficial{{According to whom|date=October 2024}} to camming, since it would prevent cam models from being exploited for their labor. However, regulation could also potentially take away cam models' independence, such as sexual freedom and bodily autonomy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Barrett-Ibarria|first=Sofia|date=2020-01-14|title=Cam girl reality: an enticing illusion leaves many models poor and defeated|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jan/14/cam-girl-webcamming-porn-industry|access-date=2021-05-12|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513005312/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jan/14/cam-girl-webcamming-porn-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> Although in-person sex work such as prostitution can be regulated by policing the streets, online sex work is hard to regulate, due to anonymity, and risk of encroaching on content that is risqué, but not necessarily pornographic.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sanders|first1=Teela|title=Policing Online Sex Markets|date=2017-09-19|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_5|work=Internet Sex Work|pages=121–151|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-65629-8|access-date=2021-12-24|last2=Scoular|first2=Jane|last3=Campbell|first3=Rosie|last4=Pitcher|first4=Jane|last5=Cunningham|first5=Stewart|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_5|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327180530/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65630-4_5|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In a study on sex work in [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]] where a specific district decriminalized sex work while its surround districts did not, researchers found that anti-prostitution laws decreased the use of [[condom]]s, which in effect increased the transmission of [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted diseases]] such as [[HIV]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=Lisa|last2=Seager|first2=Jennifer|last3=Shah|first3=Manisha|date=2020-09-26|title=Crimes Against Morality: Unintended Consequences of Criminalizing Sex Work*|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa032|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=136|issue=1|pages=427–469|doi=10.1093/qje/qjaa032|issn=0033-5533|access-date=2022-01-06|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327180451/https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/136/1/427/5912394?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live|hdl=10419/227311|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
==== China ====
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==== United Kingdom ====
Sex work and camming in the [[United Kingdom]] is heavily regulated by the government. Sex work is not recognized as legitimate employment by the government. As a result, sex workers are often afraid to report crimes committed against them, making sex work a dangerous occupation. Sex workers, both online and offline, are often subject to [[stalking]], unwanted messages, and other forms of [[harassment]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=Rosie|last2=Sanders|first2=Teela|last3=Scoular|first3=Jane|last4=Pitcher|first4=Jane|last5=Cunningham|first5=Stewart|date=2018-10-14|title=Risking safety and rights: online sex work, crimes and 'blended safety repertoires'|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12493|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=70|issue=4|pages=1539–1560|doi=10.1111/1468-4446.12493|pmid=30318604|s2cid=52978543|issn=0007-1315|hdl=2381/42399|hdl-access=free}}</ref> It is hard to obtain concrete conclusions from studies on sex work in the UK due to its tenuous legality. Most studies are conducted through surveys which are subject to biases.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Matolcsi|first1=Andrea|last2=Mulvihill|first2=Natasha|last3=Lilley-Walker|first3=Sarah-Jane|last4=Lanau|first4=Alba|last5=Hester|first5=Marianne|date=2020-05-30|title=The Current Landscape of Prostitution and Sex Work in England and Wales|journal=Sexuality & Culture|volume=25|issue=1|pages=39–57|doi=10.1007/s12119-020-09756-y|s2cid=219756835|issn=1095-5143|doi-access=free|hdl=10230/56901|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
A sex work researcher, Rachel Stuart, notes a paradox in British law that tends to focus on the uploading of pornographic recordings, but does not deal with erotic performance when streamed upon the Internet through camming. For instance, the [[Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014]] ban certain acts from being depicted and uploaded by pornography producers in the United Kingdom, and the [[Digital Economy Act 2017]] seeks to restrict minors' access to pornographic material online, yet both laws will have no effect if the performances are ''streamed'' as opposed to ''recorded''. Stuart states of the legal conundrum in England, "Performing an explicitly pornographic act via a webcam carries no repercussions, but if the same show is recorded and uploaded, the performer can be liable to a fine."<ref name="Rachel" />
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