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{{Short description|
{{About|the Indonesian island|the programming language|Java (programming language)|other uses|Java (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox island
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| country = [[Indonesia]]
| country_admin_divisions_title = Provinces
| country_admin_divisions =
| country_largest_city =
| population = 156,927,804
| population_as_of = mid 2024
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{{Contains special characters|Sundanese|compact=yes}}
'''Java'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|'|dZ|a:|v|@|,_|'|dZ|æ|v|@}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Java|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> {{langx|id|Jawa}}, {{IPA|id|ˈdʒawa|pron}}; {{langx|jv|ꦗꦮ}}; {{langx|su|{{sund|ᮏᮝ}}}}}} ({{Langx|jv|ꦗꦮ}}) is one of the [[Greater Sunda Islands]] in [[Indonesia]]. It is bordered by the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south and the [[Java Sea]] (a part of [[Pacific Ocean]]) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including [[Madura]]) in mid 2024, projected to rise to 158 million at mid 2025, Java is the world's [[List of islands by population|most populous island]], home to approximately
Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial [[Dutch East Indies]]. Java was also the center of the [[History of Indonesia|Indonesian struggle for independence]] during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight [[UNESCO]] world heritage sites are located in Java: [[Ujung Kulon National Park]], [[Borobudur Temple]], [[Prambanan Temple]], and [[Sangiran Early Man Site]].
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==Etymology==
{{See also|Zabag kingdom|Al-Wakwak|Jawi (disambiguation){{!}}Jawi}}
The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. The island could possibly have been named after the [[Foxtail millet|''jáwa-wut'']] plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 2.</ref> There are other possible sources: the word ''jaú'' and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3">Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 3.</ref> And, in [[Sanskrit]] ''yava'' means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3"/> "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in [[India]]'s earliest epic, the [[Ramayana]]. [[Sugriva]], the chief of [[Rama]]'s army, dispatched his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite book |url={{GBurl|id=9ic4BjWFmNIC|p=465}} |title=History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e |date=January 30, 2010 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9788120749108 |via=Google Books}}</ref> It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] text ''[[Manimekalai]]'' by [[Chithalai Chathanar]] which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram.<ref>Hindu culture in ancient India by Sekharipuram Vaidyanatha Viswanatha, p. 177.</ref><ref>Tamil Literature by M. S. Purnalingam Pillai, p. 46.</ref><ref>The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago by V. Kanakasabhai, p. 11.</ref> Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from a [[Proto-Austronesian]] root word, meaning "home".<ref>Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1–32.</ref> The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' composed around 150 CE in the [[Roman Empire]]. ''Iabadiu'' is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java<ref name ="AncientGeo">{{cite book |title=History of Ancient Geography |author=J. Oliver Thomson |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781107689923 |url={{GBurl|id=GpP0wKQ1lksC}} |pages=316–317}}</ref> and seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).
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==Geography==
{{See also|Volcanoes of Java}}
[[File:
Java lies between [[Sumatra]] to the west and [[Bali]] to the east. [[Borneo]] lies to the north, and [[Christmas Island]] is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the [[Java Sea]] to the north, the [[Sunda Strait]] to the west, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south and [[Bali Strait]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geography.name/java/|title=Java|publisher=geography.name|access-date=27 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627082947/https://geography.name/java/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Madura Strait]] in the east.<ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/islands/java-island.html|title=Java Island|date=24 August 2021 |publisher=WorldAtlas.com|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains 38 mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. There are 112 volcanoes in all, 35 of which are active. The highest volcano in Java is Mount [[Semeru]], {{Convert|3676|m|ft}}. The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is [[Mount Merapi]], {{Convert|2930|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pravitasari|first=Andrea Emma|title=Study on Impact of Urbanization and Rapid Urban Expansion in Java and Jabodetabek Megacity, Indonesia|journal=Geography, Environmental Science|date=24 September 2015|volume=|issue=|page=18|doi=10.14989/doctor.k19347|s2cid=131526829|url=}}</ref> In total, Java has more than 150 mountains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Java-island-Indonesia|title=Java|date=23 June 2024 |publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
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''H. erectus'' arrived in Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago, in an event considered to be the first African exodus.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi=10.1111/ggi.12224| pmid=25327904| pmc=4285791| title=Geriatric issues from the standpoint of human evolution| journal=Geriatrics & Gerontology International| volume=14| issue=4| pages=731–34| year=2014| last1=Matsubayashi| first1=Kozo}}</ref> There is evidence that the Java population of ''H. erectus'' lived in an ever-wet forest habitat. More specifically the environment resembled a [[savannah]], but was likely regularly inundated ("hydromorphic savanna"). The plants found at the Trinil excavation site included grass ([[Poaceae]]), [[fern]]s, ''[[Ficus]]'', and ''[[Indigofera]]'', which are typical of lowland rainforest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=Thomas |last2=de Vos |first2=John |last3=Huffman |first3=O. Frank |year=2014| title=The Oldest Gibbon Fossil (Hylobatidae) from Insular Southeast Asia: Evidence from Trinil, (East Java, Indonesia), Lower/Middle Pleistocene |journal=[[PLOS ONE|PLoS ONE]]|volume=9|issue=6|at=e99531|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0099531|pmid=24914951 |pmc=4051846 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...999531I |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[Solo Man|''H. e. soloensis'']] was the last population of a long occupation history of the island of Java by ''H. erectus'', beginning 1.51 to 0.93 million years ago at the Sangiran site, continuing 540 to 430 thousand years ago at the Trinil site, and finally 117 to 108 thousand years ago at Ngandong.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaim |first1=Yahdi |last2=Ciochon |first2=Russell L. |last3=Polanski |first3=Joshua M. |last4=Grine |first4=Frederick E. |last5=Bettis |first5=E. Arthur |last6=Rizal |first6=Yan |last7=Franciscus |first7=Robert G. |last8=Larick |first8=Roy R. |last9=Heizler |first9=Matthew |last10=Aswan |first10=null |last11=Eaves |first11=K. Lindsay |last12=Marsh |first12=Hannah E. |title=New 1.5 million-year-old Homo erectus maxilla from Sangiran (Central Java, Indonesia)
Judging by the sheer number of specimens deposited at Ngandong at the same time, there may have been a sizeable population of ''H. e soloensis'' before the volcanic eruption which resulted in their interment, but population is difficult to approximate with certainty. This site is quite far from the north coast of Java Island, and it is not always easy to determine the position of the coastline in prehistoric times because of significant geographical changes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rizal |first1=Yan |last2=Westaway |first2=Kira E. |last3=Zaim |first3=Yahdi |last4=van den Bergh |first4=Gerrit D. |last5=Bettis |first5=E. Arthur |last6=Morwood |first6=Michael J. |last7=Huffman |first7=O. Frank |last8=Grün |first8=Rainer |last9=Joannes-Boyau |first9=Renaud |last10=Bailey |first10=Richard M. |last11=Sidarto |last12=Westaway |first12=Michael C. |last13=Kurniawan |first13=Iwan |last14=Moore |first14=Mark W. |last15=Storey |first15=Michael |date=18 December 2019 |title=Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1863-2 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=577 |issue=7790 |pages=381–385 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1863-2 |pmid=31853068 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The southern coastline and estuary of the Bengawan Solo River at that time may have been different from what it is today, due to geological factors such as sedimentation, erosion, and changes in sea level over time. Currently, the estuary of the Bengawan Solo is in the Java Sea, but in prehistoric times, the river flow and estuary ___location may have changed. Geological and paleogeographic studies are often used to understand these changes.
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{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], [[Sultanate of Cirebon|Cirebon]], and [[Banten Sultanate|Banten]] were ascendant. The [[Mataram Sultanate]] became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.
Java’s Islamic tradition is known for its tolerance and harmony among faiths. Local religious organizations actively promote peace and inclusivity, reflecting broader values of coexistence in Indonesian society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/39aeba42-aa85-48b0-9e51-5bfac8de8ae4/content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319050724/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/39aeba42-aa85-48b0-9e51-5bfac8de8ae4/content |archive-date=2025-03-19 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=ecommons.cornell.edu |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Page001 img001.png|thumb|"The Champion" (Sang Agul-agul). Sketch of a Javanese soldier leader by Swiss painter J. Schiess (1799–1844), from J.J.X. Pfyffer's 1829 "Sketches from Java," Plate VI. Photo: Leiden Univ. Library. Sources and related content]]
===Colonial periods===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM
Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with [[Luso-Sundanese padrão|a treaty]] between the Sunda kingdom and the [[Portuguese Malacca|Portuguese in Malacca]]. After its failure, the [[Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies|Portuguese presence]] was confined to Malacca and to the eastern islands.
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Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-producing islands like [[Banda Islands|Banda]], rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence.<ref>{{cite book |last=St. John |first=Horace Stebbing Roscoe |title=The Indian Archipelago: its history and present state, Volume 1 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |year=1853 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianarchipela02johngoog/page/n183 137] |url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchipela02johngoog}}</ref>
During the [[Napoleonic wars]] in Europe, the [[Netherlands]] fell to [[France]], as did its colony in the [[East Indies]]. During the short-lived [[Herman Willem Daendels|Daendels]] administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the [[Great Post Road]] was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from [[Anyer]] in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas |publisher=Pnerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia |date=November 2008 |pages=1–2 |isbn=978-979-709-391-4}}</ref> In 1811, Java was [[Invasion of Java (1811)|captured by the British]], becoming a possession of the [[British Empire]], and Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] was appointed as the island's governor. In 1816, under the governorship of [[John Fendall Jr.|John Fendall]], Java was returned to the Dutch as per the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=James |title=The Coins And Tokens of the Possessions And Colonies of the British Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame |year=1889<!-- |___location=Quaritch, Bernard--> |___location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame/page/213 213] |publisher=Bernard Quaritch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannigan |first=Tim |title=Raffles and the British invasion of Java |publisher=Singapore: Monsoon Books Pte Ltd. |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4358-85-9 |edition=4th |pages=229}}</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"|48,274,160
| style="text-align:right;"|50,345,189
| style="text-align:right;"|1,
|-
| ''Western Java <br>(3 areas above)''
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| style="text-align:right;"|''1,110''
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of East Java.svg|center|65x65px]]<br />[[East Java]]<br />(Include Madura Islands)
| [[File:Indonesia East Java ___location.svg|150px]]
| [[Surabaya]]
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| style="text-align:right;"|41,814,499
| style="text-align:right;"|870
|-▼
|▼
|▼
| –▼
| style="text-align:right;" |127,190.32▼
| style="text-align:right;" |95.92▼
| style="text-align:right;" |118,063,445▼
| style="text-align:right;" |132,987,827▼
| style="text-align:right;" |147,586,696▼
| style="text-align:right;" |152,771,143▼
| style="text-align:right;" |1,201▼
|-▼
|▼
|▼
| –▼
| style="text-align:right;" |5,408.45▼
| style="text-align:right;" |4.08▼
| style="text-align:right;" |3,230,300▼
| style="text-align:right;" |3,622,763▼
| style="text-align:right;" |4,004,564▼
| style="text-align:right;" |4,156,661▼
| style="text-align:right;" |769▼
|-
| Region Administered as ''Java''
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| style="text-align:right;"|156,927,804
| style="text-align:right;"|1,183
▲|-
▲|
▲:[[Madura]] Island <sup>(1)</sup> of East Java
▲|
▲| –
▲| style="text-align:right;"|5,408.45
▲| style="text-align:right;"|4.08
▲| style="text-align:right;"|3,230,300
▲| style="text-align:right;"|3,622,763
▲| style="text-align:right;"|4,004,564
▲| style="text-align:right;"|4,156,661
▲| style="text-align:right;"|769
▲|-
▲|
▲:Java Island <sup>(2)</sup>
▲|
▲| –
▲| style="text-align:right;"|127,190.32
▲| style="text-align:right;"|95.92
▲| style="text-align:right;"|118,063,445
▲| style="text-align:right;"|132,987,827
▲| style="text-align:right;"|147,586,696
▲| style="text-align:right;"|152,771,143
▲| style="text-align:right;"|1,201
|}
<sup>(1) including the neighbouring small archipelagos of the [[Kangean Islands]] (648.55 km<sup>2</sup>), the [[Sapudi Islands]] (167.41 km<sup>2</sup>), [[Talango Island]] (50.278 km<sup>2</sup>), [[Masalembu]] (40.85 km<sup>2</sup>), the [[Gili Genteng|Giligenteng Islands]] (30.32 km<sup>2</sup>) - all the foregoing within [[Sumenep Regency]].
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[[File:Ramayana Java.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lakshmana]], [[Rama]] and [[Sita|Shinta]] in [[Ramayana]] ballet at [[Prambanan]], Java]]
Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]. A third group is the [[Madurese people|Madurese]], who inhabit the island of [[Madura Island|Madura]] off the northeast coast of Java
The Javanese prose text [[Tantu Pagelaran]] ({{circa|15th century}}) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
Four major cultural areas exist on the island:
Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the central part of Java or [[Yogyakarta]] is the Javanese people heartland and the north coast of the ''pasisir'' region, the [[Sundanese people|Sunda]] lands ([[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]: {{Sund|ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ}}, ''Tatar'' ''Sunda'') in the western part of Java and [[Parahyangan]] as the heartland, the [[eastern salient of Java]] also known as [[Banyuwangi|Blambangan]]. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java.<ref name="Periplus58" /> The ''kejawen of Javanese'' culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.<ref name="Periplus58" /> The territory from [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumas]] in the west through to [[Blitar]] in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.''<ref name="Periplus58" />''▼
# The heartland of the Javanese people in the central part of Java with [[Yogyakarta]] as its cultural center;
# the [[Pasisir]] region (from {{Langx|jv|ꦥꦱꦶꦱꦶꦂ|4=shore, coast}}) on the northern coast, home to the first Muslim sultanate in Indonesia;
# the [[Sundanese people|Sunda]] lands ([[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]: {{Sund|ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ}}, ''Tatar'' ''Sunda'') in the western part of Java with [[Parahyangan]] as their heartland;
# the [[eastern salient of Java]], also known as [[Banyuwangi|Blambangan]], consisting of the [[Blambangan Peninsula|Blambangan Peninsual]] east of the Tengger Massif.
Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java.<ref name="Periplus58" />
▲
In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumasan]] region, a cultural mingling occurred
Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,<ref>See Wallace Stevens's poem "[[Tea (poem)|Tea]]" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.</ref> and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include ''[[Ken Arok]] and [[Ken Dedes]]'', the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] is a famous contemporary Indonesian author
===Languages===
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{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Java (2023)<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|date=31 December 2023|access-date=11 March 2024|language=id
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 96.06
|color1 =
|label2 = [[
|value2 = 2.26
|color2 = DarkBlue
|label3 = [[Roman
|value3 = 1.07
|color3 = Purple
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| [[Islam]] || style="text-align:right;"|151,001,350
|-
| [[
|-
| [[Roman
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || style="text-align:right;"|755,560
| |||